Water Environment Research最新文献

{"title":"A Critical Review of Produced Water Management Using the Chlor-Alkali Process: Challenges and Future Prospects.","authors":"Wajid Ali, Chunqing Jiang, Hassan Dehghanpour","doi":"10.1002/wer.70124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The utilization of produced water (PW) as a feedstock for chlor-alkali (CA) processes offers significant potential for sustainable chemical production. This review article examines the technical feasibility of transforming PW into valuable products such as caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrogen gases through electrochemical processes. The high salinity of PW is identified as a potential advantage for reducing energy consumption in CA processes. However, the variable composition and presence of impurities, including multivalent cations like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Fe²⁺, and high total organic carbon (TOC) levels, necessitate advanced pretreatment. Effective pretreatment strategies involve a combination of physical and chemical methods, such as coagulation, chemical softening, microfiltration and activated carbon filtration, to achieve high contaminant removal efficiencies. The review evaluates different CA cell configurations, highlighting that diaphragm cells exhibit superior tolerance to impurities compared with membrane-based electrolyzers. Furthermore, the optimization of electrode materials and electrocatalysts is crucial to minimizing overpotentials and preventing deactivation. The review concludes by emphasizing key challenges and suggested future research directions focused on developing cost-effective, high-performance electrodes and diaphragm materials, improving feed brine quality, and enhancing energy efficiency through optimization, process integration and renewable energy utilization. SUMMARY: Electrolysis of highly saline-treated produced water generates caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrogen as valuable co-products. On-site production of caustic soda from electrolysis can be effectively used in the chemical softening of produced water. Integrating hydrogen fuel cells with chlor-alkali processes increases overall energy efficiency and mitigates environmental impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70124"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorption Performance of Zn(II)-Based Coordination Polymer (ZnMOF) Reinforced Magnetic Activated Biochar (CmBC-Fe₃O₄@ZnMOF) Hybrid Composites.","authors":"Muradiye Şahin, Yasin Arslan, Muhammet Atasoy, Mika Sillanpää","doi":"10.1002/wer.70113","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70113","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Evaluation of organic wastes originating from livestock as biochar is of great importance in terms of both economic and environmentally friendly sustainable material production. In this study, cow manure (C&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;), an animal waste, was used for biochar (BC) production. The obtained biochar was activated with Fe₃O₄ and given magnetic properties (CmBC-Fe₃O₄), then modified with a Zn(II)-based coordination polymer (ZnMOF) to synthesize a hybrid material, CmBC-Fe₃O₄@ZnMOF. The synthesis of this innovative hybrid material was carried out in two stages: In the first stage, CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; was obtained by in situ synthesis method. In the second stage, it was modified with ZnMOF synthesized by solvothermal method to obtain the innovative adsorbent of CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;@ZnMOF hybrid material. The synthesized CmBC-Fe₃O₄, ZnMOF, and CmBC-Fe₃O₄@ZnMOF were characterized by scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG/DTA, and BET analyses. Based on kinetic feasibility, CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;@ZnMOF has the highest removal efficiency. The removal efficiencies of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) in the synthetic water sample were found to be 81.39%, 69.52%, 58.47%, and 32.53%, respectively. On the other hand, the corresponding removal efficiencies in the milk sample were found to be 64.63%, 43.02%, 30.62%, and 19.27%, respectively. Isotherm (Dubinin-Radushkevich, Freundlich, and Langmuir) and kinetic (Elovich, Ho-McKay, and Lagergren) models were used and mostly fit with Ho-McKay second-order rate equation and the Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the reusability studies were carried out in three cycles, and it was observed that it can be used after three cycles without losing its efficiency. It was concluded that the CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;@ZnMOF hybrid material is an effective adsorbent with the potential to remove heavy metals from both water and milk solutions and its selectivity for Pb(II) and Cd(II) is higher than that for Cu(II), and Mn(II). SUMMARY: Hybrid material (CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;@ZnMOF) structures combining unit cells with different adsorption capacities. Zn(II)-based coordination polymer (ZnMOF) and activated magnetic biochar (CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) were used to evaluate their performance on heavy metal removal from milk and synthetic water samples. CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; was synthesized by a one-step in situ synthesis method and ZnMOF by solvothermal method. CmBC-Fe&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;@ZnMOF showed excellent and selective adsorption capacity especially for Pb(II) and Cd(II). The removal efficiencies for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) in synthetic water sample were found to be 81.39%, 69.52%, 58.47%, and 32.53%, respectively. The removal efficiencies for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Mn(II) in milk sample were","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144340461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holistic approach towards pollution abatement of groundwater in major industrial belts of Jharsuguda District, Odisha, India and its modeling.","authors":"Pritisha Barik, Trinath Biswal","doi":"10.1002/wer.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The major aim of this study is to assess the level of contamination of the groundwater quality in the major industrial zone of Jharsuguda district, Odisha, using multivariate statistical techniques (Principal component analysis [PCA], cluster analysis [CA], and multivariate analysis of variance [MANOVA]) and a feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN) model. From physicochemical analysis, it was observed that although most of the parameters of water are beyond the permissible limit (World Health Organization [WHO]), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and turbidity values are comparatively much higher. The result obtained from happy planet index (HPI), Nemerow's Pollution Index (NPI), and water quality index (WQI) shows that water is not suitable for human use. The WQI values range from 366.32 to 430.96 (class \"E\"). Class \"E\" indicates that the water is heavily contaminated and not suitable for human use. HPI values range from 454.02 to 1962.21, indicating high contamination of water. The feed-forward ANN model is used to determine the level of modeling performance, and the data are completely fitted by the regression predictions, as indicated by the values of R = 0.99 and R = 1. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The level of contamination and quality of the groundwater in major industrial zones of the Jharsuguda district is estimated through WQI, NPI, and HPI. Pearson's correlation shows the dynamic relationship among various parameters, whereas in one-way ANOVA, P<0.05 indicates high contamination of the groundwater. Multivariate statistical analyses such as CA, MANOVA, and PCA are used to detect the variability of the different parameters. Feed-forward ANN modeling is used to know about the correlation among various water parameters and the comparison of the experimental values with predicted values. This study helps in achieving sustainable development goals related to clean water and sanitation, specifically in industrial areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70086"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144217097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Biogas Digester Materials: A Review of Strength, Durability, and Suitability.","authors":"Ankur Srivastava, Pradeep Kumar Meena, Prashant Mahadev Patane, Dinesh Meena, Sagar Shelare, Chandrika S Wagle","doi":"10.1002/wer.70119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper explores the materials used to construct biogas digesters, essential for sustainable energy production. The study investigates various materials, such as thermoplastics like polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as traditional construction elements like masonry, stone, and concrete. It considers metals such as steel and composite materials, which all contribute to the efficacy and strength of biogas digesters. This review's primary goal is to compare these materials' properties, evaluate their structural and functional roles, and determine their suitability for various digester designs. Through a qualitative analysis of existing research, this study highlights innovative ways to integrate multiple materials to enhance biogas technology. Additionally, it looks at the efficiency of ferrous alloys, thermoplastics (PVC, PE, HDPE), cement, and stone digesters-all used to store gas. According to the findings, cement-based materials are the most common choice for small-scale home digesters because of their lifespan and resilience. On the other hand, the selection of materials for commercial or large-scale biogas facilities is contingent upon environmental factors and material attributes, such as thermal, electrical, and physical qualities. However, because plastic digesters are flexible, reusable, and chemical resistant, they are becoming a good substitute in areas where shipping and material availability are problems. SUMMARY: This review's primary goal is to compare thermoplastics, traditional materials, metals, and composites for biogas digester durability and structural efficiency. Cement-based materials dominate small-scale domestic digesters due to resilience, longevity, and cost-effectiveness. Large-scale facilities prioritize material properties (thermal, electrical) and environmental factors for optimal design. Plastic digesters emerge as portable, chemical-resistant solutions in resource-limited regions with logistical challenges. Innovative material integration enhances biogas technology, balancing functionality and sustainability through qualitative research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70119"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144369291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Exploration of Groundwater Quality of Ambagarh Chowki Region, Chhattisgarh, India: Water Quality Index, Health Risk, and ANN Predictive Modeling.","authors":"Hemant Goyal, Rahul Lanjewar, Susmit Chitransh, Prasenjit Mondal","doi":"10.1002/wer.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Access to safe and clean drinking water remains a critical global challenge, with groundwater as a primary source for billions of people. Further, toxic contaminants increasingly threaten groundwater quality, posing significant health risks. This study analyzed groundwater from 52 villages of Ambagarh Chowki region, Chhattisgarh, for 15 physicochemical parameters to evaluate spatial variation, develop inter-parameter correlations, and compute a water quality index (WQI) to classify water for drinking purposes. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) was performed to quantify non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for adults and children through oral and dermal exposure pathways. Predictive modeling using artificial neural networks (ANN) was also conducted to enable efficient and accurate WQI prediction for large datasets. The regions have shown significant spatial variation of pH, TDS, Fe, As, and fluoride concentrations above their permissible limits. The findings revealed that 12% of the samples were of excellent quality, 36% good, 31.8% poor, 7% very poor, and 13.2% unfit for drinking. Carcinogenic risks were significant at 21.55% of sampling points for adults and 57.3% for children. The ANN model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (𝑅² = 0.99, MSE = 0.843), confirming its applicability for rapid WQI prediction. Further, strong correlation has not been observed between the water quality parameters. This study highlights the critical health risks of contaminated groundwater in the Ambagarh Chowki region. It demonstrates the potential of integrating WQI, HHRA, and ANN modeling for comprehensive water quality evaluation and effective decision-making. These findings contribute to addressing global water resource challenges by providing scalable and actionable solutions. SUMMARY: Developed a water quality index (WQI) to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. WQI indicates that 48% of samples have water quality suitable for drinking purposes. Identified severe groundwater contamination by arsenic and iron. Human health risk assessment (HHRA) indicates significant carcinogenic risks. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling was used to predict the WQI.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geospatial and Multi-Index Assessment of Urban Lake Water Quality: Insights Into Pollution Sources and Irrigation Suitability in Udaipur, the Lake City of India.","authors":"Devesh Bharadwaj, Porush Kumar, Mahendra Pratap Choudhary","doi":"10.1002/wer.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urban lake water quality is increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization and unregulated anthropogenic activities. This study evaluates the spatial and seasonal water quality of four major urban lakes in Udaipur-Fateh Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, Pichola, and Goverdhan Sagar-using an integrated approach that combines multiple water pollution indices (WQI, CPI, OPI, and EI) and irrigation suitability indices (SAR, KR, Na%, PI, TH, MH, RSC, and RSBC). An interlake comparative analysis was employed to examine spatial-temporal variations, while land use/land cover (LULC) mapping and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to identify dominant pollution sources. Results reveal significant spatial-temporal variation, with Goverdhan Sagar showing the highest pollution levels (WQI > 300, CPI > 1, OPI > 2.5, and EI > 0.01) due to sewage and industrial discharges, while Fateh Sagar had comparatively better water quality. Although irrigation suitability remained largely acceptable, elevated SAR and RSC levels pose long-term risks to soil health. PCA highlighted organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial effluents as key contributors to degradation. The study presents a replicable multi-index geospatial framework to support sustainable urban lake management and inform targeted pollution control strategies. SUMMARY: The present study evaluates pollution and irrigation suitability in Udaipur's four major lakes using multiple indices (WQI, CPI, OPI, EI, SAR, KR, Na%, and so on). The methodology includes an interlake comparative analysis, LULC analysis, and PCA to identify pollution hotspots and dominant pollution sources. Goverdhan Sagar exhibited the highest pollution (WQI > 300 and CPI > 1), while Fateh Sagar had the least contamination. Eutrophication was highest in Goverdhan Sagar. PCA identified organic pollution, nutrient enrichment, and industrial discharge as primary contributors to water quality degradation. The study recommends improved wastewater treatment, controlled fertilizer use, and land-use regulations to mitigate pollution and ensure sustainable freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144327010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of SDM on the Performance of the EGSB-Two-Stage A/O Biofilm Process for Pig Wastewater Treatment and Mechanism Investigation.","authors":"Xiaojing Zhao, Guilin He, Baozhen Liu, Jie Liu, Yonglei Wang, Yanzhen Han, Ruibao Jia","doi":"10.1002/wer.70127","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wer.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the treatment of pig wastewater containing high levels of organic matter, this study investigated the impact of sulfadimethoxine (SDM) on the performance and underlying mechanisms of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) combined with a two-stage anoxic/oxic (A/O) biofilm process. The reactor demonstrated robust organic loading tolerance (up to 12,195 mg/L COD) while maintaining stable treatment performance, achieving > 95% COD removal efficiency and 70%-80% ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) elimination. Systematic analysis of sludge microstructure and microbial consortia was conducted through integrated techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. The introduction of SDM induced significant restructuring of microbial architecture and population dynamics, with Proteobacteria (21.73%-89.74%), Firmicutes (5.54%-33.53%), Chloroflexi (1.22%-23.07%), Bacteroidetes (2.48%-12.23%), and Synergistetes (15.64%-26.86%) emerging as dominant phyla. Notably, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes demonstrated superior resistance under the reaction process. Concurrently, microbial analysis revealed a significant enrichment of nitrogen-phosphorus-removing genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas during the reaction process, establishing that these bacterial taxa play a central role in the biodegradation of organic pollutants. Therefore, the microorganisms exhibited adaptability to high-load antibiotic-containing environments, substantiating the hybrid reactor's potential for livestock and poultry breeding wastewater treatment. SUMMARY: The presence of antibiotics reduces the removal of conventional pollutants by the combined process. Antibiotics cause changes in microbial population structure. EGSB-two-stage A/O combination process can effectively treat high organic load wastewater.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144334001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced phosphate removal using hydrated lanthanum and aluminum oxides co-modified quaternized polyaniline nanocomposite: Performance and mechanism.","authors":"Haixia Wu, Enhui Ji, Biming Liu, Junze Wang, Minglong Fang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Through precursor impregnation diffusion and in-situ co-precipitation methods, a quaternized polyaniline-based composite material (HLAO-PN) was synthesized using quaternized polyaniline (PN) as a carrier, hydrated lanthanum oxide LaOOH, and hydrated alumina AlOOH. The adsorption efficiency and mechanism of phosphate removal by HLAO-PN were systematically studied. Characterization results from SEM, XPS, and FT-IR revealed that HLAO-PN exhibited an aggregated granular structure, with La and Al uniformly distributed on the PN carrier. The main mechanisms of phosphate adsorption by HLAO-PN include electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and ligand exchange. HLAO-PN demonstrated stable and effective phosphate adsorption capacity across a pH range of 2.0-7.0, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 101.6 mg/g at 308 K. Furthermore, it showed strong anti-interference capabilities in the presence of various coexisting substances. The dynamic adsorption experiments in a fixed-bed system indicated that the effective treatment capacities of HLAO-PN for phosphate during the first and second cycles were 2800 and 2650 bed volumes (BV), respectively (from 10.0 mg P/L to below 0.5 mg P/L). Moreover, the exhausted HLAO-PN could be efficiently regenerated in situ by binary NaOH/NaCl solution. After five adsorption-regeneration cycles, the adsorption capacity of HLAO-PN for phosphate was 70.64% of its initial adsorption capacity (93.87 mg/g). This study presents a novel chemical agent for enhancing phosphorus removal from wastewater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Composite material (HLAO-PN) was synthesized for phosphate adsorption using quaternized polyaniline, LaOOH, and AlOOH. The adsorption capacity of HLAO-PN reaches 101.60 mg/g at 308 K. The main adsorption mechanisms of phosphate by HLAO-PN are electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, and ligand exchange. The fixed bed dynamic adsorption of phosphate by HLAO-PN was investigated which provides a reference for actual wastewater treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70088"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144267341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy metal pollution in northwestern Himalayan groundwater: comprehensive assessment using multiple pollution indices and Monte Carlo simulation for health risk.","authors":"Uzma Imtiyaz, Mushtaq Ahmad Rather","doi":"10.1002/wer.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The ecosystem and human health are seriously at risk from contamination of heavy metals in water. A variety of pollution indices are used in this study to analyze the presence of heavy metal contamination in groundwater and used Monte Carlo simulation to quantify the health hazards associated with it. In two seasons the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater samples were taken in triplicate from 25 sites in South Kashmir, which is situated in the southern portion of the northwest Himalayas. The research area had higher than average quantities of heavy metals, according to the results. The cold climate probably had no seasonal influence on groundwater quality, but concentrations were generally greater in pre-monsoon than in the post-monsoon. To evaluate contamination, the study employed the following pollution indices: NPI (80%), HEI (76%), MI (80%), CoD (76%), and HPI (0%). There were found to be strong correlations between these indices, with R² values of 0.96, 0.94, 0.96, and 0.95 between HEI and HPI, HEI and MI, HEI and Cd, and HEI and NPI, among other high correlations. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation for many exposure pathways showed that youngsters had a greater 95th percentile of carcinogenic risk than adults. The heavy metals were graded according to their non-carcinogenic risk using the Hazard Index (HI) as follows: Pb > Ni > Mn > Cd > Cu > Fe > Zn. For adults, the non-carcinogenic risk was shown to be 4.92E-01, while for children, it was 1.41E+01. Human health risk evaluations also showed that youngsters had a greater overall cancer risk (OCR) (1.61E-01) than adults (4.74E-03). PRACTITIONER POINTS: Groundwater Quality Monitoring: The study highlights the critical need for regular groundwater quality monitoring, particularly in areas prone to heavy metal contamination, like South Kashmir. This is essential for the early detection of hazardous metal levels and the mitigation of public health risks. Use of Pollution Indices: Pollution indices such as NPI, HEI, MI, and CoD can be effective tools for assessing and quantifying heavy metal contamination in water sources, providing a comprehensive understanding of the contamination levels. Health Risk Assessment: Monte Carlo simulations for human health risk assessments underscore the importance of prioritizing children's health, as they are at greater risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects from heavy metal exposure. Seasonal Impact on Contamination: While seasonal variations in groundwater quality were not significant due to the cold climate, higher contamination levels were detected during the pre-monsoon period. This indicates the need for heightened monitoring before monsoon seasons in similar climatic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70078"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and metabolic responses of Limnoperna fortunei to KMnO₄ and NaClO exposure.","authors":"Qian-Bin Wang, Jian-Hua Zhou, Rui-Jian Zhang, Ye-Qin Xu, Yong Hu, Hao-Tao Dong, Zhi-Li Du, Ying-Shi Liu, Chong Lin, Zong-Jia Zhang","doi":"10.1002/wer.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biofouling of Limnoperna fortunei causes increment on water conveyance energy and deteriorates concrete during freshwater transportation process. Apart from application of chemical oxidants such as KMnO₄ and NaClO, few other strategies can control L. fortunei. However, the cellular and metabolic responses of L. fortunei during KMnO₄ and NaClO exposure are still not fully understood. This work aimed to illustrate the physiological and metabolic status of L. fortunei exposed to KMnO₄ and NaClO at concentration of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg l^-1. The mortality rate, amount of acid and neutral mucous secretions, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined after KMnO₄ and NaClO exposure. The activities of biotransformation and detoxification enzymes, including as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and acetylcholinesterase, increased in response to NaClO exposure as an adaptive response. In comparison, KMnO₄ exposure showed severer lethal effect, especially at concentrations higher than 4 mg l^-1. The increment of lipid peroxides followed the raise of KMnO₄ concentrations, indicating the toxic effect from KMnO₄. The results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic revealed that KMnO₄ mainly affected the purine and energy metabolism pathway and disrupted osmoregulatory processes, whereas NaClO mainly affected amino acid metabolism. These findings provided insight on controlling the biofouling of L. fortunei. PRACTITIONER POINTS: KMnO₄ was effective to inactivate L. fortunei rather than NaClO. Antioxidant system of L. fortunei was valid to counteract the oxidative stress from NaClO exposure, while paralyzation during KMnO₄ exposure. Amino acid metabolism was involved in polishing immune responses and detoxification during NaClO exposure. Disordered purine and energy metabolism pathway and disrupted osmoregulatory processes were induced by KMnO₄. Mitigating L. fortunei biofouling reduces raw water energy demands and concrete degradation risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":23621,"journal":{"name":"Water Environment Research","volume":"97 6","pages":"e70082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144249860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}