Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"β-Cyclodextrin Immobilized in Geophagic Clay Sheets for the Absorption of Dyes From Wastewater Using a Fixed-Bed Method.","authors":"Nomcebo P Khumalo, Mukuna P Mubiayi, Bhekie B Mamba","doi":"10.1002/wer.70558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Industrial wastewater contaminated with synthetic dyes remains a critical environmental concern due to their persistence, toxicity, and poor biodegradability. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (βCD) functionalized geophagic clay was evaluated as an adsorbent under continuous flow fixed-bed conditions. Structural characterization confirmed successful βCD immobilization, with SEM/EDS showing carbon-enriched agglomerated sheets, the FTIR spectra exhibiting new O-C stretching bands at 1152 and 1025 cm^-1, and XRD patterns indicating lattice reorganization with enhanced basal reflections and new peaks at 17.9° and 25.1°. Performance testing demonstrated that an optimized 3-cm bed height achieved 93% RhB removal within 3 min 57 s, while MO removal exceeded 96% at 50 ppm. Regeneration studies showed strong reusability, with the composite retaining over 80% efficiency after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Kinetic modeling revealed that RhB uptake followed the pseudo-second-order model (R² > 0.99), confirming chemisorption dominated by electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl-mediated hydrogen bonding. In contrast, MO adsorption on βCD clay was well described by both pseudo-first-order (R² = 0.99) and pseudo-second-order (R² = 0.98) models, reflecting a dual mechanism of rapid diffusion-controlled physisorption and stable chemisorption via cavity inclusion and hydrogen bonding. These findings highlight the synergistic role of βCD functionalization in enhancing adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability for industrial dye remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13633398/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metal Contamination in Macrobrachium rosenbergii From the Khulna Division of Bangladesh: A Human Health Risk Assessment.","authors":"Chayanika Pondit, Marzia Sultana, Samia Siddika, Md Abdul Hannan, Md Jahangir Alam, Tabarok Bhuiyan, Md Shakhawate Hossain","doi":"10.1002/wer.70591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Hg) in Macrobrachium rosenbergii from prawn farms in Khulna division, Bangladesh, and to assess the associated human health risks. Twenty-four farms in different upazilas of Khulna division were selected for sampling, and heavy metal concentrations in prawns were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metal concentrations varied among farms, with As ranging from BDL (below detection limit) to 1.475 mg/kg, Cr from BDL to 3.5 mg/kg, Cd from BDL to 0.091 mg/kg, Pb from BDL to 0.236 mg/kg, and Hg from BDL in all samples. The highest values of As, Cr, Cd, and Pb were observed in the Bagerhat district. Comparison with national and international standards (MOFL, FAO, WHO, and EC) showed that Cd and Pb were within permissible limits across all sites, whereas As and Cr concentrations exceeded the recommended limit in several locations. The results showed clear spatial variations in heavy metal accumulation driven by local anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture practices, agricultural runoff, and environmental inputs. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values revealed that children are more vulnerable than adults, with As and Cr contributing the highest dietary intake and remaining below the recommended health-based guidance values. Tabulated values of noncarcinogenic risk assessment indicators (THQ and HI) revealed potential cumulative noncarcinogenic health risks for children compared to adults, with HI values exceeding the safety threshold (HI > 1) at seven locations for children while all HI values for adults were below this limit. Target cancer risk (TR) assessment demonstrated that As and Cr were the major contributors to the estimated carcinogenic risk, whereas Cd and Pb generally showed comparatively lower contributions. Multivariate analysis revealed associations among heavy metals and spatial patterns in metal distribution, showing similar distribution patterns among Cr, Cd, and Pb, while As exhibited a distinct spatial behavior across the study area. The findings of the study therefore emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring, improved aquaculture management, and effective regulatory interventions to ensure food safety and protect public health by minimizing heavy metal exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Distribution, Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment, and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Heavy Metals in Stream Sediments of an Arid River, Qaidam Basin, NW China.","authors":"Shengnan Zhao, Sheng Xue, Shengting An, Hang Ning, Jiayin Wang, Bingyan Ji, Jixue Duan, Qingyun Wang, Shengfu Li, Guoxia Wang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70596","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70596","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Under the dual influence of geological background and human activities, heavy metal contamination in riverine ecosystems poses a significant threat to ecological security and public health. This study systematically investigated the contamination characteristics, ecological and health risks, and sources of nine heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Hg, Co, and Ti) based on 7395 stream sediment samples collected from the Bayinguole River in the Qaidam Basin. The results indicated an overall enrichment of Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Ti across the study area, among which Co and Ni were the most prominent, whereas As and Hg exhibited widespread background depletion. Contamination assessments revealed that the basin is overall unpolluted. However, Co exhibited slight regional enrichment, and Cr, Ni, and Pb displayed localized extreme high-concentration anomalies. A coupled principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization (PCA-PMF) model successfully apportioned heavy metal sources into three distinct pathways: natural geological background (67.1%), industrial and mining activities (26.7%), and atmospheric deposition (6.2%). In terms of ecological risk, the basin overall presented a low level of potential threat, with Co identified as the primary risk driver. Health risk assessments demonstrated that children face higher exposure vulnerabilities than adults, whereas localized carcinogenic risks are primarily driven by extreme hot spots of Cr and As. This study provides a solid scientific foundation for water ecological management, targeted regional pollution control, and public health protection in arid inland river basins.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70596"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterostructured ZnO@Ag Nanocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Atrazine in Aqueous Solution: Kinetics Evaluation, Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide, and Cytotoxicity Assessment.","authors":"Mike O Ojemaye, Ifeoluwa O Daramola, Cecilia Y Ojemaye, Zikhona Tywabi-Ngeva","doi":"10.1002/wer.70611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein, photocatalytic efficiency of heterostructured silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO@Ag) and pure zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocatalysts were assessed for the degradation of atrazine in water. The synthesized nanocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV-Vis, x-ray diffractometry (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques before being utilized for photodegradation experiments. Characterization results confirmed the synthesis of the photocatalysts, with FTIR spectra showing Zn-O peaks at approximately 500 cm^-1 for both catalysts. The UV-Vis spectra for Ag-doped ZnO exhibited an absorption band around 350 nm, typical for ZnO photocatalysts. Photodegradation experiments indicated that silver doping improved the degradation efficiency of atrazine by ZnO. pH studies showed that the highest photodegradation efficiency occurred at pH 5 for both catalysts, with degradation percentages of 95.3% for ZnO@Ag and 84.3% for ZnO. Time-dependent studies revealed that atrazine degradation reached equilibrium within 120 min of photoirradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of atrazine using ZnO@Ag and ZnO in the presence of H₂O₂ revealed catalyst-dependent performance. Increasing the H₂O₂ concentration from 10 to 40 mM progressively improved the degradation efficiency of ZnO@Ag, whereas a slight decline in degradation efficiency was observed for ZnO over the same concentration range. Although ZnO exhibited higher degradation efficiencies at lower H₂O₂ concentrations (10-30 mM), ZnO@Ag outperformed ZnO at 40 mM H₂O₂, indicating that Ag modification enhances catalyst performance under higher oxidant conditions by improving charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. Cytotoxicity assessments of the degraded solution indicated nontoxicity (0.00% ± 0%) against the tested cell. These findings highlight that Ag doping should be regarded as a strategy for tailoring catalyst behavior under specific reaction conditions rather than as a universally superior modification.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Dissolved Oxygen and Sludge Retention Time via ASM1 Simulation for Energy and Emission Reduction in Tropical Multi-Industrial WWTPs Toward Net Zero.","authors":"Vinh Thi Nguyen, Trung Minh Dao, Thang Anh Nguyen, Anh Hung Le","doi":"10.1002/wer.70626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70626","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Energy optimization in multi-industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in tropica regions remains challenging due to highly fluctuating loading conditions and the lack of long-term operational datasets. This study employed a 365-day dataset (156 samples) to calibrate (270 days, 116 samples) and validate (95 days, 40 samples) Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) using SUMO 24 software for energy optimization at an industrial park WWTP in northern Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study aimed to support energy optimization and emission reduction strategies toward the Net Zero 2050 target. The calibrated model demonstrated good predictive performance for TCOD, TSS, TN, and NH₄ ⁺-N (R² = 0.75-0.92; NSE = 0.50-0.88; MAPE = 15.2%-25.1%). Energy auditing revealed that the biological treatment system accounted for 50.6% of total electricity consumption, with aeration alone contributing 37.2%. A total of 35 simulation scenarios based on the DO × SRT matrix (DO: 1.5-4.5 mg/L; SRT: 3-7 days) identified the optimal operating region at DO = 1.5-2.5 mg/L combined with SRT = 5-7 days. A three-phase pilot study was subsequently implemented: Phase 1 (P1) increased SRT (5 → 7 days), which stabilized nitrification and expanded the TN safety margin from 3.9% to 7.5%; Phase 2 (P2) reduced DO (3.0 → 2.0 mg/L), resulting in a 17.66% reduction in energy consumption (34,831 kWh/year; 76.63 million VND/year) and a decrease of 21.72 tCO₂e/year in emissions while maintaining a TN safety margin of +14.8%; and Phase 3 (P3) (DO 2.0 → 1.5 mg/L) was rejected because it caused nitrification instability, reduced the TN safety margin to 6.7%, and increased the sludge volume index (SVI) beyond 120 mL/g. Therefore, P2 (DO = 2.0 mg/L; SRT = 7 days) is recommended for full-scale implementation at the plant. The proposed framework integrating ASM1 simulation, energy auditing, emission assessment, pilot validation, and a Net Zero roadmap demonstrates strong scalability for similar industrial WWTPs across Southeast Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70626"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149167716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Interfacial Solar Evaporation Technologies for Brine Treatment and Mineral Recovery.","authors":"Mingyang Song, Kaichao Yang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70620","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing demand for critical minerals has increased interest in developing more efficient and sustainable technologies for mineral recovery from natural and industrial brines. Conventional solar evaporation ponds remain widely used for brine mineral recovery while can be constrained by slow evaporation rates, long processing cycles, and substantial land requirements. Interfacial solar evaporation (ISE), which localizes solar energy at the water-air interface, offers a promising approach to accelerate brine concentration and potentially facilitate mineral separation, extraction and recovery. However, translating ISE from laboratory-scale demonstrations to practical brine mining remains challenging, particularly because realistic brines contain high salinity and complex ionic compositions that can substantially affect water transport, salt crystallization, and evaporation performance. This perspective discusses recent advances and future opportunities for promoting the application of ISE technologies in brine treatment and mineral recovery. We highlight the development of salt-resistant interfacial solar evaporators, emerging strategies for selective mineral extraction and crystallization, and the critical effects of multivalent ions and complex brine compositions on evaporation performance. Future opportunities should focus on developing scalable and durable ISE systems that can maintain stable performance under realistic outdoor conditions. Advances in system engineering and long-term field validation will be important for translating ISE from laboratory-scale studies toward practical brine treatment and critical mineral recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70620"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Chlorinated Organic Compounds by Advanced Reduction Technology Based on a UV/Sulfite System: Status and Prospects.","authors":"Yuting Li, Yang Luo, Ronghai Bai, Qibin Li","doi":"10.1002/wer.70568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) are persistent contaminants that are difficult to remove by conventional oxidation and biological treatment because of the stability of C-Cl bonds. UV/sulfite advanced reduction processes have emerged as promising technologies for reductive dechlorination because sulfite photolysis can generate hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms, and sulfite anion radicals. However, the roles of these reactive species are strongly dependent on pollutant structure, pH, dissolved oxygen, and water-matrix constituents, making the degradation mechanisms and practical applicability difficult to generalize. This review critically summarizes the formation, detection, and mechanistic roles of reactive species in UV/sulfite systems for COC degradation. Particular attention is given to structure-dependent dechlorination pathways, the dual effects of sulfite dosage and pH, the inhibitory roles of oxygen and electron-accepting matrix components, and the toxicity evolution of transformation products. Current evidence indicates that high parent-compound removal does not necessarily imply detoxification, because partially dechlorinated or ring-opening intermediates may retain or increase predicted acute toxicity. Based on the above analysis, this paper further clarifies the inherent limitations of the UV/sulfite system and defines its applicable scenarios and boundary conditions. Future research should move beyond single-pollutant systems toward multi-contaminant matrices, quantitative species contribution analysis, experimentally validated toxicity assessment, and reactor-scale evaluation. This review provides a mechanistic framework for assessing when UV/sulfite treatment is chemically favorable, environmentally safe, and practically feasible for COC-contaminated water.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and Characterization of PVA/PCTFE Janus Membrane Coated by PDMS and FAS-17 for MD Process.","authors":"Hamideh Yari, Majid Pakizeh, Ali Dashti, Mahdi Pourafshari Chenar","doi":"10.1002/wer.70617","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technology, but it suffers from fouling and pore wetting especially in large-scale application. Janus membranes with hierarchical architectures have been proposed to enhance the performance of direct contact MD (DCMD). In this study, a hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/catechol film was coated on the surface of hydrophobic polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) substrate whose inner pore surfaces were modified with hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fluorinated silane (FAS-17) agents. Comprehensive characterization using SEM, AFM, ATR-FTIR(6), Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing, EDS, and surface wettability analyses confirmed the successful formation of Janus structures with dual functionality. The Janus samples exhibited a pure water flux (PWF) higher than both the PCTFE support (37.25 kg m^-2 h^-1) and commercial (34.48 kg m^-2 h^-1) membranes. By incorporating PDMS and FAS-17, fluxes of 46.7 and 44.4 kg m^-2 h^-1 were achieved, respectively, while maintaining a salt rejection of ≥ 99.7% for 35,000 ppm NaCl. Both PDMS and FAS-17 modified membranes displayed improved resistance to wetting and scaling, even under complex saline conditions containing CaCl₂, NaCl, and surfactants (CTAB, SDS). Among them, the sample coated with FAS-17 exhibited the best anti-fouling and stability due to its fluorinated sublayer and superior interfacial hydrophobicity. The results demonstrated that the engineered Janus membranes, integrating hydrophilic and hydrophobic functionalities, achieved high permeate flux, excellent salt rejection, and strong fouling resistance, thereby contributing to the development of membrane materials for MD desalination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Heavy Metals From Aqueous Solutions Using Biochar Derived From Agricultural Waste: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Cost Analysis.","authors":"Thi Thuy Dang, T T Yen Le, Thuy Chung Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/wer.70602","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluates the adsorption performance and mechanisms of Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) removal from water using coconut-fiber-derived biochar (CFBC). The physicochemical properties of CFBC were characterized by proximate and ultimate analyses, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and determination of the point of zero charge (pHpzc). Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and competing metal ions on removal efficiency. Under optimal conditions, removal efficiencies reached 88.21%-93.48% after 480 min at a CFBC dose of 5 g/L and pH 6.0-7.0. Competitive adsorption decreased the equilibrium adsorption capacities of all four metals, with the adsorption selectivity following the order Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). Adsorption kinetics were analyzed using four models: pseudo-first-order (PFO), pseudo-second-order (PSO), Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion, and the Boyd model. In addition, adsorption isotherms were evaluated using both linear and nonlinear forms of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The results indicate that the PSO model best describes the adsorption kinetics. Within the investigated range, adsorption proceeds through a complex process involving simultaneous intraparticle diffusion and film diffusion. Equilibrium data fit the Langmuir model best, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities (q_max, mg/g) of Pb(II) (35.95 ± 2.94), Cu(II) (26.73 ± 1.39), Cd(II) (19.22 ± 1.36), and Zn(II) (18.90 ± 2.45). Cost analysis suggests that CFBC is a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent, indicating strong potential for application in the treatment of heavy-metal-contaminated wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70602"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinization Characteristics and Controlling Mechanisms of Coastal Groundwater in Tianjin, China.","authors":"Sheming Chen, Chaoguang Han, Hang Ning, Jia Xu, Zhuo Zhang, Futian Liu, Wanjun Jiang, Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coastal groundwater systems are highly susceptible to seawater intrusion and salinization. However, complex depositional settings and multiple geochemical processes have made it difficult to understand the mechanism of groundwater salinization. To characterize coastal groundwater salinization and elucidate its controlling mechanisms in Tianjin, China, a total of 228 groundwater samples were collected. The degree of groundwater salinization and associated hydrochemical evolution was systematically investigated using the groundwater quality index for seawater intrusion (GQI_SWI) and some hydrochemical indicators and evolutionary diagrams. Hydrochemical analyses revealed an overall evolution from HCO₃-Ca type to Cl-Na type groundwater, with distinct salinization geochemical evolution pathways among different aquifers. The GQI_SWI assessment indicated that both shallow and deep groundwater in Tianjin are dominated by fresh and brackish waters, with only minor differences in the overall degree of salinization along the vertical profile. Salinization of shallow groundwater is mainly concentrated in coastal areas and generally decreases progressively from the coastline toward inland areas. In contrast, the spatial distribution of salinity in deep groundwater is characterized primarily by localized high-salinity anomalies, without the development of a continuous salinization zone. Groundwater salinization in Tianjin therefore cannot be attributed solely to modern seawater intrusion; rather, it is jointly controlled by modern coastal salt inputs, freshwater recharge, long-term water-rock interactions, and ion exchange. These findings provide new insights into the identification of seawater intrusion and the interpretation of salinization mechanisms in complex coastal groundwater systems and offer a scientific basis for groundwater resource protection and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"98 10","pages":"e70607"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149115211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}