Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"Microplastic and nanoplastic pollution: Assessing translocation, impact, and mitigation strategies in marine ecosystems.","authors":"Faheem Nawaz, Zia Ul Islam, Sadaf Aslam Ghori, Anila Bahadur, Hamid Ullah, Maqsood Ahmad, Ghulam Ullah Khan","doi":"10.1002/wer.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The widespread presence of plastic debris in marine ecosystems was first highlighted as a serious concern in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1972 London Convention. This realization identified plastic pollution as one of the major global environmental issues. Majorities of plastic debris are neither recycled nor incinerated, as a result, it eventually makes its way into lakes, rivers, and oceans. Analysis of water and sediment worldwide indicates that microplastics and nanoplastic are ubiquitous in soils, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. Microplastic and nanoplastics are distributed throughout marine environments via processes such as biofouling and chemical leaching, contaminating both pelagic and benthic species. Despite growing recognition of the hazards posed by microplastics and nanoplastics, regulatory efforts remain hampered by limited understanding of their broader ecological impacts, particularly how diverse factors translate into population declines and ecosystem disruptions. This review examines the pathways of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution, their interactions with other environmental stressors such as climate change and chemical pollution, and their effects on marine food webs. The review highlights the urgent need for further research into the behavior and fate of nanoplastics, which are the degradation product of microplastics, owing to their nano size they pose additional risks, unique properties, and potential for widespread ecological impacts. Studies have demonstrated that smaller microplastics and nanoplastics, particularly nanoplastics, are more toxic than larger microplastics. Additionally, microplastics and nanoplastics serve as vectors for contaminants such as heavy metals, exacerbating their toxicity. They also translocate through marine food chains, posing potential health risks. While evidence of their impact continues to grow, the chronic toxicity of microplastics and nanoplastics remains poorly understood, emphasizing the need for further research, particularly at the cellular level, to fully understand their effects on marine ecosystems and human health. This review also concludes with a call for standardized measurement methods, effective mitigation strategies, and enhanced international cooperation to combat this escalating threat. Future research should prioritize the complex interactions between microplastics and nanoplastics, other pollutants, and marine ecosystems, with the ultimate goal of developing holistic approaches to manage and mitigate the impact of plastic pollution. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Microplastic/nanoplastic translocate through marine food webs, affecting species and human health. Nanoplastics are more toxic than microplastics, exacerbating environmental risks. Nanoplastic aggregation influences their distribution and ecological interactions. Future research should focus on nanoplastic behavior, transport, and toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70032"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation-flocculation, electro-membrane bioreactor, and anaerobic hybrid system.","authors":"Zeynep Bilici, Abir Hasnaoui, Mustapha Chikhi, Mika Sillanpää, Saleh Al-Farraj, Nadir Dizge","doi":"10.1002/wer.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation, an electro-membrane bioreactor (e-MBR), and an anaerobic hybrid system was studied. First, chemical coagulation process was applied to landfill leachate wastewater, which is referred to their high organic pollutants. Aluminum sulfate (alum), poly aluminum chloride (PAC), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), and ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄) were used as coagulants. After determining the coagulant type, pH optimization (6-10) and the amount of coagulant (0.5-2.5 g/l) was optimized. In the chemical coagulation-flocculation experiments, optimum conditions were determined as 1.0 g/l alum at pH 9. At these conditions, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenolic contents (TPC), and color analyses were examined and 31.16%, 35.32%, and 24.42% removal efficiencies were obtained, respectively. After coagulation-flocculation pretreatment, the e-MBR system was applied to the wastewater to obtain further treatment. Iron (Fe) electrode and ultrafiltration membrane (UP150) were used in the e-MBR system. 5, 10, and 20 V electric current was applied to the system and time-dependent flux measurements were carried out. COD, TPC, and color analyses were performed in both mixed liquor and membrane permeate. The results indicated that over ˃90% removal efficiency for COD, TPC, and color was achieved when the electric current increased from 5 to 20 V. In addition, it was also observed that the membrane fouling decreased and the flux increased. Since it still did not meet the discharge criteria, the wastewater obtained from e-MBR treatment was subjected to the anaerobic system. After 10 days of incubation, COD, TPC, and color removal were found to be 99.25%, 100%, and 99.57%, respectively. PRACTIONER POINTS: The treatment of leachate wastewater by chemical coagulation, electro-membrane bioreactor, and anaerobic hybrid system was studied. Optimum conditions were determined as 1 g/l alum at pH 9 for chemical coagulation. It was observed that the membrane fouling decreased and the flux increased. COD, color, and TPC removal efficiency were found to be 99.5%, 100%, and 99.6%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143383347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using iron-lanthanum-doped foam glass adsorbent.","authors":"Yuzu Katsuura, Satoshi Asaoka, Kazuhiko Takeda, Shinya Nakashita, Kodai Hayashi, Kazuya Tanaka, Yasuhiro Inada, Tetsuji Okuda","doi":"10.1002/wer.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to develop an adsorbent for phosphate using iron-lanthanum-loaded foamed glass recycled from colored glass bottles. The optimal preparation conditions for the adsorbent were 0.1% iron and 1% lanthanum loaded onto the foam glass and calcined at 350°C for 2 h. Adsorption kinetics for phosphate onto the adsorbent were fitted to pseudo-second-order model. The phosphate adsorption was identified as chemisorption, which occurred due to ligand exchange. The adsorption isotherm for phosphate on the adsorbent was expressed as a Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated to be 1.3 mg-P g^-1. The equilibrium constant (3.1 L mg^-1) of the adsorbent was significantly higher than that of previous studies. Hence, the adsorbent developed in this study demonstrated favorable adsorption at low phosphate concentrations, indicating that it can remove phosphate from domestic wastewater and natural water. The adsorbent is a promising and cost-effective phosphate adsorbent that promotes waste glass recycling. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Adsorbent for phosphate using iron-lanthanum-loaded foamed glass recycled from colored glass bottles was developed. The adsorbent demonstrated favorable adsorption at low concentrations of phosphate. The adsorbent is effective in removing phosphate from domestic and natural waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of impact of split treatment on finished water quality for the Ames water treatment plant.","authors":"Nicole Martindale, Timothy G Ellis, Matthew Jacob, Lyle Hammes, Gary Eshelman","doi":"10.1002/wer.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to limited carbon dioxide availability and increasing costs during the COVID-19 pandemic, an investigation into split treatment was performed. A 2020 pilot study showed that a 5% raw water bypass and target caustic alkalinity range of 26-36 mg/L as CaCO₃ resulted in 25% and 7% carbon dioxide and lime savings, respectively. Considering this promising outcome, the potential for scaling and corrosion within the plant was evaluated during a subsequent split treatment trial in this study. Mild steel scale coupons were assessed for scaling and corrosion at four different treatment conditions. These results found that a 5% raw water bypass is predicted to have a minimal impact of scaling and corrosion on the water plant infrastructure when compared to full lime softening. Results are significant since split treatment can save over $150,000 annually with no apparent change in water quality, improving the plant's resilience and sustainability. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A 5% raw water bypass produced scale and corrosion similar to full lime softening. Localized build-up results in surface corrosion. Relocation of SHMP did not show appreciable sequestration of hardness ions. Adjusting dosage and/or using a polyphosphate blend is recommended. A 5% raw water bypass can be implemented at a lime softening facility to reduce chemical usage and cost. A similar procedure can be conducted to analyze the impacts of a larger percent bypass for additional chemical savings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient pretreatment method for analyzing microplastics in urban road dust containing composite materials.","authors":"Kanako Yamamoto, Soyoung Lee, Tomohiro Tobino, Fumiyuki Nakajima","doi":"10.1002/wer.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tire wear particles (TWPs) and road marking paint (RMP) fragments are main sources of composite microplastics (MPs) in urban road dust and contribute significantly to the load of MPs in water environments. However, few studies have investigated the influence of organic decomposition such as cellulolytic enzyme decomposition (EZM) and Fenton (FT), on the abundance and characteristics of composite MPs in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate an organic matter decomposition method suitable for MP analysis using urban road dust containing composite materials, focusing on EZM and FT methods. The EZM has 1.1-4.5 times as high recovery of synthetic polymers as FT based on particle number. The difference in the number of orange particles was thought to be one of the factors behind this. Sodium citrate buffer used in EZM might degrade any components in the RMP-suspected orange particles and reduce the particle density to float in the NaI solution. For black tire-suspected particles, which were detected in large numbers, no significant difference was confirmed between EZM and FT in the number of these particles, but FT methods might affect the proportion of tire material in tire-suspected materials. The EZM method may be useful for quantification of composite MPs and is more suitable for analyzing samples in which there may be many RMP-suspected particles due to the characteristics of the surrounding environment or catchment area. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Tires and road marking paint (RMP) are main sources of composite microplastics (MPs) washed into stormwater from road dust. The cellulolytic enzyme decomposition is useful for analysis of composite MPs and comprehensive understanding of materials in the environment. It is necessary to select an organic matter decomposition method that suits the sample characteristics and research purpose.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70028"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11822084/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143411105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes with probable health threats in a semiarid river basin of South India.","authors":"Meera Rajan, D Karunanidhi, B Gurugnanam, T Subramani","doi":"10.1002/wer.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the semiarid river basin of south India, the present study focuses on the appropriateness of water for drinking and irrigation as well as the risks to human health posed by pollutants. A total of 68 groundwater samples were evaluated for irrigation and consumption purposes. With a high electrical conductivity peaking at 3430 μS/cm and an alkaline composition, the groundwater has a high salinity and poor water quality. Durov's figure displays a trend along the dissolution or mixing line and identifies the geochemical facies of groundwater samples. According to water quality indexes, the majority of samples are categorized as unfit for human consumption (26.47%), extremely bad (36.76%), and poor (26.47%). According to elemental concentrations, the data are grouped into three clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis. According to the geographical distribution, nitrate levels are safe over about 320.25 km² and dangerous over about 121.10 km², whereas fluoride levels are safe over about 293.92 km² and dangerous over about 147.43 km². About 50.65 km², 14.70% of the samples, fell into the no restriction category for irrigation, indicating acceptable standards. Low sodium levels in soils are indicated by parameters like SAR, %Na, PI, RSC, MR, and KR; SAR values fall into the C2S1, C3S1, and C4S1 categories. According to Doneen's diagram, 70.5% of samples had a PI >75, indicating suitability; the Wilcox diagram classified 22.05% of samples as excellent and 69.11% as good to permissible for irrigation. According to human health risk assessment, 75% of babies, 63% of children, 75% of teens, and 54% of adults have THI values >1 for fluoride. About 45% of newborns, 42% of kids, 45% of teenagers, and 29% of adults are at risk for nitrate. Infants, kids, and teenagers are at the danger. In order to safeguard human health against fluoride and nitrate, the study emphasizes the necessity of efficiently managing groundwater resources, lowering agricultural pollution, and assuring clean drinking water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: In the area, 79.25 km² has good drinking water quality based on DWQI. Based on IWQI, 70.33 km² area is recognized as suitable for agricultural practices. Geogenic and anthropogenic activities contribute to fluoride and nitrate pollution in water. Based on THI, infants and children are more prone to fluoride and nitrate contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70011"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of pollution in Alibeykoy Dam Lake (Istanbul, Türkiye) and its influent streams: Phytoplankton composition and heavy metal accumulation.","authors":"Nese Yilmaz, Ilhan Dogan, Goksel Demir, Ibrahim Ertugrul Yalcin, Saifullah Khan, Ibrahim Ilker Ozyigit","doi":"10.1002/wer.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the pollution levels of Alibeykoy Dam Lake were assessed by examining phytoplankton distribution, physicochemical parameters, nutrient content, and heavy metal concentrations. Alibeykoy Dam is a critical drinking water source for the Istanbul metropolitan area. Water samples were collected from the lake and six influent streams (Cebeci, Pirincci, Sidan, Bolluca, Gulgen, and Kocaman) in January, February, May, and September of 2021. A total of 36 taxa from seven divisions were identified, including Bacillariophyta (14), Charophyta (2), Chlorophyta (9), Cryptophyta (1), Cyanobacteria (3), Euglenozoa (4), and Miozoa (3). Diatoms were found to be the dominant group in terms of species richness and abundance. The dominant species recorded in each site were as follows: Microcystis aeruginosa in Alibeykoy Dam and Sidan Creek, Cyclotella ocellata in Cebeci and Gulgen Creeks, Scenedesmus sp. in Pirincci Creek, Navicula cryptocephala in Bolluca Creek, and Sphaerocystis planctonica in Kocaman Creek. Mesotrophic and eutrophic phytoplankton species suggested that the lake is nearing eutrophic conditions. This conclusion was further supported by high concentrations of heavy metals and nutrients detected in the water samples. This research is significant because it provides a comprehensive understanding of the ecological status of Alibeykoy Dam Lake, a critical resource for drinking water in Istanbul. The study highlights potential risks associated with eutrophication and heavy metal accumulation by identifying pollution levels and dominant species. These findings are vital for implementing effective water resource management strategies, ensuring the lake's sustainability, and protecting public health. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The pollution rate of Alibeykoy Dam Lake was determined. The presence of mesotrophic and eutrophic species of phytoplankton indicated the lake's trophic structure. The measurements were done to estimate the lake's heavy metal and nutrient contents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70030"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143190371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microalgal-bacterial aggregates for wastewater treatment: Origins, challenges, and future directions.","authors":"Charles R Hammond, Misael Sebastián Gradilla Hernández, Frank J Loge","doi":"10.1002/wer.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgal-bacterial aggregates are promising for wastewater treatment because they remove organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus while producing biomass that settles quickly. This review details the development of microalgal-bacterial aggregates, identifies key challenges, and proposes future research directions. While many studies have been performed in the laboratory with synthetic wastewater and artificial lighting, more research is needed to better understand how to form and sustain aggregates at larger scales with real wastewater and natural lighting. While it appears that microalgal-bacterial aggregates are unlikely to replace or augment conventional activated sludge, they have the potential to improve resource recovery in existing microalgae-based wastewater treatment processes (e.g., high-rate algal ponds). Alternatively, attached-growth bioreactors utilizing microalgal-bacterial consortia may be able to compete directly with conventional activated sludge while providing the benefits that microalgae offer, although additional research is needed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: More pilot and full-scale research on microalgal-bacterial processes is needed. Microalgae cultivation with short retention times is challenging. Attached-growth processes may allow for competitive footprint requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11790518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143123645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-enhanced Fe⁰/PDS system for treating refractory organic matter in biotreated landfill leachate effluent.","authors":"Feiyan Fang, Xi Luo, Qibin Li","doi":"10.1002/wer.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effluent produced from treating landfill leachate via biological methods still contains a large amount of refractory organic matter and needs to be further treated. In this study, we used a microwave-enhanced zero-valent iron/peroxydisulfate (MW/Fe⁰/PDS) system for the further treatment of biotreated landfill leachate effluent (BTLE). We investigated the efficiency and mechanism of removing refractory organic matter from BTLE. The results show that under the conditions of MW = 240 W, [PDS]₀ = 40 mM, [Fe⁰]₀ = 10 mM, and t = 12 min, the MW/Fe⁰/PDS system best removed organic matter in the BTLE. The removal rates of UV absorbance at 254 nm, color number, and total organic carbon reached 76.94%, 93.50%, and 63.08%, respectively. The aromaticity, degree of humification, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization of the organic matter decreased significantly. The surface morphology and elemental valence analysis of Fe⁰ before and after the reaction revealed that iron-based oxides (i.e., Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, FeOOH, and Fe (OH)₃) formed on the surface of Fe⁰. The refractory organic matter was removed by homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions and the adsorption-precipitation of iron-based colloids. The thermal and nonthermal effects of MW promoted direct PDS decomposition, accelerated the formation of Fe²⁺ on the surface of Fe⁰, promoted the redox cycle of Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, and generated more sulfate radicals (SO₄ ^•-). Together, these effects improved the removal efficiency  of refractory organic matter. The results of this study can serve as a theoretical basis for the use of the MW/Fe⁰/PDS system to treat refractory organic matter in BTLE. PRACTITIONER POINTS: A microwave-enhanced Fe⁰/PDS system is effective for removing organic matter from landfill leachate. Colored and fluorescent organic matter in the landfill leachate was efficiently degraded. Heterogeneous and homogeneous effects Fenton reactions are involved in the system.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of duckweed (Lemna minor) and freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea) as living biofilters integrating with a filtration system to maintain water quality in juvenile trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) rearing using the small scale RAS system.","authors":"Muhammad Hanif Azhar, Devrim Memiş","doi":"10.1002/wer.70046","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increasing nutrient concentrations in fish culture systems over time can reduce water quality. However, the nutrient increase can be remediated by pairing organisms at lower trophic levels with a mechanical filtration system to improve nutrient removal efficiency and water quality for fish culture. This research uses the RAS system to determine the performance of integrating living organisms as biofilters in rearing juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for 56 days. Duckweed (Lemna minor) was added to replicate tanks at three treatment levels: T1 (100 g wet weight and 20% area coverage), T2 (200 g wet weight and 40% area coverage), and T3 (300g wet weight and 60% area coverage). The duckweed in each treatment tank was supplemented with 20 freshwater mussels (Anodonta cygnea) with an average body weight of 56 ± 1.0 g. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured in fish tanks and all ponds in the RAS system. Fish from the rearing tanks were weighed every two weeks. Duckweed biomass was measured weekly; the mussels were weighed at the beginning and end of the study, and the mussels were measured at the beginning and end of the rearing period. The fish was partially harvested every two weeks to maintain constant fish biomass. Using duckweed (L. minor) with different biomass weights and areal coverage, coupled with the freshwater mussels (A. cygnea) as living biofilters, had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on water quality parameters. Ammonium (NH₄), nitrite (NO₂), and nitrate (NO₃) concentrations decreased throughout the study. During the study period, juvenile trout experienced growth with an SGR of 2.62-2.72%/gram with a survival rate of 100%. Partial harvesting during the rearing period positively impacted the average body weight of fish growth and duckweed biomass. The best duckweed growth performance was found in treatment T1 (cover area 20% with wet weight 100 g) with a productivity of 9.4 (g/m²/day). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Twenty percent duckweed coverage with freshwater mussels achieves optimal nutrient removal in RAS systems, improving water quality efficiently and growth better than other treatments. Combined biofilters (duckweed-mussel) and filtration units reduce operational costs while maintaining high fish survival rates in RAS systems. Integration of living biofilters provides sustainable water treatment without chemical additives, suitable for small-scale aquaculture operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 2","pages":"e70046"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143450332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}