Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia最新文献

{"title":"Pain management in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus): a review of limitations of current knowledge and practice","authors":"Erica Evans ,&nbsp;Livia Benato","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe recent evidence-based and peer-reviewed literature on the topic of pain assessment and pain management in guinea pigs in a systematic review. To consider impacts of current practice on guinea pig welfare and to identify areas in need of further research.</div></div><div><h3>Databases used</h3><div>ScienceDirect, PubMed and CAB abstracts along with relevant information from books and ebooks were searched. Terms used were guinea pigs, cavies, <em>Cavia porcellus</em>, pain, surgery, surgical procedures, grimace, dental, bloat, analgesia, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and opiates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There are few studies available in the areas of pain assessment and pain management in guinea pigs. Grimace scales and in-clinic pain assessment scales are available for other species but have not been developed for guinea pigs. Doses of analgesic drugs are extrapolated from other species or used from anecdotal evidence in the absence of validated values. The specified dose for the only UK licenced analgesic drug for guinea pigs (meloxicam) is significantly lower than doses suggested in the reviewed literature which may have a negative impact on the welfare of this species. To improve the welfare of guinea pigs, further research into the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of analgesic drugs specific to this species are required. Further research into the development and validation of pain assessment methods is also indicated to promote better welfare of this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of midazolam co-induction on cardiorespiratory variables, myoclonus and etomidate dose requirements in healthy cats","authors":"Samantha M. Gieger ,&nbsp;Stephanie CJ. Keating ,&nbsp;Danielle E. Strahl-Heldreth ,&nbsp;Felipe Martins ,&nbsp;Gene Pavlovsky ,&nbsp;Patricia M. Oba ,&nbsp;Kelly S. Swanson","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate dose requirements of etomidate for endotracheal intubation, with or without midazolam co-induction, and to describe induction quality and associated cardiorespiratory variables in healthy cats.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Randomized prospective experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 24 adult neutered cats (17 females, seven males).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Cats were premedicated with intramuscular butorphanol (0.4 mg kg^–1) and alfaxalone (2 mg kg^–1), and anesthesia was induced with etomidate following midazolam (0.3 mg kg^–1) or physiologic saline (0.06 mL kg^–1) intravenously. Heart rate, respiratory rate (<em>f</em>_R) and arterial blood pressure were measured following premedication, at co-induction, after etomidate administration, and after orotracheal intubation and compared using repeated-measures <span>anova</span>. Pre- and post-etomidate blood samples were assessed for the presence of hemolysis. Etomidate dose requirements and prevalence of myoclonus were compared with Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Fisher’s test. Values of <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Mean ± standard deviation etomidate doses required for orotracheal intubation were 0.84 ± 0.26 and 1.39 ± 0.33 mg kg^–1 for midazolam and saline co-induction, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.001). The presence of myoclonus at sedated baseline, co-induction and etomidate was 6/12, 8/12 and 9/12 in the saline group, respectively, and 10/12, 2/12 and 0/12 in the midazolam group. The prevalence of myoclonus was lower in the midazolam group after co-induction and etomidate injection (<em>p</em> = 0.036 and <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001, respectively). Cardiorespiratory variables did not differ between groups at any time point. Compared with baseline, <em>f</em>_R decreased in both groups after etomidate injection and intubation. Hemolysis was observed in all post-etomidate plasma samples.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Etomidate, with or without midazolam co-induction, provides acceptable cardiovascular function in premedicated healthy cats. Midazolam reduces etomidate requirements for orotracheal intubation and improves induction quality in cats premedicated with intramuscular butorphanol–alfaxalone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 192-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of anaesthesia drugs on puppy vitality after caesarean section: a systematic review","authors":"Victoria Navarro-Altuna,&nbsp;Sandra Purwin,&nbsp;Elisabeth Ranninger","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To review and systematically analyse the literature describing the effects of anaesthesia drugs on puppy vitality scores or survival in dogs undergoing caesarean section.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Overall 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1978 puppies were included.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A comprehensive search using PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases was performed from 1970 until September 2024 to obtain nonrandomized and RCTs examining the effects of anaesthetics on puppy survival rates or vitality scores after caesarean section in dogs. Only studies in English were screened. Search terms included: ‘c-section’ or ‘caesarean section’ and ‘anaesthesia’ and ‘dog’. Two authors independently searched, classified and extracted the data. Studies were included if they evaluated the effects of anaesthesia drugs in dogs undergoing general anaesthesia and puppy survival or vitality scores. The level of evidence was scored according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine criteria, and a modified criterion score was used to assess the risk of bias based on the SYRCLE risk of bias tool and the SIGN checklists.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Methodological characteristics varied considerably between studies, including drug doses, titration of anaesthetics, anaesthesia monitoring and puppy outcome scores. Ten studies assessed puppy vitality by using a modified Apgar score (AS). A high risk of bias was identified in six studies, whereas three had a low risk of bias. The scarcity of methodologically consistent studies and the quality of data limit identification of an optimal anaesthetic regimen to improve puppy survival. Low doses of morphine, methadone, dexmedetomidine or meloxicam preoperatively did not produce a significant impact on puppy vitality. Ketamine-midazolam, etomidate or thiopental appear to worsen immediate neonatal outcomes. No difference in neonatal survival was found between alfaxalone and propofol, but AS were higher with alfaxalone than with propofol immediately after birth.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The use of injectable anaesthetics for maintenance of anaesthesia led to lower puppy vitality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 129-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reviewer acknowledgements 2024","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 266-267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143529753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective evaluation of the effect of xylazine infusion on survival to discharge in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for colic","authors":"Rachel A. Reed ,&nbsp;Anna T. Carroll ,&nbsp;Stephanie C. Dantino ,&nbsp;Jane E. Quandt ,&nbsp;Michele Barletta ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Sakai","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the influence of xylazine infusion on survival to discharge and describe the associated intraoperative requirement for isoflurane, use of positive inotropes and vasopressors, and recovery time in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Retrospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of 352 horses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Medical records of horses undergoing anesthesia for exploratory laparotomy from January 2018 to December 2023 were reviewed. Data collected included survival to discharge, results of diagnostic tests, end tidal isoflurane concentration (FE'Iso), use of vasopressors/inotropes, and duration of recovery in horses with (WX) or without (WOX) intraoperative xylazine infusion. For survival to discharge, univariable and multivariable logistic regression was performed adjusting for the effects of other infusions. For all other variables, descriptive statistics were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Survival to discharge was 80.6% and 78.5% for WX and WOX, respectively (<em>p</em> = 0.431). Mean ± standard deviation FE'Iso was 0.82 ± 0.21% and 0.94 ± 0.21% for WX and WOX, respectively. Dobutamine was given to 159/166 (95.8%) and 176/186 (94.6%) horses at a rate of 1 (0.1–3.0) μg kg^-1 minute^-1 and 1 (0.25–3.0) μg kg^-1 minute^-1 in WX and WOX, respectively. Norepinephrine infusion was given to 15/166 (9%) and 27/186 (15%) horses at a rate of 0.2 (0.025–0.4) μg kg^-1 minute^-1 and 0.2 (0.05–0.7) μg kg^-1 minute^-1 in WX and WOX, respectively. Median (range) recovery times were 70 (15–310) minutes and 75 (20–313) minutes for WX and WOX, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The use of xylazine as a part of a balanced anesthesia protocol in horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy did not negatively affect survival to discharge.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical relevance</h3><div>Xylazine infusion as part of a balanced anesthesia protocol appears promising based on this single-center study. Further research is required to fully explore the risks and benefits of xylazine infusions in this context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143366102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of rapid and slow intravenous injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized horses during surgery","authors":"Anna. R.P. Henderson ,&nbsp;Alexander Valverde ,&nbsp;Jocelyn Marchiori,&nbsp;Tainor Tisotti,&nbsp;Albert Torrent,&nbsp;Nathalie Côté,&nbsp;Diego E. Gomez","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To determine the effects of rapid (1 minute) and slow (10 minutes) intravenous (IV) injection of sodium penicillin on arterial blood pressure in anesthetized horses.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective randomized clinical trial.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of 29 client-owned horses of various breeds, 1–20 years old, with body masses of 360–710 kg.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>General anesthesia was induced with a variety of anesthetic protocols and maintained with isoflurane under mechanical ventilation, with hourly doses of IV lidocaine and an infusion of dexmedetomidine. Horses were administered IV intraoperative penicillin every 2 hours after the preoperative dose, reconstituted with 50 mL of saline (group small dilution, SD) and administered over 1 minute, or with 250 mL of saline (group large dilution, LD) administered over 10 minutes. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP), heart rate, end-tidal isoflurane and carbon dioxide, dobutamine rate and arterial electrolytes were recorded before and for 20 minutes after penicillin. Comparisons between and within groups were with two-way <span>anova</span>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Dose and time to penicillin delivery during anesthesia were similar between groups. SAP decreased significantly by 4.8–9.6% (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001–0.038), DAP by 12.7–25.4% (<em>p</em> = 0.0009–0.016) and MAP by 6.6–18.4% (<em>p</em> = 0.0009–0.028) from injection and for 15–20 minutes in group SD. In group LD, significant decreases in DAP (13.8–18.5%; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001–0.005) and MAP (10.1–13.9%; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001–0.003) occurred at 3–15 minutes, and DAP <em>(p</em> = 0.013 and 0.008) and MAP (<em>p</em> = 0.016 and 0.007) were higher than for group SD at 1 and 3 minutes. Dobutamine rate and other variables were similar between groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Arterial blood pressure decreased with both SD and LD in anesthetized horses, but to a lesser extent in the slower, more diluted LD group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 200-207"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143042356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium in sevoflurane-anesthetized Thoroughbred horses","authors":"Kazumichi Kodaira ,&nbsp;Masashi Kakizaki ,&nbsp;Shun-ichi Nagata ,&nbsp;Hirotaka Ode ,&nbsp;Atsushi Okano ,&nbsp;Norihisa Tamura ,&nbsp;Fumiaki Mizobe ,&nbsp;Yoshikazu Matsuda ,&nbsp;Shinjiro Kurimoto ,&nbsp;Hiroko Aida","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To investigate the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rocuronium administered by bolus injection to sevoflurane-anesthetized horses.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, experimental, crossover study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Five healthy adult Thoroughbred horses (body mass 368–470 kg, three females and two males).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Each horse was anesthetized twice with sevoflurane and assigned to be administered rocuronium bromide intravenously: 0.2 mg kg^–1 (R02) or 0.4 mg kg^–1 (R04). There was a minimum 2 week washout period between experiments. During anesthesia, the peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four) and neuromuscular function was assessed with acceleromyography. Plasma rocuronium concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and were statistically compared between R02 and R04 with a Student’s paired <em>t</em>-test. Significance was set at <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Complete neuromuscular blockade was observed in all horses. The duration of action was significantly shorter for R02 (42.5 ± 11.2 minutes) than for R04 (67.0 ± 17.8 minutes, <em>p</em> = 0.003). Plasma concentrations of rocuronium showed a biphasic elimination pattern. Systemic clearance was significantly higher for R04 (2.12 ± 1.15 mL minute^–1 kg^–1) than for R02 (1.07 ± 0.46 mL minute^–1 kg^–1, <em>p</em> = 0.034). Mean residence time was significantly shorter for R04 (109 ± 73.1 minutes) than for R02 (183 ± 64.6 minutes, <em>p</em> = 0.015).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Rocuronium induced complete neuromuscular blockade with both R02 and R04, and exhibited a dose-dependent duration of action. Significantly higher systemic clearance and shorter mean residence time for the high dose (R04) were observed compared with the low dose (R02). The prolonged clearance of rocuronium in horses contributed to its extended duration of action in this species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 174-182"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound-guided caudal quadratus lumborum block combined with the greater ischiatic notch plane block in a goat with femoral head fracture","authors":"Vanessa Heitzmann ,&nbsp;Pablo E. Otero ,&nbsp;Amanda Hartnack ,&nbsp;Simone Ringer","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This report describes the case of a brown-black coloured mountain goat (<em>Caprinae</em>), aged 13 months and weighing 46 kg, which was presented for anaesthesia to facilitate surgical repair of a femoral head fracture in the left pelvic limb. Clinical evaluation was unremarkable except for marked lameness (5/5). After sedation, general anaesthesia was induced for open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture using pins. After aseptic preparation, a ‘GIN &amp; TONIC’ block, comprising the combination of an ultrasound-guided greater ischiatic notch (GIN) plane block (bupivacaine 0.25%; 0.25 mL kg^–1) and a caudal quadratus lumborum block (C-QLB, bupivacaine 0.25%; 0.3 mL kg^–1), was performed. No significant changes in monitored physiologic variables were observed during the fracture repair except for a slight heart rate increase (21% above 77 beats minute^–1 at baseline) during fracture reduction, which was treated with a single dose of intravenous ketamine (0.2 mg kg^–1). Regurgitation of ruminal contents occurred just before ketamine injection. At extubation, the interior of the endotracheal tube was clear and no signs of aspiration were observed postoperatively. The goat readily accepted food 3 hours after surgery, and no pain response was elicited on palpation of the surgical site immediately after recovery or during the next 12 hours. This case suggests that the ultrasound-guided GIN plane block combined with the C-QLB (GIN &amp; TONIC block) offers effective and reliable analgesia for surgeries at the hip joint in goats. Future studies are warranted to further validate the efficacy and safety of this technique in goats and explore its potential benefits in other ruminants undergoing orthopaedic procedures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 252-256"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam in sheep","authors":"Kate Burbery ,&nbsp;Robert J. Brosnan ,&nbsp;Alessia Cenani ,&nbsp;Marcela Machado ,&nbsp;Heather K. Knych","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To model pharmacokinetics of three benzodiazepines and their metabolites in sheep.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>A nonblinded, prospective, experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A group of six adult Hampshire–Suffolk cross-bred sheep (three females, three castrated males), 73 ± 3 kg (mean ± standard deviation).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam were coadministered as an intravenous (IV) bolus to each sheep, and blood was sampled at 18 time points over 10 hours. HPLC-MS/MS was used to simultaneously measure plasma concentrations of the parent benzodiazepines (metabolites) for remimazolam (CNS 7054), midazolam (α-hydroxymidazolam) and diazepam (nordiazepam, temazepam, oxazepam). Concentrations over time for each compound were fit to noncompartmental models using commercial software. Calculated pharmacokinetic parameters were compared using either repeated-measures <span>anova</span> if normally distributed or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests if not. Differences between agents were significant when <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05 after adjustments for multiple comparisons.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Remimazolam was undetectable in the plasma of all sheep by 3 hours, whereas midazolam and diazepam concentrations were still quantifiable 10 hours after injection. Median (range) clearance rate from plasma was 103 (61–256), 22 (9.6–37) and 38 (20–46) mL kg^–1 minute^–1 for remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam, respectively. Median (range) terminal elimination half-time was 9.8 (4.6–15), 113 (90–271) and 246 (170-624) minutes for remimazolam, midazolam and diazepam, respectively. Except for temazepam, terminal elimination half-times were generally longer for metabolites than for their parent drug.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Remimazolam elimination is significantly faster than either midazolam or diazepam. The rapid pharmacokinetics of remimazolam may be particularly useful to facilitate fast recovery from sedation and minimize drug residue exposures in food-producing animals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143029353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Description of an ultrasound-guided technique for pudendal nerve block in sheep","authors":"Víctor López-Ramis ,&nbsp;Michela Re ,&nbsp;Susana Canfrán ,&nbsp;Mario Arenillas ,&nbsp;Ignacio De Gaspar ,&nbsp;Ignacio A. Gómez de Segura ,&nbsp;Javier Blanco Murcia","doi":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vaa.2024.11.043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe an ultrasound-guided technique for anaesthesia of the pudendal nerve with evaluation of the anatomical spread of a bupivacaine-methylene blue solution in sheep.</div></div><div><h3>Study design</h3><div>Prospective, experimental study.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>A total of seven adult experimental sheep and one sheep cadaver.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study had two phases. First, the anatomy and ultrasound imaging of the gluteal region, caudal to the region of tuber coxae was reviewed in one sheep cadaver. Second, in seven healthy sedated sheep, a linear transducer (8–13 MHz) was positioned on the lateral area of the hip to identify pudendal vessels at the level of the ischial spine ventral to the sacrotuberous ligament. The right and left pudendal nerves area were injected with 0.1 mL kg^-1 of a 1:1 solution of bupivacaine-methylene blue. The ultrasound image quality was considered as excellent, good, or poor. Following euthanasia, both pudendal areas were dissected and the staining of the nerves assessed, expressed as the percentage of success (%) and compared with the chi-square test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The relevant ultrasound landmarks were visualized in both areas of all sheep, with an excellent visualization of the landmarks before and during injection in most cases (13/14). On dissection, methylene blue dispersion was observed surrounding the pudendal nerve, with at least 1 cm length in 13/14 cases (93%; the remainder partially stained). No evidence of dye was found around the sciatic nerve in any case nor was there any evidence of haematoma or faecal contamination within the punctured area.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><div>Ultrasound-guided injection with 0.1 mL kg^-1 in close proximity to the pudendal nerve at the ischial spine level resulted in a high success rate of nerve staining. This procedure may be a suitable technique for pudendal nerve blockade providing analgesia for common reproductive or perineal surgical procedures in sheep.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":"52 2","pages":"Pages 236-243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143371303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}