Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided caudal quadratus lumborum block combined with the greater ischiatic notch plane block in a goat with femoral head fracture","authors":"Vanessa Heitzmann ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero ,&nbsp;Amanda Hartnack ,&nbsp;Simone Ringer","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report describes the case of a brown-black coloured mountain goat (<em>Caprinae</em>), aged 13 months and weighing 46 kg, which was presented for anaesthesia to facilitate surgical repair of a femoral head fracture in the left pelvic limb. Clinical evaluation was unremarkable except for marked lameness (5/5). After sedation, general anaesthesia was induced for open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture using pins. After aseptic preparation, a ‘GIN &amp; TONIC’ block, comprising the combination of an ultrasound-guided greater ischiatic notch (GIN) plane block (bupivacaine 0.25%; 0.25 mL kg^–1) and a caudal quadratus lumborum block (C-QLB, bupivacaine 0.25%; 0.3 mL kg^–1), was performed. No significant changes in monitored physiologic variables were observed during the fracture repair except for a slight heart rate increase (21% above 77 beats minute^–1 at baseline) during fracture reduction, which was treated with a single dose of intravenous ketamine (0.2 mg kg^–1). Regurgitation of ruminal contents occurred just before ketamine injection. At extubation, the interior of the endotracheal tube was clear and no signs of aspiration were observed postoperatively. The goat readily accepted food 3 hours after surgery, and no pain response was elicited on palpation of the surgical site immediately after recovery or during the next 12 hours. This case suggests that the ultrasound-guided GIN plane block combined with the C-QLB (GIN &amp; TONIC block) offers effective and reliable analgesia for surgeries at the hip joint in goats. Future studies are warranted to further validate the efficacy and safety of this technique in goats and explore its potential benefits in other ruminants undergoing orthopaedic procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 252-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam in sheep","authors":"Kate Burbery ,&nbsp;Robert J. Brosnan ,&nbsp;Alessia Cenani ,&nbsp;Marcela Machado ,&nbsp;Heather K. Knych","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To model pharmacokinetics of three benzodiazepines and their metabolites in sheep.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A nonblinded, prospective, experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of six adult Hampshire–Suffolk cross-bred sheep (three females, three castrated males), 73 ± 3 kg (mean ± standard deviation).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam were coadministered as an intravenous (IV) bolus to each sheep, and blood was sampled at 18 time points over 10 hours. HPLC-MS/MS was used to simultaneously measure plasma concentrations of the parent benzodiazepines (metabolites) for remimazolam (CNS 7054), midazolam (α-hydroxymidazolam) and diazepam (nordiazepam, temazepam, oxazepam). Concentrations over time for each compound were fit to noncompartmental models using commercial software. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using either repeated-measures <span>anova</span> if normally distributed or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests if not. Differences between agents were significant when <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 after adjustments for multiple comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Remimazolam was undetectable in the plasma of all sheep by 3 hours, whereas midazolam and diazepam concentrations were still quantifiable 10 hours after injection. Median (range) clearance rate from plasma was 103 (61–256), 22 (9.6–37) and 38 (20–46) mL kg^–1 minute^–1 for remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam, respectively. Median (range) terminal elimination half-time was 9.8 (4.6–15), 113 (90–271) and 246 (170-624) minutes for remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam, respectively. Except for temazepam, terminal elimination half-times were generally longer for metabolites than for their parent drug.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Remimazolam elimination is significantly faster than either midazolam or diazepam. The rapid pharmacokinetics of remimazolam may be particularly useful to facilitate fast recovery from sedation and minimize drug residue exposures in food-producing animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of an ultrasound-guided technique for pudendal nerve block in sheep","authors":"Víctor López-Ramis ,&nbsp;Michela Re ,&nbsp;Susana Canfrán ,&nbsp;Mario Arenillas ,&nbsp;Ignacio De Gaspar ,&nbsp;Ignacio A. Gómez de Segura ,&nbsp;Javier Blanco Murcia","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe an ultrasound-guided technique for anaesthesia of the pudendal nerve with evaluation of the anatomical spread of a bupivacaine-methylene blue solution in sheep.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of seven adult experimental sheep and one sheep cadaver.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study had two phases. First, the anatomy and ultrasound imaging of the gluteal region, caudal to the region of tuber coxae was reviewed in one sheep cadaver. Second, in seven healthy sedated sheep, a linear transducer (8–13 MHz) was positioned on the lateral area of the hip to identify pudendal vessels at the level of the ischial spine ventral to the sacrotuberous ligament. The right and left pudendal nerves area were injected with 0.1 mL kg^-1 of a 1:1 solution of bupivacaine-methylene blue. The ultrasound image quality was considered as excellent, good, or poor. Following euthanasia, both pudendal areas were dissected and the staining of the nerves assessed, expressed as the percentage of success (%) and compared with the chi-square test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The relevant ultrasound landmarks were visualized in both areas of all sheep, with an excellent visualization of the landmarks before and during injection in most cases (13/14). On dissection, methylene blue dispersion was observed surrounding the pudendal nerve, with at least 1 cm length in 13/14 cases (93%; the remainder partially stained). No evidence of dye was found around the sciatic nerve in any case nor was there any evidence of haematoma or faecal contamination within the punctured area.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Ultrasound-guided injection with 0.1 mL kg^-1 in close proximity to the pudendal nerve at the ischial spine level resulted in a high success rate of nerve staining. This procedure may be a suitable technique for pudendal nerve blockade providing analgesia for common reproductive or perineal surgical procedures in sheep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 236-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an indirect NaV1.7 inhibitor as adjunctive analgesic in burn-related neuropathic pain in a cat","authors":"Ludovica Chiavaccini ,&nbsp;Domenico Santoro ,&nbsp;Colleen E. Dwyer ,&nbsp;Enzo Vettorato ,&nbsp;Tyler S. Nelson ,&nbsp;Rajesh Khanna","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Burn-related neuropathic pain (BRNP) can arise following burn-induced nerve damage, affects approximately 6% of burned human patients and can result in chronic pain. Although widely studied in humans, data on BRNP or its treatment in animals is lacking. A 4-year-old domestic shorthair cat was presented with an infected, non-healing wound suspected to be a caustic burn. Initial treatments included surgical debridement, antimicrobials, and corticosteroids, but the cat developed persistent pruritus leading to self-inflicted trauma. Despite various interventions, including prednisone, chloramphenicol and cyclosporine, clinical signs persisted, leading to a referral for suspected BRNP. Additional support for neuropathic pain was provided through thermal sensitivity testing and applying a modified Neuropathic Pain Symptoms Inventory. Treatment with gabapentin, amantadine, and acupuncture yielded little improvement, prompting an increasing escalation in gabapentin dosage. The cat was then treated with gabapentin compounded with compound 194, a small molecule that is a potent and selective inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Na_V1.7). The cat exhibited significant pain relief and improvements in overall condition. After gabapentin was tapered, compound 194 effectively maintained pain control. The cat’s clinical condition stabilized with no adverse effects. Hematology and serum biochemistry results remained within reference intervals throughout the treatment period. This case highlights the potential of Na_V1.7 inhibitors in multimodal management of neuropathic pain in animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 257-261"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine–vatinoxan–ketamine combinations in cats","authors":"Yu Hong Law ,&nbsp;Bruno H. Pypendop ,&nbsp;Juhana Honkavaara ,&nbsp;Linda S. Barter","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To characterize the anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine, vatinoxan and ketamine combinations in cats.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized crossover experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of seven healthy male neutered cats, with body mass 5.2 ± 0.4 kg and aged 1–2 years.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cats were implanted with a telemetric transmitter for remote recording of mean arterial pressure and heart rate before beginning the study. Each cat received a total of six treatments, coadministered in a single syringe, each at least 2 weeks apart: dexmedetomidine (25 μg kg^–1, D) + vatinoxan (600 μg kg^–1, V) + ketamine (2.5 mg kg^–1, K2.5) intramuscularly (IM) (DVK2.5IM); D + V + ketamine (5 mg kg^–1, K5) IM (DVK5IM); D + V + ketamine (10 mg kg^–1, K10) IM (DVK10IM); D + K5 IM (DK5IM); D + V + K5 subcutaneously (SC) (DVK5SC); or D + V + K5 intravenously (IV) (DVK5IV). Select physiologic variables and time to recumbency, immobilization, first movement, head lift, return to sternal recumbency and walking were recorded. Quality of sedation/anesthesia was assessed using a visual analog score. Response to noxious electrical stimulation was assessed at 10 minute intervals.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Heart rate (beats minute^–1) was significantly greater in DVK5IM (overall mean ± standard deviation 142 ± 19) than in DK5IM (115 ± 16). No treatment consistently prevented movement in response to noxious stimulation. Time to first movement was significantly shorter in DVK2.5IM (45 ± 10 minutes) than in DVK10IM (93 ± 25 minutes), and in DVK5IM (53 ± 12 minutes) than in DK5IM (95 ± 39 minutes).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Dexmedetomidine–vatinoxan–ketamine combinations, at the doses studied, may be useful to produce sedation, but do not appear to consistently produce anesthesia as characterized by immobility in response to noxious stimulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 161-173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General anesthesia for dental extractions in a dog with hyperadrenocorticism and myotonia","authors":"Charlotte C. Burns ,&nbsp;Han Chia","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 262-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve injection in rabbit cadavers: Technique description and comparison with blind approach","authors":"Laura AB. Aguilar ,&nbsp;Diego A. Portela ,&nbsp;Raiane A. Moura ,&nbsp;Enzo Vettorato ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero ,&nbsp;Marta Romano","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To develop an ultrasound-guided technique for intercostal nerve blocks in rabbit cadavers and to compare the success rate and potential complications of this technique to blind injection.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, randomized, blinded, descriptive experimental cadaveric study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of nine adult domestic rabbit cadavers (body mass 1.8–2.4 kg).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Anatomic landmarks were identified by dissection of one cadaver and used to develop the ultrasound-guided technique. Eight cadavers were administered blind injections on one hemithorax and ultrasound-guided injections on the opposite hemithorax. The side used for each treatment was randomly assigned. For both techniques, the third to ninth intercostal nerves were targeted and 0.1 mL of yellow dye solution was injected per site. Medial displacement of the parietal pleura was assessed during ultrasound-guided injections. Rabbits were dissected following injection, and injections were considered successful if the circumference of the intercostal nerve was stained with dye. Additionally, the internal aspect of the parietal pleura was assessed for the presence of free dye to determine whether perforation of the parietal pleura had occurred. The number of stained nerves and incidence of pleural perforations were compared between injection techniques using Fisher’s exact test. Data were considered statistically different if <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 56 blind and 56 ultrasound-guided intercostal injections were performed. Success rates of the blind and ultrasound-guided techniques were 35.7 % and 66.0 %, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.002). The internal aspect of the pleura was stained in 23.2 % of blind and 21.4 % of ultrasound-guided injections, with no significant difference between groups (<em>p</em> &gt; 0.999).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Ultrasound guidance improves the accuracy of intercostal nerve injections when compared with a blind technique; however, pleural puncture is a common complication when performing intercostal injections with both techniques studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 228-235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of potential rapidly progressing osteoarthritis in a dog during bedinvetmab treatment","authors":"Isabelle Iff ,&nbsp;Bettina Hohermuth ,&nbsp;Danielle Bass ,&nbsp;Martin Bass","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 263-265"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143256885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Veterinary anesthesia curricula beliefs and practices","authors":"Erik H. Hofmeister ,&nbsp;Paulo Steagall ,&nbsp;Lydia Love ,&nbsp;Rachel Reed ,&nbsp;Jeannette Cremer","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To document the anesthesia curricula in colleges of veterinary medicine and compare it with student clinical supervision and expectations of new graduates by anesthesia staff.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Cross-sectional open survey study.</div></div><div><h3>Population</h3><div>American Veterinary Medical Association-accredited colleges of veterinary medicine (41 out of 49) and members of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia-L (ACVA-L) listserv (88 of 128 responses).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We created two separate surveys: one distributed to colleges and one distributed to individuals. Anesthesia faculty members of each college were encouraged to complete the survey together; only one survey was submitted for each accredited veterinary college. The college survey asked about current practices of teaching veterinary anesthesia. The individual survey was distributed to the ACVA-L listserv and asked members about tasks they permit students to perform on clinic rotations, knowledge, and skills they believe are Day One Competencies.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Communicating with clients about anesthesia was a Day One Competency for 95% of respondents, but not taught in almost 50% of colleges. Students are not allowed to perform this duty on their clinical rotation by almost 60% of instructors. Cardiac arrest and resuscitation, euthanasia, patient safety/systems thinking, and professionalism were cited as Day One Competencies by 97% of participants but were not taught in the anesthesia core course in at least 25% of colleges. Use of simulations for education was mentioned as important but was rare as an instructional tool.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Veterinary anesthesia curricula generally agree with each other and the content generally aligns with what are expected Day One Competencies, as judged by anesthetists. Some topics are taught in the core anesthesia course although they were rarely considered Day One Competencies. Removal of these topics may allow room in the curriculum for the content cited more commonly as Day One Competencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 208-220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing intramuscular ketamine with peri-incisional bupivacaine with or without ketamine in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy","authors":"Martina Cambruzzi ,&nbsp;William JM. McFadzean ,&nbsp;Gwen Covey-Crump ,&nbsp;Julia Deutsch","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate whether infiltrating bupivacaine with ketamine into the epaxial muscles improves quality and duration of analgesia perioperatively compared with bupivacaine alone or ketamine intramuscularly.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective blinded randomized clinical study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 66 dogs randomized into three groups (<em>n</em> = 22).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Before surgery, bupivacaine 0.5% 2 mg kg^–1 alone (group B) or combined with ketamine 2 mg kg^–1 (group BK) was infiltrated peri-incisionally into the epaxial muscles. Group K received ketamine 2 mg kg^–1 injected intramuscularly into a cervical muscle without infiltration. Meloxicam 0.2 mg kg^–1 was given intravenously (IV) before moving to theatre. Cardiovascular variables: heart rate and systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. Intraoperative fentanyl 5 μg kg^–1 IV was administered if these variables increased by 20% from baseline. Fentanyl continuous infusion (5 μg kg^–1 hour^–1) was started if more than three boluses were required. The Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form was used pre- and postoperatively for acute pain assessment at different time intervals; methadone 0.2 mg kg^–1 IV was administered if scores were greater 5/20. Analgesia requirements, time to first administration, pain scores, total opioids interventions, need for sedation, first food intake and adverse effects were recorded. Continuous, normally distributed and non-normally distributed variables were analysed using ANOVA or Kruskal Wallis test, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>No significant difference was found for cardiovascular variables between groups over time, intra- or postoperative analgesia requirements, time to administration, pain scores total opioids, time to first food intake, sedation and occurrence of adverse effects.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>No difference in perioperative rescue analgesia was found between groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 244-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}