Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"Mechanism of Groundwater Hydrochemical Evolution Under the Control of Land-Sea Gradient.","authors":"Hao Zhang, Jianlei Chen, Jiqing Li, Wenxi Zhang, Quansheng Zhao, Xianzhang Dang, Shuya Hu","doi":"10.1002/wer.70397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unraveling the integrated mechanisms governing groundwater hydrochemical evolution along a complete land-sea gradient is crucial for coastal water resource management and seawater intrusion prevention and control. This study focused on the Bailang River Basin (southern Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China). Based on 45 systematically collected groundwater samples, we integrated hydrochemical statistics, Piper trilinear/Gibbs diagrams, and ion ratio analysis to clarify the hydrochemical evolution of the research area from mountains to coast. Results show: (1) The upstream reservoir area is dominated by low total dissolved solids (TDS) freshwater (360.1-1648.7 mg/L, HCO₃-Ca·Mg type), which is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate weathering; (2) midstream plain: transitional brackish-saline water (702.1-32,322.3 mg/L, shifting to Na-Ca-Cl type), affected by cation exchange, agricultural return flow, and weak evaporation; (3) coastal area: high-TDS brine (15,398.9-86,169.6 mg/L, Na-Cl type), driven by paleoseawater residual, modern seawater intrusion, and intense evaporation. This study identifies a \"source-sink\" evolutionary pattern controlled by the coupling of rock leaching, cation exchange, seawater intrusion, and evaporative concentration. This pattern explicitly links geomorphic gradients to hydrochemical differentiation. This work clarifies how natural processes and anthropogenic activities synergistically shape the coastal groundwater hydrochemical spatial pattern, providing a scientific basis for sustainable groundwater management and seawater intrusion control in similar regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70397"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Removal and Phosphate Recovery Using Agricultural Residue Media in Denitrifying Bioreactors.","authors":"Abdoul Kouanda, Siavash Ebrahimzadeh, Peng Dai, Guanghui Hua","doi":"10.1002/wer.70398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Agricultural residues have been proposed as alternative organic carbon sources to woodchips for nitrate removal in denitrifying bioreactors. However, the phosphate removal potentials of agricultural residues have not been carefully evaluated. The objectives of this study were to determine the long-term nitrate and phosphate removal capacities of agricultural residue media in bioreactors and to evaluate the phosphate desorption potentials. Laboratory denitrifying bioreactors using corn cobs, corn stalks, barley straw, and woodchips were operated for 390 days. The reactor average nitrate load reduction rates were 57.1, 21.9, 19.4, and 10.1 g N/m³/day, and the average phosphate load reduction rates were 0.35, 0.16, 0.14, and 0.05 g P/m³/day for corn cobs, corn stalks, barley straw, and woodchips, respectively. Barley straw quickly lost nitrate and phosphate removal capacities over time. Corn cobs consistently removed the highest amounts of nitrate and phosphate and showed the least decline in removal performance throughout the experiment. The phosphate desorption potentials after the bioreactor experiment were in the order of corn stalks > corn cobs > barley straw > woodchips. The results of this study suggest that corn cobs can be used as bioreactor filling materials to effectively remove nitrate and recover phosphate from contaminated waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoremediation of Wastewater From Oil Well Drilling: Potential of Different Plant Species.","authors":"Thiago Oliveira de Souza, Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes, Larissa Cassemiro Pacheco Monteiro, Luciano Endrigo Watthier Júnior, Diego da Silva Marques, Alisson Carraro Borges","doi":"10.1002/wer.70385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70385","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated the removal of contaminants present in wastewater from oil well drilling in the presence of three plant species: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), cattail (Typha domingensis), and purple fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus \"Rubrum\"). The synthesized wastewater contained potentially toxic metals (Zn, Cu, and Cr) and representative hydrocarbons (naphthalene, hexane, and hexadecane) and it was applied in hydroponic systems operating in sequential batches. Agronomic, biochemical, and water quality variables were monitored periodically. The results indicated that C. setaceus had the best overall performance, indicating its absence of mortality, agronomic stability, and statistically significant removal of color, biochemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, total carbon, and metals. The kinetics of chemical oxygen demand removal were faster in the presence of C. setaceus, with a higher reaction coefficient and better fit of the first-order model with residual (plateau) to the data. Although they promoted the removal of some pollutants, the performance of the treatments in the presence of T. domingensis and E. crassipes was inferior to that of the treatment with C. setaceus in terms of stability, vigor, and consistency of the results. It was concluded that C. setaceus has high tolerance to contaminated environments and potential for application in constructed wetland systems for the treatment of wastewater from well drilling and is a promising alternative for sustainable phytoremediation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13111781/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal and Detoxification of Safranin in Aqueous Solutions Using a Betula pendula Roth Based Biomass: Isotherm, Kinetics, Thermodynamics of the Biosorption Process, and Molecular Insights Into the Mechanism of Safranin Ecotoxicity.","authors":"Mehmet Karadayı, Ekrem Güllüce, Şeyma Aksu, Yusuf Gülşahin, Büşra Tosun, Gökçe Karadayı, Medine Güllüce","doi":"10.1002/wer.70393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70393","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater containing safranin from dyes used in textile industries has serious harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems and living organisms. This has led to increased interest in advanced toxicity assessment of this dye and the treatment of its wastewater with sustainable biological removal methods. In this study, using in vitro model systems and molecular approach, new insights into the toxicity of safranin were obtained, a sustainable biomass was developed from Betula pendula (BP) biomass, and the detoxification potential of BP biomass was investigated for the first time. Safranin application up to 10 ppm caused significant phytotoxic effects on the physiological parameters of and the anatomical parameters of Allium cepa L. After safranin treatment, significant changes in cytogenetic parameters and oxidant-antioxidant dynamics, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), were observed. Molecular interactions between Safranin and target receptors associated with in vitro parameters were determined by molecular docking analysis. BP biomass treatment significantly detoxified safranin solutions, and improvements in the values of the tested physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters were observed. Safranin was removed by 98% from aqueous solutions by using BP biomass under optimal conditions. The Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models best fitted in isotherm and kinetic studies. Biosorption process occurred spontaneously because ∆G° values were negative in thermodynamic studies. These results suggest that BP biomass is an important biomass for safranin detoxification due to its low cost, sustainable, and effective treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Xingtai Selenium-Enriched Area, Central North China.","authors":"Haidao Zhang, Minmin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, a total of 103 groundwater samples were collected from four subareas in the Xingtai Se-enriched area, central North China to explore controlling factors of hydrochemical components and suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results indicate that the groundwater exhibits neutral to slightly alkaline properties. Piper diagram classifies the major groundwater types as SO₄-Ca and Cl-Ca·Mg. Integrated hydrochemical analyses (Gibbs and Gaillardet diagrams, ionic ratios, Chloro-Alkali Index, and Saturation Index) together with statistical approaches (Pearson's correlation analysis and principal component analysis) reveal that hydrogeochemical evolution is governed by water-rock interactions (dissolution of calcite, dolomite, fluorite, gypsum, pyrite, and halite), cation exchange, and anthropogenic influences. Nonpoint sources (fertilizers, manure, and sewage) contribute to the elevations of NO₃ ^- and Cl^- concentrations. Water Quality Index (WQI) assessments indicate 80.58% of samples are suitable for drinking. SO₄ ^2- and NO₃ ^-are identified as key triggers of water quality deterioration, which are linked to carbonate rock dissolution, cation exchange, sulfur-containing minerals dissolution (gypsum and pyrite), and anthropogenic pollution (fertilizers and sewage). USSL classifications indicate 44.67% of samples are suitable for irrigation, contrasting with 1.94% deemed unsuitable, whereas Wilcox diagram categorizations show 43.68% as excellent-to-good and 2.91% as unsuitable. The findings can provide scientific guidance for rationally utilizing the valuable local Se-enriched groundwater resource on the premise of balancing exploitation with protection against hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70394"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous Partial Nitrification, Anammox, and Denitrification Treating Mixture of Aged Landfill Leachate and Kitchen Digestate for Deep Nitrogen Removal in Microaerobic Membrane Bioreactor.","authors":"Bensheng Su, Jing Wang, Chen Chen, Xiaohua Zhou, Guangqing Liu","doi":"10.1002/wer.70399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The high ammonia nitrogen and low C/N ratio inherent in both aged landfill leachate and kitchen digestate lead to complex and costly nitrogen removal processes. In this study, the rapid start-up and nitrogen removal performance of the simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) process for treating a mixed solution of aged landfill leachate and kitchen digestate were investigated in an upflow microaerobic membrane bioreactor (UMMBR) throughout the 265-day experiment. The average removal efficiencies of NH₄ ⁺-N and TN were 95.51% and 90.29%, respectively. A stable coexistence of red granular sludge (D₅₀ = 251.7 μm) and floc sludge was achieved with the MLSS concentration of approximately 13.54 g/L. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that Candidatus Brocadia (9.01%) and Candidatus Jettenia (0.53%) as the functional genera of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (AnAOB) were enriched; Nitrosomonas (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB, 2.1%) dominated the nitrifying microbial community. Surprisingly, nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) only accounted for 0.3% of the microbial community and showed a low activity of 0.081 mg NO₂ ^--N/(g MLSS·h), indicating they were effectively inhibited. Furthermore, the presence of denitrifying genera such as Phaeodactylibacter (4.67%), OLB13 (1.95%), and norank_f__PHOS-HE36 (3.01%) supported complementary nitrogen removal. This study provides a low-energy, multipathway deep nitrogen removal process for treating real wastewater with high salinity, high ammonia nitrogen, and a low C/N ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing Nitrification in Secondary Water Supply Systems: Effects of Chloramine Levels and Material Choice on Nitrifying Guild Dynamics.","authors":"Xiangjin Li, Xucheng Cai, Kaiyang Jiang, Siqing Xia, Hong Wang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrification in chloraminated secondary water supply systems remains a significant challenge to maintaining drinking water quality, as it accelerates disinfectant decay and facilitates microbial regrowth. This study investigated the colonization and succession patterns of nitrifying guilds in response to varying chloramine concentrations and commonly used tank and plumbing materials, using continuously operated simulated secondary water supply systems (SWSSs) over a 270-day period. Quantitative PCR analysis of nitrifier marker genes revealed that ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were the dominant early colonizers in biofilms whereas Comammox clade A and strict nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (sNOB) became more prevalent as the biofilm matured. Notably, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of AOB- and NOB-affiliated operational taxonomic units (OTUs) extracted from 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that chloramine and material type exerted a more profound selective pressure on the AOB community than on NOB. Copper surfaces selectively promoted the enrichment of complete ammonia-oxidizing (Comammox) and sNOB, emphasizing the role of material type in shaping nitrifier assembly. Chloramine concentration had a pronounced, dose-dependent effect: Moderate levels supported AOB proliferation, whereas high levels inhibited all nitrifiers. A temporary chlorine burn reduced total bacterial abundance and coincided with a selective increase in Comammox and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), suggesting differential tolerance among nitrifying taxa. These findings provide insights into the dynamic succession of nitrifying guilds under representative SWSS conditions and underscore the importance of chloramine concentration and material selection in informing integrated nitrification control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 5","pages":"e70406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing Recreational Safety of Urban Marine Waters: Long-Term Coliform and Enterococcus Analysis.","authors":"Mark J Ringenary, John T Tanacredi, George W Frame","doi":"10.1002/wer.70346","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulatory shifts from coliform to Enterococcus bacteria have increased exposure to health risks and their consequences. In presumptive testing, elevated coliform levels in surface waters have been used as indicators of human health risks associated with recreational water use. Policy and regulatory changes over the past two decades have led to the discontinuation of coliforms as potential hazard indicators in recreational waters. This study analyzed a long-term dataset spanning over 40 years, examining the impact of human-treated water emissions, combined sewer outfalls, and other effluents in the urban Jamaica Bay ecosystem (New York, USA). The frequency and magnitude of both coliform and Enterococcus levels indicate a significant human health risk from recreational use of these waters. The disparity in exclusively using Enterococci compared with elevated total or fecal coliform indicator bacteria was significant. Coliforms should remain a key parameter for protecting public and environmental health from common pollution sources in urban marine waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 4","pages":"e70346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13032120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147533252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Phosphorus Sorption and Desorption in Agricultural Wastewater Using Designer Biochar Pellets.","authors":"Agnes Millimouno, Jorge A Guzman, Wei Zheng, Richard A Cooke, Maria L Chu","doi":"10.1002/wer.70349","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tile drains enhance crop productivity but also increase phosphorus (P) runoff into nearby water bodies, contributing to harmful algal blooms. This study examines the effectiveness of designer biochar pellets (DBPs) in removing or releasing P from agricultural effluents, soils, or deionized water, respectively. The DBPs are composed of pine sawdust biomass and bentonite clay, pretreated with lime sludge prior to pyrolysis, and subsequently exposed to various wastewater effluents and field conditions. DBP treatment in P removal varied across effluent types, ranging from 18 to 155 mg kg^-1. In contrast, P desorption in deionized water ranged from 0.1 to 8.9 mg L^-1. DBP extracted from the field after the trial showed contrasting soil phosphorus extraction results, ranging from 0.45 to 0.6 mg L^-1 for new and 0.3 to 1.2 mg L^-1 for spent, respectively. Furthermore, P extracted from soil before planting (1 to 5 mg L^-1), no lime sludge and DPB exposure to soil, after planting (3 to 15 mg L^-1), after manure waste, lime sludge, and DBP exposure to soil, and after harvesting on plots treated as new, spent, and control was found to range from 10 to 55, 5 to 30, and 5 to 35 mg L^-1, respectively, indicating that DBPs may serve as a P-removal agent and an amendment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed phosphorus sorption in the pellets, ranging from 0% to 0.2%, and ICP analyses identified other elements such as iron and silicon. The sorption and desorption experiment in this study is governed by four primary components: pH, salts (Ca, Mg, and K), P, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Among these factors, pH plays a central role in regulating sorption behavior by influencing surface charge, ion speciation, and mineral reactivity. Additionally, lime sludge in DBPs enhances phosphorus removal by promoting P precipitation, further strengthening the system's sorption capacity. This underscores the importance of tailoring effluent treatment based on the specific characteristics of the source.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 4","pages":"e70349"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13017193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147515066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Source Apportionment and Health Risk of Heavy Metals and Inorganic Nitrogen in Groundwater of a Coastal Plain, China.","authors":"Jiahui Han, Xingtao Cui, Wenjing Qin, Yang Liu","doi":"10.1002/wer.70365","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70365","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Groundwater in coastal aquifers is highly vulnerable to contamination driven by intensive anthropogenic activities and hydrogeochemical processes such as seawater intrusion. This study investigated the occurrence, source apportionment, and health risks of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Ni) and inorganic nitrogen species (NO₃ ^--N, NO₂ ^--N, and NH₃-N) in groundwater from the Qinhuangdao coastal plain, North China. A total of 46 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) were jointly applied to identify pollution sources, and a probabilistic human health risk assessment incorporating Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to quantify uncertainty. Results indicated that the mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni complied with Chinese groundwater quality standards, whereas NO₃^--N and NH₃-N exceeded the Class V threshold at several sites, suggesting localized nitrogen contamination. PMF resolved three primary sources: industrial discharge (dominated by NO₂ ^--N), domestic sewage (NH₃-N), and agricultural activities (NO₃^--N and heavy metals). Health risk assessment showed that Cd posed a potential carcinogenic risk through ingestion and dermal exposure, whereas the noncarcinogenic risks of Pb and Ni remained within acceptable limits. Monte Carlo simulation confirmed the robustness of the deterministic estimates and identified the Cd carcinogenic slope factor and ingestion rate as the most sensitive parameters. Source-oriented risk apportionment further indicated that agricultural activities contributed the largest share of carcinogenic risk. These findings highlight the importance of controlling agricultural nonpoint pollution and provide a scientific basis for groundwater protection and risk management in coastal plain aquifers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 4","pages":"e70365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147575649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}