Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking Activated Sludge Modeling: A Critical Review of Modeling Strategies and the Role of Hybrid Integration.","authors":"Jaydev Zaveri, Guangyu Li, Zijian Wang, Yuan Yan, Péter Budai, Imre Takács, April Z Gu","doi":"10.1002/wer.70181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient control of wastewater treatment is vital for achieving the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Increasing industrialization and population growth threatens aquatic ecosystems, necessitating effective clean water solutions and enhanced efficiency through advanced technologies. These technologies need to focus on innovative methods to reduce energy use and reliance on external chemicals. Conventional mechanistic (henceforth referred to as white-box) modeling techniques, such as Activated Sludge Models, have significantly advanced our understanding of activated sludge processes by providing a structured and mechanistic framework. However, challenges remain in capturing dynamic microbial interactions and responding to influent variability, particularly in real-world applications that are outside the realm of the mechanistic framework. This paper explores the use of artificial intelligence (AI) (henceforth referred to as black-box) techniques in modeling practices, particularly machine learning, a subset of AI, to address the limitations faced by white-box models. AI models provide a powerful data-driven approach to wastewater treatment modeling, enabling them to identify complex patterns from large datasets. However, their effectiveness depends on high-quality training data, and their reliance on statistical correlations limits interpretability. This review advocates for the integration of hybrid modeling in the current modeling practice, which combines empirical patterns with mechanistic understanding, to enhance the predictive capabilities and robustness of existing models. Hybrid models can provide more accurate and adaptable solutions for wastewater treatment challenges by employing advanced AI techniques alongside mechanistic frameworks. The review also introduces a perspective framework with the incorporation of multi-omics data in a hybrid digital twin framework, which would enhance wastewater treatment efficiency through proactive monitoring, anomaly detection, and improved decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 10","pages":"e70181"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145201730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combining Electro Fenton With Adsorption Processes for Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater.","authors":"Ali N Kassob, Ali H Abbar, Abdullah Y Ghjeer, Zaid H Jabbar, Zainab T Al-Sharify","doi":"10.1002/wer.70185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from an Iraqi petroleum refinery effluent through a combined electro-Fenton and adsorption process (EF+AC). Response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of FeSO₄ concentration, current density, and electrolysis time on the reduction of COD using the EF technique. According to the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the EF technique, FeSO₄ concentrations, with a contribution of 40.06%, and current density, with a contribution of 46.35%, exert a considerable influence. The optimum conditions for COD elimination rate (99.06%) and energy consumption (9.805 kWh/kg COD) were achieved using an electrolysis time of 85.12 min, a current density of 25 mA/cm², and a concentration of 1.335 mM FeSO₄. For the EF+AC process, a central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the influence of the packing level of activated carbon (AC) and the time on the reduction of COD at a constant current density of 5 mA/cm² and FeSO₄ concentration of 0.2 mM. The packing level of AC significantly influenced the elimination of COD, with time being the subsequent factor. The results showed that the optimal conditions led to a 98.77% removal of COD, requiring 0.91 kWh/kg COD. This efficiency and energy consumption were attained by using 92% packed AC and allowing the process to run for 85 min. EF+AC was found to have lower energy consumption and a smaller quantity of ferrous sulfate compared to EF. Notably, the current system offers a promising vision by combining the benefits of adsorption and electro-Fenton for wastewater remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 10","pages":"e70185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Ion-Exchange Membranes With Graphene Oxide in the Removal of Metal Ions Using the Electrodialysis Process.","authors":"M S Rodrigues, F S Moreira, J G Silva, R B Vieira, V L Cardoso, M M de Resende","doi":"10.1002/wer.70183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70183","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The collapse of the Fundão dam in Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil, affected the Gualaxo do Norte, Do Carmo, and Doce rivers, as well as part of the Brazilian coastline. Studies indicate the presence of metallic ions along the route and the need to treat water for human consumption. These studies also show the impact on the surrounding fauna and flora. Electrodialysis and anion-exchange membranes (AEM) are emerging as an alternative methods for removing metallic ions. This study aimed to use an electrodialysis cell with heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes incorporating resins and a graphene oxide (GO) solution at proportions of 5.0% and 2.5% (m/m), respectively. Tests were carried out to remove Mn²⁺ ions in a synthetic effluent using an electrodialysis cell. More than 90% of the diluted solution was removed using polysulfone membranes with GO, both before and after cleaning. The removal percentages of Mn²⁺ ions exceeded 94% for the ion-exchange membranes and 95% for the membranes with GO, even after regeneration. The membranes were regenerated with 0.1 M NaCl and HCl solutions and then reapplied to the electrodialysis process. Removal rates exceeded 90% for membranes regenerated with the addition of GO. Samples were collected and characterized for suspended solids, with concentrations of 0.23 and 0.13 g/L in the Gualaxo do Norte and Doce rivers, respectively. Metallic ion concentrations were 0.67 and 0.42 g/L for Cr⁶⁺, 239.18 and 83.96 mg/L for Fe²⁺, and 12.39 and 2.39 mg/L for Mn²⁺ in the Gualaxo do Norte and Doce rivers, respectively. Using samples collected from the rivers in an electrodialysis cell with polyethersulfone membranes and 2.5% graphene oxide added showed removal rates of 72.8%, 91.3%, and 85.7% for chromium, iron, and manganese, respectively. Adding GO proved promising for producing heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes, showing potential for metal-ion removal applications in different contaminated effluents.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 10","pages":"e70183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145193135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multivariate Approach for the Treatment of Mixed Anodizing Coating Wastewater by Electrochemical Processes.","authors":"Oruc Kaan Turk, Tugce Tarhan Turk, Senem Yazici Guvenc, Mehmet Cakmakci","doi":"10.1002/wer.70166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research examined the treatment of mixed wastewater generated by the anodizing coating industry through electrocoagulation (EC) and electrooxidation (EO) processes. Key operational parameters, initial pH, applied current, and electrolysis time, were systematically varied to optimize contaminant removal. Process optimization was conducted using the Box-Behnken design (BBD), and the statistical validity of the model fit was assessed via analysis of variance (ANOVA). The responses for the EC and EO processes were chemical oxygen demand (COD), aluminum (Al), and sulfate removal efficiencies. The correlation coefficients (R²) for all model responses exceeded 0.95, demonstrating a strong agreement between predicted and observed values. Validation experiments confirmed high pollutant removal efficiencies, with COD removal rates of 94.5% and 90.8%, Al removal rates of 98.5% and 92.0%, and sulfate removal rates of 85.0% and 72.0% for the EC and EO processes, respectively. Although both procedures successfully accomplished effective pollutant removal, the EO method did not meet the discharge standards for the sewerage system, particularly in relation to sulfate concentration These findings highlight the superior efficacy of the EC process in sulfate removal, particularly for mixed wastewater from the anodizing coating industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144970828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Risk Assessment due to Heavy Metals in Groundwater Using Probabilistic Approach.","authors":"Beant Kaur Guron, Sunil Kalkal, Rohit Mehra","doi":"10.1002/wer.70176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The contamination of groundwater by heavy metals has been increasing in recent times. The exposure of the human body to several hazardous and nontoxic heavy metals in groundwater is a major health issue, particularly in developing nations. The aim of this study is to assess the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk for children and adults based on a deterministic as well as a probabilistic approach, along with the spatial distribution of toxic metals (Cd, Cr, Zn, and Fe) in the groundwater of Mansa district (Punjab). Monte Carlo simulations integrate stochastic variability, which enables them to model scenarios with greater accuracy. The sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine significant factors impacting environmental outcomes. The atomic absorption spectrophotometer, AAS-7000, was used to quantify the levels of heavy metals in groundwater samples. The heavy metal concentrations in the study region were found in the order of Cd > Cr > Zn > Fe. The concentration of heavy metals is the factor that highly influences the noncarcinogenic risk to the general population. The cancer risk among children and adults is about 2 and 1 per 1000, respectively, attributed to increased levels of chromium and cadmium found in groundwater. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the possible ramifications of excessive heavy metal contamination and develop a thorough strategy for long-term recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145076022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing PFAS and Their Precursor Transformation in a Landfill Leachate-Impacted Wastewater Treatment Plant.","authors":"Khalid Mustafa, Giacomo de Falco, Eustace Fernando, Michel C Boufadel, Zhiming Zhang, Dibyendu Sarkar","doi":"10.1002/wer.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite growing concern over polyfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), comprehensive evaluations of their behavior in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influenced by landfill leachate remain limited. This study introduces a novel, integrated framework to investigate the fate, transformation, and persistence of PFAS across various treatment stages within a full-scale WWTP uniquely impacted by a mixture of domestic wastewater and industrial landfill leachate. By combining advanced targeted analysis using USEPA Draft Method 1633 with extractable organic fluorine (EOF) quantification and total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assays, this approach offers a comprehensive, multidimensional characterization of PFAS behavior. The USEPA Draft Method 1633 revealed influent and effluent PFAS concentrations ranging from 432 to 727 and 356 to 558 ng/L, respectively, with overall removal efficiencies of 6%-25% across three sampling events. Post-TOP assay results showed that PFAS concentrations increased approximately twofold in influent (637-1205 ng/L) and 1.5-fold in effluent (600-927 ng/L), indicating the presence of oxidizable PFAS precursors. Additionally, targeted PFAS accounted for only 12%-20% of total EOF in influent and 15%-25% in effluent samples, demonstrating the substantial presence of unidentified fluorinated compounds beyond routine analysis. Moreover, significant PFAS partitioning to sludge was quantified, with total concentrations reaching ~17,000 ng/kg in untreated sludge and ~19,000 ng/kg in final biosolids, underscoring the potential for terrestrial redistribution via land application. Compared with earlier works that narrowly focused on known PFAS compounds or specific treatment technologies, this study delivers a comprehensive, multi-method perspective on PFAS behavior, precursor transformation, and environmental release potential. These insights advance the understanding of PFAS fate in complex wastewater matrices and emphasize the need for expanded monitoring strategies to inform future regulatory and remediation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70172"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144970846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of a Subinhibitory Benzalkonium Chloride Concentration on the Development of Antibiotic Resistance and the Performance of Activated Sludge Semicontinuous Reactors.","authors":"Ana Micaela Ferro Orozco, Edgardo Martín Contreras","doi":"10.1002/wer.70170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In recent years, the use of disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), has increased. BAC may alter the normal performance of biological wastewater treatment systems and promote resistance to human-use antibiotics. Thus, the present work aimed to study the effect of BAC on the performance of an activated sludge reactor and the change in the resistance of the biomass to BAC and to three antibiotics. Acclimation to BAC lasted 2 weeks. Then, the biomass could remove BAC within the first 4 h. BAC did not affect the performance of the reactor in terms of oxygen consumed (OC), biomass concentration, or carbon removal. According to OC data, BAC was completely oxidized. Thus, BAC could not be a carbon source for biomass growth under the tested conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BAC corresponding to native sludge was higher than the tested initial BAC concentration, confirming that a BAC subinhibitory concentration was tested. The acclimation to BAC was also evidenced through the increase in the BAC-MIC. BAC also increased the MIC corresponding to ampicillin. The MIC corresponding to cephalexin was higher than the highest tested concentration. Finally, activated sludge was highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144970969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic Health Risk and Loss of Disability-Adjusted Life Years for N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Asian Drinking Water: Assessment and Control Strategies.","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman, Md Jahim Uddin Shorif, Shakhawat Chowdhury","doi":"10.1002/wer.70178","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compound, which has been detected in many daily usable items, including drinking water, food, tobacco smoke, and cosmetics. It can be formed in drinking water during the disinfection process and has been detected in numerous drinking water systems worldwide, posing significant health issues. NDMA in drinking water is linked to disinfection processes such as chloramination, chlorination, and ozonation. In this study, multipathway exposure and risk of NDMA in drinking water were analyzed for Asia using the probabilistic concept. The major pathways of exposure include ingestion with drinking water, inhalation, and dermal contact during bathing, showering, swimming in chlorinated swimming pools, and house-cleaning. The overall chronic daily intake through different pathways was predicted to be 6.70 × 10^-7 mg/kg-day. The estimated average lifetime cancer risk was 3.42 × 10^-5, exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s acceptable threshold of 1.0 × 10^-6 by 34.2 times, highlighting health concerns. The loss of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) was estimated to be 2455 and 10,056 for bladder and liver cancers, translating to an economic burden of approximately US$128 and US$523 million, respectively. The loss of DALYs was 5.02 × 10^-7 and 2.06 × 10^-6 per person per year (pppy) for bladder and liver cancer respectively. Several possible strategies were highlighted to control NDMA in drinking water. The findings underscore the need for establishing stricter regulations, improved finished water quality, exposure reduction, and risk mitigation measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drinking-Water Quality in Neighborhood Kiosks: Suppliers' Willingness to Test Their Water in Northern Haiti.","authors":"Lonege Ogisma, Wendiam Sawadgo, Frances O'Donnell, Joseph Molnar, Gobena Huluka, Jean Fritz Saint Preux, Nelson Louis, Ovenel Nord","doi":"10.1002/wer.70179","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For-profit drinking water vendors, known as kiosks, sell safe drinking water to residents in neighborhoods in Haiti. Kiosks increased in number to address health concerns related to the 2010 cholera outbreak and have been a regular feature in a nation with few functioning water systems. However, years after the donor-funded expansion of drinking-water kiosks, waterborne diseases are still common in the Northern Corridor of the country. This paper assesses water quality at kiosks in the Northern Corridor, the extent to which kiosk owners currently test their water, and their willingness to pay for periodic water testing at a new laboratory in Limonade, Haiti. We collected water samples from 93 kiosks across three cities in northern Haiti and surveyed the kiosk operators. We find that 60% of the samples tested positive for total coliforms, and only 53% met the World Health Organization's guidelines for E. coli, demonstrating the need for water testing and additional treatment in some cases. However, 39% of the kiosk operators surveyed reported not testing their water at all. An identical 39% indicated that they would not be willing to pay to test their water, with the remaining 61% willing to pay between 2000 and 3500 gourdes ($15-$26) per sample for water testing. Our findings suggest that a consumer-driven or regulatory approach might be necessary to increase water testing in the Northern Corridor.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145065832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of a Simple and Low-Cost Thermoelectric Container for Water Treatment via Electrochemical Process.","authors":"Aline Martins de Oliveira, Jaderson Lopes Milagres, Carlos Roberto Bellato, José de Oliveira Marques Neto","doi":"10.1002/wer.70177","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In a global context marked by natural disasters and limited water supply, access to potable water becomes a critical issue for survival. It is essential to adopt effective methods for removing particles and contaminants that threaten public health. This study presents an innovative, low-cost, and accessible alternative for emergency water treatment, based on the conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy using a Peltier thermoelectric module, an aluminum container, and a small aluminum foil sheet. Physicochemical analyses were conducted and compared to conventional water treatment methods used in emergency situations, such as boiling, chlorination, and commercial disinfectant products. The Peltier plate demonstrated high efficiency in converting thermal energy into electrical energy, generating sufficient power to promote aluminum oxidation and water reduction reactions. Aluminum was removed through oxidation facilitated by chloride ions, forming Al (OH)₃ and Al (OH)₄ ^-, species that precipitate and are captured in flocs. The partial transfer of thermal energy enhanced the flocculation process, resulting in significant reductions in total coliforms, turbidity, color, phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results suggest that this method is more effective than traditional emergency treatment techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 9","pages":"e70177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145070671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}