Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Foothills of the Kumaun Himalaya, India.","authors":"R S Negi, Jagmohan Singh Negi, Mukesh Prasad, Krishna Pal Singh","doi":"10.1002/wer.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Access to clean and pollutant-free drinking water is a fundamental human necessity and is underscored by the United Nations as the sixth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG-6). In this context, the present study aims to assess the physicochemical quality of groundwater in the Kumaun foothills region of Uttarakhand, India. A total of 20 groundwater samples were analyzed for key parameters including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), turbidity, nitrate, fluoride, alkalinity, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and chloride content. The pH values ranged from 6.62 to 8.43, TDS from 78 to 690 mg L^-1, and TH from 62 to 418 mg L^-1. Turbidity remained low (1-1.36 NTU) and nitrate (1.2-3.8 mg L^-1) as well as fluoride (0.12-0.25 mg L^-1) levels were well within permissible limits. While most parameters complied with BIS standards, magnesium slightly exceeded desirable limits in a few samples. Water Quality Index (WQI) values ranged from 30.1 to 77.9, categorizing the water quality from excellent to good and confirming its suitability for drinking purposes. This study introduces a regional-scale, data-driven evaluation of groundwater quality, providing a baseline for future monitoring. The innovation lies in integrating a comprehensive physicochemical analysis with WQI assessment in a region where such systematic studies remain scarce. The findings emphasize the need for continued surveillance and localized water management strategies to ensure safe and sustainable use of groundwater resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 7","pages":"e70139"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Ti-Containing Nanoparticles and On-Site Visitor Numbers in Three Recreation Waters in Eastern Taiwan.","authors":"Chen-Hsin Weng, Yen-Tzu Chen, Chia-Hsin Liu, Yaw-Huei Hwang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increase in Ti-containing nanoparticles (NPs) in the environment resulting from the anthropogenic water activities has raised health concerns in recent years. The aim of this study was to differentiate Ti-containing engineered NPs (ENPs) from natural Ti-containing NPs (NNPs) in water exposure through water activities. This was achieved by characterizing the temporal and spatial distributions of Ti-containing NPs in the three recreation waters in Eastern Taiwan, using the Ti/Y elemental ratio method and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICPMS). The mass concentration of the Ti-containing ENPs and the number concentration of NPs were generally higher during the peak season compared with the low season. These concentrations also fluctuated more widely than those of Ti-containing NNPs. The highest mass and number concentrations, 8.00 ng/mL and 850.5 × 10³ particles/mL, were found in the recreation waters of South Nan-Ao Creek and Lao Creek, respectively. The most frequent particle size ranged from 28 to 60 nm, with no significant variation across sampling seasons and creeks. Furthermore, the number of on-site visitors was significantly correlated with the mass concentration of Ti-containing NPs (p = 0.0069), the number concentration of Ti-containing NPs (p = 0.0023), and estimated TiO₂-ENPs (p = 0.0305). The elemental ratio method allowed for a clearer illustration of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the Ti-containing ENPs levels in the recreation waters. This method is valuable for future risk assessments regarding potential exposure to TiO₂-ENPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 7","pages":"e70103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144691601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive Modeling and Spatial Analysis of Irrigation Water Quality in a Key Agricultural Region: An ANN-Based Approach.","authors":"Deepali Goyal, A K Haritash, S K Singh","doi":"10.1002/wer.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The quality of groundwater plays a critical role in ensuring effective irrigation, directly impacting crop productivity and soil health. This study was carried out to assess the suitability of groundwater in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India, for irrigation quality. Salinity hazard for the water was categorized by using EC values, which, for 62.5% of the samples out of 152, falls between 250 and 750 (μS/cm), that is, in the \"medium\" category. The remaining 57 samples are categorized as having a \"high\" salinity hazard. High values of salinity hazard can create a physiological drought condition for the crop. Sodium hazard was analyzed using %Na and SAR values. For %Na values, 114 samples fall in excellent to good category, whereas, for SAR analysis, 148 samples fall in low sodicity category. Also, all the samples fall in class I and II for PI value. However, overall quality of irrigation water has been determined by calculating Irrigation Water Quality Index that aggregates EC, SAR, Na⁺, Cl^-, and HCO₃ ^- values. Based on this analysis, 21.7% of the samples fall in the \"severe restriction\" category whereas 57 samples, that is, 37.5% fall into the category of \"high restriction.\" The remaining samples fall in moderate to low restriction. The maps depicting spatial distribution of contaminants and index values were prepared using IDW interpolation technique in QGIS. An optimized model for the study area was also created using ANN to estimate IWQI. The model was created using IBM SPSS software using multilayer perceptron feed forward mechanism. The calculated RMSE value of the proposed model is 0.09 and 0.07 for training and testing data, which suggests that the model's predictions are quite close to the actual values. This implies that the proposed model fits accurately and can be used for future IWQI prediction. This study advances SDG 6 by encouraging the responsible management of water resources. It also assists policy makers in developing sustainable irrigation strategies and provides researchers with important tools for predicting water quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 7","pages":"e70147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144699669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Respirometry Measurement and Comparison of Monod Kinetic Constants and Methanogen Concentrations for 27 Full-Scale Anaerobic Bioreactors.","authors":"Nicholas Benn, Antonio Martins, Daniel H Zitomer","doi":"10.1002/wer.70135","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monod kinetic coefficient values (k_m and K_s) as well as methanogen concentrations (X_ac and X_h2) for various anaerobic bioreactors are required to gain a deeper understanding of anaerobic biotechnology. However, there are no existing, practical methods to measure or estimate these parameters or variables in typical anaerobic digester biomass that contains mixed cultures with inert organic solids. Current measurement methods rely on pure cultures developed in the laboratory. In this work, a novel respirometric method was developed and used to determine methanogen Monod parameters and active biomass concentration for samples from 27 full-scale anaerobic reactors. Differences (one to three orders of magnitude) were observed among acetate and H₂ k_m values and active biomass fractions for the different biomass microbial communities. Average k_m values for acetate and H₂ were 14.6- and 48-g COD/g COD_x-d, whereas average K_s values were 21.9- and 0.32-mg COD/L, respectively. Average X_ac as a fraction of total VSS was 0.80% and ranged from 0.02% to 2.49%, whereas average X_h2 was 1.16% and ranged from 0.04% to 8.23%. Granular biomass k_m values were approximately three times greater than flocculant biomass values, indicating significant fundamental differences ostensibly exist in methanogenesis between the two process configurations. In the future, relationships may be developed to predict kinetic constant values based on microbial community composition.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 7","pages":"e70135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12268969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144650703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Variability of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Major Rivers of New Mexico, USA.","authors":"Kimberly R Beisner","doi":"10.1002/wer.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous in the environment, but sources that contribute to temporal and spatial variability in surface waters are not well defined. Many states are assessing PFAS in water resources, and insight from these statewide assessments can help guide future sampling efforts. A statewide assessment of 28 PFAS was conducted in New Mexico starting in 2020, and subsequent follow-up sampling has improved understanding of PFAS occurrence and sources throughout the state. PFAS were present in all major rivers of New Mexico (Rio Grande, Pecos River, San Juan River, Animas River, Canadian River, Gila River, Rio Chama, and Rio Puerco) with 13 of 28 analyzed PFAS (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBs, PFPeS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFOSA, 6:2 FTS) detected from at least one sample for samples collected between 2020 and 2024. This study found high temporal and spatial variability-PFAS concentrations ranged from below the laboratory detection level to 156 ng/L, with concentrations generally increasing downstream on the major rivers. PFBS was the most frequently detected and highest concentration PFAS in this study, ranging from 1 to 93 ng/L, followed by PFBA and PFPeA, ranging from 0.9 to 32 ng/L. The average of the sum of PFAS detected increased by an order of magnitude from 4 to 46 ng/L in the Rio Grande as it flows through Albuquerque, the largest urban area in New Mexico. PFAS concentration increased by 58% after a stormflow pulse flushed over Albuquerque and contributed water to the Rio Grande. The contribution of wastewater to surface water resources varied diurnally as well as seasonally. Sampling multiple locations on major rivers across multiple seasons, taking into account known anthropogenic inputs, would enhance characterization of temporal and spatial variability of PFAS concentrations. Increased sampling frequency at sites with wastewater contribution and focused investigations in areas with higher than expected PFAS could increase understanding of potential sources and variability of source contributions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 7","pages":"e70129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144592472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of Nitrogen and Phosphorus as Nutrients From Wastewater Using Sorbents and Its Potential Reutilization as a Soil Conditioner: A Review.","authors":"Jun Jie Lim, Sumathi Sethupathi, Nor Ismaliza Mohd Ismail, Yamuna Munusamy","doi":"10.1002/wer.70104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater treatment is crucial to ensure environmental sustainability and the availability of clean water for human consumption. It is of utmost importance that the valuable nutrients in the wastewater are recovered. Recently, many researchers have made interesting discoveries using green waste or minerals to treat wastewater and recover nutrients from wastewater. Nutrients which encourage eutrophication of water resources, such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and phosphorus, are the common ones being explored. The nutrients are adsorbed on sorbents, which are recycled from waste and biodegradable material. Upon adsorption of nutrients, the spent sorbents are categorized as green and eco-friendly material which can be further utilized as a soil conditioner. Thus, this review discussed different types of sorbents and its respective efficacy towards nutrient adsorption and feasibility to be recycled as soil conditioner. Factors affecting the performance of the sorbents were detailed and comparisons were made for the best application as soil conditioner. Suggestion was outlined for future focus areas in this work and potential future application in real case scenarios. This review would be beneficial to researchers to achieve a cradle-to-cradle concept for wastewater nutrient recovery. SUMMARY: Recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater using sustainable adsorbents Adsorption efficiency of adsorbents aligning with cradle-to-cradle concept Insights into the advantages and limitations of reported adsorbents Spent adsorbents as soil conditioners, enhancing soil fertility, structure, and promoting sustainable nutrient recycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144326993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrospun MIL-101(Fe)/Graphene Oxide Nanofibrous Composites for Efficient Removal of Heavy Metals From Wastewater.","authors":"Timoth Mkilima, Kulzipa Dakieva, Gulmira Adilbektegi, Yelena Tatina, Mansur Khussainov, Salauat Kassymkhanov, Kanagat Tolubayeva, Bitmanov Yertas Zhantasuly, Bibigul Daukenova","doi":"10.1002/wer.70105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater poses a critical environmental challenge due to the toxicity and persistence of metals such as Pb(II) and Cd(II). This study evaluated the performance of MIL-101(Fe)/Graphene Oxide (GO) electrospun nanofibrous membranes as advanced adsorbents for the efficient removal of these metal ions. Structural characterization confirmed a high surface area and uniform integration of MIL-101(Fe) and GO within the fibrous matrix. Batch adsorption experiments revealed maximum removal efficiencies of 93% for Pb(II) and 95% for Cd(II), with optimum performance observed at pH 5.5 and 6.0, respectively. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics (R² > 0.98), suggesting chemisorption, and was well described by both Langmuir (q_max: 126 mg/g for Pb(II), 100 mg/g for Cd(II); R² ≥ 0.98) and Freundlich isotherms (1/n < 1), indicating favorable monolayer and multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. The thermodynamic analysis confirmed that adsorption was spontaneous (ΔG° values as low as -8.6 kJ/mol for Pb(II)) and endothermic (ΔH° values of 21.5 kJ/mol for Pb(II) and 18.9 kJ/mol for Cd(II)). In continuous flow systems, the membranes maintained removal efficiencies above 85% for both metals across 10 cycles at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The membranes also exhibited excellent fouling resistance, with flux decline remaining below 10% over 5 cycles, and demonstrated high cleaning efficiency, recovering up to 99.2% of flux through simple deionized water rinsing. Reusability studies showed that the membranes retained over 80% of their original adsorption capacity after eight regeneration cycles in batch mode, and over 70% removal efficiency and 83% water flux after 10 regeneration cycles in real industrial wastewater conditions. These findings demonstrated the robustness, reusability, and scalability of MIL-101(Fe)/GO membranes for the effective treatment of heavy metal-contaminated industrial effluents. Future studies should explore membrane performance under mixed contaminant conditions and assess techno-economic feasibility at the pilot scale. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Advanced nanofibrous membranes with MIL-101(Fe)/Graphene Oxide (GO) tested for heavy metal removal. Outstanding performance compared to conventional adsorbents. 93% Pb(II) and 95% Cd(II) removal at optimum pH conditions (Pb(II): pH 5.5, Cd(II): pH 6.0). Rapid equilibrium kinetics with 60 minutes compared to 120 minutes. High surface area and optimal pore size critical for superior performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144235373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biosorption of Reactive Dyes by Novel Bacterium Leclercia adecarboxylata: Complete Removal of Reactive Black 5 and Molecular Insights Into the Adsorption Mechanism.","authors":"Seda Şen, Filiz Korkmaz, Nur Koçberber Kiliç","doi":"10.1002/wer.70109","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from the Düden Waterfall (Turkey) was utilized as a biosorbent for the removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5), Setazol Blue BRF-X (BRF-X), Setazol Navy Blue SBG (SNB), and Setazol Turquoise Blue G (STBG). Of the dyes, RB5 was removed with the highest efficiency, 97.4% after 60 min. The effect of parameters such as pH (3-9), initial biosorbent dose (0.1-2.0 g/L), and initial dye concentration (25-1200 mg/L) on the biosorption of RB5 was investigated. Increasing the biosorbent dosage from 0.1 to 2.0 g/L enhanced the RB5 removal from 55.3% to 100% within 10 min. The complete removal (100%) of RB5 was achieved in media with 2.0 g/L biosorbent and 25 mg/L RB5 at pH 3 after 10 min. Additionally, the soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of L. adecarboxylata were found to consist of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The EPS was found to play a crucial role in dye removal, forming chemical interactions with dye molecules. Zeta potential analysis was used to evaluate the charge distribution on the biosorbent surface (-12.6 ± 1.1 mV) and its interactions in the biosorption process. Kinetic and isotherm models suggested a complex interaction mechanism between the biomass and the dye. Adsorption isotherm data were analyzed via nine isotherm models. Among them, the Hill model was found to be the best fit for describing the equilibrium adsorption process of the RB5 (R² = 0.9993). Overall, the applied models elucidated the influence of both physical and chemical interactions on the mechanism. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of RB5 fit a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The unique biochemical composition of the indigenous L. adecarboxylata biosorbent provided a high affinity for RB5, offering a sustainable, rapid, and economical solution for the treatment of dye-polluted water.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12149717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144258963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Rural Sewage Treatment in China.","authors":"Wenbo Zhang, Zixuan Wang, Xuezheng Yu, Ziyu Zhou, Yunping Han, Xu Yan, Yingnan Cao","doi":"10.1002/wer.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sewage treatment processes are considered an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly N₂O and CH₄. In rural sewage treatment processes, GHG emissions are often neglected owing to the small scale of treatment and dispersed distribution. In this study, the non-CO₂ GHG emission quantity, spatiotemporal distribution characteristics, and influences factors were analyzed based on rural sewage from 2015 to 2020. Emissions from rural sewage treatment in 2020 reached 122.72 Gg (CO₂-eq), comprising 69.81 Gg N₂O and 52.91 Gg CH₄, representing a 35.29% increase compared to 2015. There are large variations between province-level regions: more GHG was emitted from the eastern than the north-west of China. The treatment of rural domestic sewage can simultaneously purify water quality and decrease GHG emissions, and the improvement in the rate of treatment is beneficial to \"carbon peak and carbon neutralization.\" GHG emissions from rural sewage treatment showed a positive correlation with both GDP and sewage discharge, and N₂O was positively correlated with protein consumption per capita. This study would provide a theoretical basis for policy formulation, as it supplies basic data on carbon emissions for China's rural sewage treatment. SUMMARY: Rural sewage treatment (RST) plants contribute significantly to GHG emissions. N₂O emission from rural sewage treatment in 2020 in China was 69.81 Gg. CH₄ emission from rural sewage treatment in 2020 in China was 52.91 Gg. Large variations in GHG emissions were found between province-level regions. Domestic RST can simultaneously purify water quality and decrease GHG emissions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70134"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144476866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden Dangers Within the Rivers of China's Largest Inland Basin: Uncovering the Current Status and Health Risks of BTEX Compounds.","authors":"Lingxin Kong, Yizhen Li, Wen Liu, Jingjing Zhang, Tao Zeng, Jilili Abuduwaili, Long Ma","doi":"10.1002/wer.70108","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Benzene series (BTEX) pollutants are hazardous organic compounds that are widely distributed in water, air, and soil and pose a significant threat to global public security. The presence of BTEX in surface waters in arid regions and its associated health risks, as well as the primary influencing factors, are crucial concerns that impede the protection and management of water environments in these areas. By employing a combination of the Monte Carlo risk assessment model and the geographical detector model, this study elucidates the health risks associated with benzene-based compounds in surface water within the Tarim Basin (TRB), China's largest inland basin, while identifying the primary driving forces influencing their distribution in the research area. The findings indicated that the benzene and styrene concentrations exceeded the regulatory thresholds of China in over 30% of the water samples, and the BTEX levels in the TRB varied between 0.01 and 1.11 μg/mL, with an average concentration of 0.17 ± 0.26 μg/mL. Differences in BTEX types and concentrations were observed among the sub-basins, with the Yarkant and Hotan Rivers being the most polluted. Conservative health risk assessments indicated that BTEX did not pose a noncarcinogenic or cancer risk to adults. However, the health risks for children were consistently higher than those for adults, particularly in specific areas of the Hotan and Weigan River Basins, where the noncarcinogenic risk index for children exceeded one and requires immediate attention. The distribution of BTEX was influenced by multiple factors, with land use exerting the most significant impact. Moreover, the interaction between environmental factors was found to augment the explanatory capacity of the BTEX distribution. These findings provide decision-making guidance for the regulation of BTEX pollution in surface water in arid regions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: BTEX compounds were widely detected in surface waters of the Tarim River Basin. Benzene and styrene concentrations exceeded regulatory limits in over 30% of samples. BTEX posed higher noncarcinogenic risks to children compared to adults. Interactions between environmental factors enhanced explanatory power for BTEX distribution. Adjusting land use and strengthening traffic pollution control can reduce BTEX impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70108"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}