Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Intra- and post-operative analgesic efficacy of a quadratus lumborum block in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy: a randomized clinical trial","authors":"Iliana Tzortzi,&nbsp;Konstantinos Varkoulis,&nbsp;Vasileios Zapridis,&nbsp;Georgios Kazakos,&nbsp;Michael Patsikas,&nbsp;Charalampos Ververidis,&nbsp;Ioannis Savvas,&nbsp;Tilemachos Anagnostou","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the effect of quadratus lumborum block (QLB) on intra- and postoperative requirements for rescue analgesia (fentanyl) and on postoperative pain in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 24 client-owned, healthy bitches scheduled for elective ovariohysterectomy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dogs were assigned to receive either a QLB with 0.5 mL kg⁻¹ per side bupivacaine 0.25% (BUP group) or an equivalent volume of NaCl 0.9% (SAL group). All dogs were anaesthetized using the same anaesthetic protocol. Intravenous fentanyl was intraoperatively administered whenever heart rate and/or respiratory rate and/or mean arterial blood pressure increased ≥ 20% from baseline following surgical stimulation. Postoperatively, pain was assessed blindly with the short form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale (GCMPS-SF) and with measurement of para-incisional mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) at 20 minutes (t1), 1 (t2), 2 (t3), 4 (t4), 9 (t5) and 20 (t6) hours after extubation. Postoperative fentanyl/morphine were administered if the GCMPS-SF score exceeded 6/24; subsequent pain assessments were not performed. Chi-square test, Mann–Whitney <em>U</em> and general linear model for repeated measurements were used for statistical analysis; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Intraoperatively, four of 12 dogs and nine of 12 dogs received fentanyl in the BUP and SAL groups, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.1). Total fentanyl consumption intraoperatively, was 1.5 μg kg⁻¹ <em>versus</em> 4.5 μg kg⁻¹ in the BUP and SAL groups, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.005). Postoperatively, one of 12 dogs in the BUP group received fentanyl compared with eight of 12 in the SAL group (<em>p =</em> 0.009). Significant differences (<em>p &lt;</em> 0.005) were also observed in the GCMPS-SF scores and MNTs at all time points, with the BUP group having overall lower GCMPS-SF scores and higher MNTs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>In this study, a QLB with bupivacaine, was an effective analgesic technique in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, reducing opioid requirements and postoperative pain intensity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"53 1","pages":"Article 101152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of a long-duration intravenous infusion of detomidine, with and without vatinoxan, on equine energy metabolism and urine composition","authors":"Noora Jantunen ,&nbsp;Marja Raekallio ,&nbsp;Bartlomiej Obrochta ,&nbsp;Heidi Tapio ,&nbsp;Luis Gracia Calvo ,&nbsp;Rebecca Rivera Pöyhönen ,&nbsp;Kati Hagman ,&nbsp;Ninja Karikoski","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.06.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.06.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To assess the effects of a 4 hour detomidine constant rate infusion (CRI) with and without a vatinoxan CRI on energy metabolism and urine composition.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized, blinded, crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Eight Finnhorses, 587 (550–620) kg [median (range)] and 13 (4–16) years old.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Horses were administered an intravenous (IV) detomidine loading dose (0.01 mg kg^-1) followed by 240 minutes CRI (0.015 mg kg^-1 hour^-1) (DET) and the same detomidine protocol combined with an IV vatinoxan loading dose (0.15 mg kg^-1) and CRI (0.05 mg kg hour^-1) (DET+VAT). Blood samples for glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acid (sNEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate (sBHB) concentrations were collected during and for 240 minutes after CRI. Urine samples for glucose and sodium concentrations were collected at the end of CRI. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANCOVA and Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher during CRI with DET compared with DET+VAT (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Median insulin concentration was significantly lower during CRI with DET compared with DET+VAT (<em>p</em> = 0.012–0.018) and peaked at the end of follow-up period. With DET+VAT CRI, sBHB and sNEFA were significantly higher compared with DET (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001–0.002, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001–0.007). Urination was more frequent during DET CRI than with DET+VAT (<em>p</em> = 0.020). Glucosuria was more profound with DET [6.3 (2.4–11.1) mmol L^-1] than with DET+VAT [0.1 (0.0–3.1) mmol L^-1] (<em>p</em> = 0.012). More sodium was excreted into urine with DET [49.0 (22–66) mmol L^-1] than with DET+VAT [27.0 (8–43) mmol L^-1] (<em>p</em> = 0.012).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Vatinoxan alleviated detomidine-induced hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia and diminished urination frequency, glucosuria, and natriuresis during and after a 4 hour CRI. Vatinoxan may be beneficial during standing sedation with alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 803-809"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144709025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Looking forward and reflecting back: Learning from the London 60th anniversary meeting","authors":"Louise Clark","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 705-706"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145313828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of support structures for second victims in veterinary anaesthesia: building on insights from an international survey – Part 2","authors":"Luiz CP Santos ,&nbsp;Michelle McArthur ,&nbsp;Nigel Perkins ,&nbsp;Wendy Goodwin","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.03.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.03.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the availability, quality, and desired forms of support structures for veterinary anaesthesia professionals following patient safety incidents (PSIs).</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>This cross-sectional online survey invited veterinary anaesthetists, anaesthetists in training and veterinary nurses/technicians to participate between June and September 2023. Colleague, supervisor, institutional, and non-work-related support responses were assessed using validated subscales adapted from the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 303 participants from 31 countries completed the survey. Overall, one-quarter of respondents (25.3%) admitted that they never discuss PSIs in their department, with 35.3% perceiving the culture during morbidity and mortality meetings as negative. Nearly half of respondents (48%) perceived the level of support within the anaesthesia department negatively. Immediate critical incident debriefing (‘hot debrief’) was utilised by 37.7% of respondents, with 53.6% of those discussing only the facts of the incidents. About 67.5% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed finding relief in discussing incidents with colleagues, and an equal proportion felt supported by these colleagues in maintaining their professional self-esteem. A significant concern was raised about how supervisors respond to incidents, with 26.5% of respondents feeling that supervisors tended to blame individuals after PSIs. Furthermore, 55.9% agreed or strongly agreed feeling that their organisation offers inadequate resources for recovery and 52% perceived a lack of concern for well-being in their organisation. Collegial and organisational support were regarded as poor by 7% and 34.2% of the respondents, respectively. Desired forms of support included: a respected peer for discussion (86.3%) and a peaceful location for recovery (70.5%).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>This study identified gaps in support structures for veterinary anaesthesia professionals, particularly in organisational resources for recovery following PSIs. While some support elements were perceived positively, areas for improvement include enhancing accessible and timely support measures to promote well-being and professional self-esteem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 840-849"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145055985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anesthetic and analgesic management of cats undergoing elective neutering: Survey of practices and opinions of veterinarians in Ontario, Canada","authors":"Carolyn L. Kerr ,&nbsp;W Emmett Swanton ,&nbsp;Ron J. Johnson ,&nbsp;Maria D. Amezcua ,&nbsp;Terri L. O’Sullivan","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the anesthetic and analgesic protocols and techniques used in cats undergoing elective neutering in Ontario, Canada and to obtain veterinarians’ opinions regarding their choices.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Cross-sectional survey.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Client-owned cats undergoing elective neutering in Ontario, Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A confidential mixed-mode survey about anesthetic and analgesic management practices used in client-owned cats undergoing elective neutering was distributed to veterinarians (<em>n</em> = 2921) working in companion animal practice in Ontario. Descriptive statistics were generated. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between demographic factors and protocols. Chi-square analysis was used to compare protocols used in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH) <em>versus</em> castration.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Four hundred and thirty-one individuals (14.8%) completed the survey. Most respondents used a sedative before induction of anesthesia (OVH: 368/387; 95.1% and castration 360/381; 94.5%) and gave an opioid and/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug perioperatively (OVH: 379/381; 99.7% and castration: 379/382; 99.2%). Respondents placed an intravenous catheter and performed orotracheal intubation more frequently in cats undergoing OVH (catheter: 366/387; 94.6% and intubation: 379/386; 98.2%) compared with castration (catheter: 219/380; 57.6% and intubation: 166/375; 44.3%) (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). Respondents more closely followed current anesthesia guidelines relative to their peers if they: graduated during or after 2000, were women, performed 1–10 OVHs per week, worked in an urban setting, in a companion animal practice, with three or more veterinarians or three to five registered veterinary technicians. Most respondents were very satisfied or satisfied with their current anesthetic drug protocol for cats undergoing elective OVH (396/412; 96.1%) and castration (386/413; 93.4%).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Most veterinarians in Ontario who participated in the survey follow many of the current guidelines regarding anesthetic and analgesia management practices for cats undergoing elective neutering. Anesthetic protocols varied with respondent demographics; however, most respondents were satisfied with their choices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 755-770"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145182228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and behavioural effects of a single oral dose of trazodone in rabbits","authors":"Adalaïs Gibert ,&nbsp;Ryota Watanabe ,&nbsp;Marta Garbin ,&nbsp;Tristan Juette ,&nbsp;Francis Beaudry ,&nbsp;Marion Desmarchelier ,&nbsp;Inga-Catalina Cruz Benedetti","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.06.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.06.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single oral dose of trazodone in laboratory rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomised, blinded, Latin-square study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of eight healthy, juvenile, female New Zealand White rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Auricular venous catheters were placed in six rabbits before oral trazodone (20 mg kg^–1) administration. Blood was sampled immediately before and at 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours after treatment. Trazodone plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A group of eight rabbits were equipped with accelerometers (activity) and video recorded. They randomly received one of three treatments: oral trazodone (20 mg kg^–1; TRAZ), placebo (corn oil base; PLAC) or no treatment (CONTR) with a 3 day washout period between treatments. Exploring, grooming, resting, vigilance, hiding and ingesting behaviours were evaluated for 10 hours (0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8 and 8–10 hours).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean maximum plasma concentration, 6592.6 ± 586.5 ng mL^–1, was 0.3 ± 0.11 hours after treatment. Mean half-life was 3.24 ± 0.36 hours and area under the curve from zero to infinity 25,412.5 ± 5420.9 ng mL^–1 hour^–1. Activity was higher in TRAZ and PLAC than CONTR at 0–2 hours, with TRAZ exploring more. Hiding was reduced in TRAZ <em>versus</em> CONTR (0–2 hours and 4–6 hours) and <em>versus</em> PLAC (0–6 hours). Resting increased in TRAZ <em>versus</em> PLAC (2–4 hours) and CONTR (4–6 hours); PLAC rested less at 2–4 hours than at 8–10 hours. Vigilance tended to be lower in TRAZ <em>versus</em> CONTR. Food intake decreased in TRAZ at 2–4 hours. Grooming varied over time.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Trazodone-treated animals showed reduced activity, less hiding and more resting than PLAC and decreased food intake 2–4 hours post-treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 821-830"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145041414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-test for assessing gas exchange and the potential benefit of alveolar recruitment manoeuvre in anaesthetized dogs","authors":"Ignacio Sández ,&nbsp;Pablo A. Donati ,&nbsp;Diego A. Portela ,&nbsp;Joaquín Araos","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.07.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the use of Air-Test in ventilated, anaesthetized dogs for evaluating oxygen uptake and to determine its potential utility in guiding the decision to perform an alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM).</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Retrospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 25 client-owned dogs undergoing general anaesthesia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Dogs were included if volume-controlled ventilation was performed, the dogs underwent an Air-Test and reliable haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO₂) readings ≥ 99% with an inspired oxygen fraction (F<span>i</span>O₂) 0.5 were available. Exclusion criteria included laparoscopic surgery, patient–ventilator asynchrony or haemodynamic instability. The Air-Test consisted of a reduction in F<span>i</span>O₂ to 0.21 for 4 minutes while monitoring SpO₂. A positive Air-Test result was defined as SpO₂ &lt; 96% during this period. Positive cases underwent sustained inflation ARMs with adjustments to positive end-expiratory pressure. Haemodynamic variables, gas exchange and static compliance (<em>C</em>_st) were recorded pre-Air-Test, PaO₂/F<span>i</span>O₂ ratio was calculated offline. Data from dogs with positive and negative Air-Test results were compared and they are shown as mean ± standard deviation; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 835 records, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Positive Air-Tests occurred in 10 dogs (40%) and negative in 15 (60%). The baseline PaO₂/F<span>i</span>O₂ ratio was 364 ± 39.6 mmHg (48.4 ± 5.1 kPa) and 510 ± 65 mmHg (67.8 ± 8.6 kPa) in the Air-Test-positive and -negative animals, respectively (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The <em>C</em>_st and PaO₂/F<span>i</span>O₂ increased significantly after ARM in Air-Test-positive dogs <em>(p</em> &lt; 0.001 and <em>p</em> = 0.02, respectively). No differences were observed in the remaining variables.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>A positive Air-Test was associated with a lower PaO₂/F<span>i</span>O₂ ratio and in these dogs, an ARM was associated with increased <em>C</em>_st and PaO₂/F<span>i</span>O₂ ratio, indicating the potential of this noninvasive technique for assessing oxygenation and monitoring changes in response to ARM in mechanically ventilated dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Pages 888-893"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered maropitant in pigs (a pilot study)","authors":"M. Pavlica ,&nbsp;U.L. Tratar ,&nbsp;M. Čemažar ,&nbsp;U. Stupan ,&nbsp;M. Đokić ,&nbsp;J. Sredenšek ,&nbsp;J. Plut ,&nbsp;M. Kržan ,&nbsp;T. Kosjek ,&nbsp;A. Seliškar","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Page 976.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory monitoring using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) with and without an endotracheal tube during recovery from anesthesia in mesocephalic and brachycephalic dogs","authors":"L. Biber ,&nbsp;A. Wong ,&nbsp;M. Mosing","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Page 976.e1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of electrical impedance monitoring of dogs in an intensive care unit","authors":"K. Unger,&nbsp;M. Mosing","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.08.026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 6","pages":"Page 976.e4"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145371435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}