Marco Aurélio Camargo Fontanela, Marina Moresco, Gilberto Serighelli-Júnior, Marcello Machado, Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Juan Carlos Duque Moreno
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Ultrasound-guided QLP injections with 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> of 0.1% methylene blue were performed via transmuscular or lateral approaches on both hemiabdomens. Craniocaudal and dorsoventral dye spread, the number of stained ventral branches of thoracolumbar spinal nerves (VBSNs) and whether the sympathetic trunk was stained were evaluated. Technique and dissection times, along with visibility scores for reference structures, needle and the injected solution within the QLP were recorded. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests, with significance set at p < 0.050.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Morphometric variables influenced only the craniocaudal spread (p < 0.001). Craniocaudal spread did not differ significantly between approaches (p = 0.766) but was significantly influenced by volume (p < 0.002). However, greater craniocaudal spread did not result in an increased number of stained VBSNs (p = 0.488). The number of VBSNs stained was lower with 0.15 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> (p < 0.013), with no differences observed between 0.3 and 0.6 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0.488). The most frequently stained VBSNs were L2, L3 and L1, in that order.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>There were no significant differences in dye spread between transmuscular and lateral approaches. Injectate volume affects spread, but volumes > 0.3 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> do not increase the number of stained VBSNs. Morphometric variables do not affect the number of stained VBSNs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23626,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effect of approach, volume and morphometry on dye spread to the quadratus lumborum plane in canine cadavers.\",\"authors\":\"Marco Aurélio Camargo Fontanela, Marina Moresco, Gilberto Serighelli-Júnior, Marcello Machado, Fabiano Montiani-Ferreira, Juan Carlos Duque Moreno\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.vaa.2025.07.007\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare dye spread after injection in the quadratus lumborum plane (QLP) via transmuscular and lateral approaches with different volumes in canine cadavers.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>Cadaveric, experimental, prospective study.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A group of 58 canine cadavers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cadavers were classified by body mass as small (S, < 10 kg), medium (M, 10-20 kg) or large (L, > 20 kg). Morphometric data (mass, body condition score, axial length, abdominal and thoracic circumference) were recorded. Ultrasound-guided QLP injections with 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mL kg<sup>-1</sup> of 0.1% methylene blue were performed via transmuscular or lateral approaches on both hemiabdomens. Craniocaudal and dorsoventral dye spread, the number of stained ventral branches of thoracolumbar spinal nerves (VBSNs) and whether the sympathetic trunk was stained were evaluated. Technique and dissection times, along with visibility scores for reference structures, needle and the injected solution within the QLP were recorded. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests, with significance set at p < 0.050.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Morphometric variables influenced only the craniocaudal spread (p < 0.001). 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引用次数: 0
摘要
目的:比较不同体积犬腰方肌入路和外侧入路注射后染料在腰方肌平面的扩散情况。研究设计:尸体性、实验性、前瞻性研究。动物:一组58具狗的尸体。方法:将尸体按体重分为小(S, < 10 kg)、中(M, 10 ~ 20 kg)、大(L, bb0 ~ 20 kg)。记录形态计量学数据(体重、身体状况评分、轴长、胸腹围)。超声引导下,经肌肉或外侧入路在双半腹注射0.1%亚甲基蓝0.15、0.3和0.6 mL kg-1的QLP。观察脑侧和背腹侧染色扩散、胸腰段脊神经腹侧支染色数量及交感神经干染色情况。记录技术和解剖时间,以及参考结构、针头和QLP内注射溶液的可见性评分。统计分析采用双向方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis检验、Pearson相关检验和多元回归检验,显著性p < 0.050。结果:形态计量学变量仅影响颅足部扩散(p < 0.001)。不同入路间颅-掌部扩散无显著差异(p = 0.766),但受容积影响显著(p < 0.002)。然而,更大的颅趾扩散并没有导致VBSNs染色数量的增加(p = 0.488)。在0.15 mL kg-1时,染色的VBSNs数量较低(p < 0.013), 0.3 mL kg-1与0.6 mL kg-1无差异(p = 0.488)。最常染色的vbsn依次为L2、L3和L1。结论及临床意义:经肌入路和外侧入路在染料扩散方面无显著差异。注射体积影响扩散,但体积> 0.3 mL kg-1不增加染色的vbsn数量。形态学变量不影响染色的vbsn数量。
Effect of approach, volume and morphometry on dye spread to the quadratus lumborum plane in canine cadavers.
Objective: To compare dye spread after injection in the quadratus lumborum plane (QLP) via transmuscular and lateral approaches with different volumes in canine cadavers.
Study design: Cadaveric, experimental, prospective study.
Animals: A group of 58 canine cadavers.
Methods: Cadavers were classified by body mass as small (S, < 10 kg), medium (M, 10-20 kg) or large (L, > 20 kg). Morphometric data (mass, body condition score, axial length, abdominal and thoracic circumference) were recorded. Ultrasound-guided QLP injections with 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mL kg-1 of 0.1% methylene blue were performed via transmuscular or lateral approaches on both hemiabdomens. Craniocaudal and dorsoventral dye spread, the number of stained ventral branches of thoracolumbar spinal nerves (VBSNs) and whether the sympathetic trunk was stained were evaluated. Technique and dissection times, along with visibility scores for reference structures, needle and the injected solution within the QLP were recorded. Statistical analysis included two-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson correlation and multiple regression tests, with significance set at p < 0.050.
Results: Morphometric variables influenced only the craniocaudal spread (p < 0.001). Craniocaudal spread did not differ significantly between approaches (p = 0.766) but was significantly influenced by volume (p < 0.002). However, greater craniocaudal spread did not result in an increased number of stained VBSNs (p = 0.488). The number of VBSNs stained was lower with 0.15 mL kg-1 (p < 0.013), with no differences observed between 0.3 and 0.6 mL kg-1 (p = 0.488). The most frequently stained VBSNs were L2, L3 and L1, in that order.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: There were no significant differences in dye spread between transmuscular and lateral approaches. Injectate volume affects spread, but volumes > 0.3 mL kg-1 do not increase the number of stained VBSNs. Morphometric variables do not affect the number of stained VBSNs.
期刊介绍:
Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia is the official journal of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists, the American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia and the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. Its purpose is the publication of original, peer reviewed articles covering all branches of anaesthesia and the relief of pain in animals. Articles concerned with the following subjects related to anaesthesia and analgesia are also welcome:
the basic sciences;
pathophysiology of disease as it relates to anaesthetic management
equipment
intensive care
chemical restraint of animals including laboratory animals, wildlife and exotic animals
welfare issues associated with pain and distress
education in veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia.
Review articles, special articles, and historical notes will also be published, along with editorials, case reports in the form of letters to the editor, and book reviews. There is also an active correspondence section.