Veterinary World最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolated from swine and poultry farms in Cambodia.","authors":"Bunna Chea, Sokom Kong, Sokha Thim, Naiheak Ban, Rithy Chrun, Vutey Venn, Cherry Fernandez-Colorado, Kroesna Kang","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.918-926","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.918-926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in livestock farming has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, posing a significant public health challenge. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolated from swine and poultry in small- and medium-scale farms in Cambodia.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 638 fecal samples (273 rectal swabs from swine and 365 cloacal swabs from poultry) were collected from five provinces in Cambodia from June to September 2021. <i>Salmonella</i> spp. isolation followed ISO 6579:2002 guidelines, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted using the disk diffusion method, adhering to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2020 standards. Resistance was assessed against nine antimicrobial agents across five major classes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, <i>Salmonella</i> was detected in 6.58% (42/638) of samples, with 6.96% (19/273) from swine and 6.30% (23/365) from poultry. Swine-derived isolates exhibited the highest prevalence in the growing stage (13.93%), whereas poultry isolates were most common in avian broilers (14.55%). High resistance was observed against β-lactams (penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin), tetracyclines, and sulfonamides, with resistance rates ranging from 73.81% to 100%. Fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin) was moderate (29.77%), while aminoglycoside resistance (gentamicin) was low (2.38%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns were identified in 91.30% (21/23) of poultry isolates and 52.63% (10/19) of swine isolates, with resistance spanning three to five antimicrobial classes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The presence of <i>Salmonella</i> in Cambodian swine and poultry farms and its high level of MDR underscore the urgent need for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study highlights the risk of MDR <i>Salmonella</i> transmission through livestock production chains, emphasizing the necessity for stringent regulatory interventions, biosecurity measures, and surveillance programs to mitigate AMR spread in animal agriculture and public health sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"918-926"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans with non-specific clinical symptoms in Punjab, India.","authors":"Deepali Gopal Kalambhe, Brindha Sundar, Jasbir Singh Bedi","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.819-826","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.819-826","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that remains underdiagnosed in humans due to its non-specific clinical presentations. Punjab, India, is particularly vulnerable to brucellosis due to its high-density livestock farming. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in individuals presenting with non-specific clinical symptoms.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, from January 2021 to December 2021. A total of 137 serum samples were collected from individuals either self-referred or physician-referred for brucellosis testing. The samples were screened using the rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and confirmed with the standard tube agglutination test (STAT). Data on demographics, symptoms, and occupational exposure were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 17.52% (24/137) of individuals tested positive using STAT, with antibody titers ranging from 80 IU/mL to >2560 IU/mL. Seropositivity was higher in males (20.83%) than in females (9.77%). The highest seropositivity (42.9%) was observed in individuals aged 71-80 years. Among symptomatic individuals (n = 92), fever was the most common symptom (n = 79), followed by joint pain (n = 13). However, 15.6% of asymptomatic individuals also tested positive. No significant association was found between symptoms and seropositivity (p > 0.05). In addition, self-referred individuals (24.1%) had a higher seropositivity rate compared to physician-referred cases (12.7%). Among occupationally exposed individuals, veterinary officers showed the highest seropositivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights a considerable seroprevalence of brucellosis among various symptomatic and among asymptomatic individuals. Given its non-specific clinical manifestations, routine serological screening is recommended, especially for high-risk groups. A One Health approach integrating human and animal health surveillance is crucial for effective disease control.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"819-826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123267/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of family goat farms and determination of risk factors associated with the sanitary qualities of raw milk and fresh cheese in three production areas in Mexico.","authors":"Israel Daniel Ricardo González, Laura Hernández Andrade, Edith Rojas Anaya, Gary García Espinosa, Susana Elisa Mendoza Elvira","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.927-938","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.927-938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Family goat farming typically involves small herds managed with minimal infrastructure, leading to products of lower hygienic quality. This study aimed to characterize family goat farms in three distinct regions of Mexico (Durango, Campeche, and Querétaro) and to evaluate hygienic-sanitary indicators and associated risk factors affecting the quality of raw milk and fresh cheese.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seven representative family goat farms were selected based on specific inclusion criteria: Absence of reproductive management, seasonal milk production, manual milking, and artisanal cheese production. Paired samples of bulk raw milk and fresh cheese were collected from each farm. Samples underwent microbiological analyses, including total plate count (TPC), total coliform count (TCC), somatic cell count (SCC), and mold and yeast counts. Surveys addressing animal management, milking, cheese manufacturing, and sales practices were administered. Statistical analyses encompassed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, cluster analysis, Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among raw milk samples, only two farms met acceptable standards for TPC, SCC, and yeast counts according to Mexican regulations, while none complied for TCC. Similarly, cheese samples from two farms met standards for TPC, yeast, and molds, though none met the standards for TCC. Risk factors significantly associated with poor hygienic quality included inadequate pen hygiene, improper teat cleaning, failure to apply post-dip treatments, deficient hand washing, unsuitable milking techniques, lack of milk pasteurization, and insufficient refrigeration practices. Cluster analysis identified two distinct farm groups differentiated by management practices and hygienic standards, correlating with substantial differences in microbial quality indicators.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study identified critical gaps in the implementation of good livestock and manufacturing practices among family goat farms in Mexico. Key risk factors contributing to elevated microbial contamination included poor infrastructure, insufficient hygiene during milking and cheese processing, and inadequate storage conditions. The findings emphasize the necessity of promoting standardized hygienic practices and infrastructure improvements to enhance the sanitary quality of milk and cheese products from family goat farming systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"927-938"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential expression of <i>TLR</i> and <i>CXCR</i> genes in mammary HC11 cells challenged with <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>: Implications for mastitis resistance.","authors":"Nova Dilla Yanthi, Anneke Anggraeni, Syahruddin Said, Sugiyono Saputra, Retno Damayanti Soejoedono, Muladno Muladno, Nina Herlina, Ima Fauziah, Herjuno Ari Nugroho, Mukh Fajar Nasrulloh, Rida Tiffarent","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1014-1024","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1014-1024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Mastitis remains a major health challenge in dairy cattle, often caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and chemokine receptors (CXCRs) play essential roles in the innate immune response of mammary epithelial cells (MECs). However, the differential expression of these genes in response to specific mastitis-causing <i>Bacillus</i> spp. has not been comprehensively evaluated. This study aimed to characterize the temporal gene expression patterns of TLR and CXCR family members in murine mammary epithelial HC11 cells exposed to <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, thereby providing insights into their immunological roles in mastitis pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>HC11 cells were cultured and infected with <i>B. cereus</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i> (5 × 10⁷ colony-forming units/mL) and incubated at 37°C with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂ for 48 h in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with serum and antibiotics. Gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, TLR2, TLR4, IL-1 alpha (IL-1α), and CXCR1 was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection. Expression levels were normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and analyzed using ΔCt methods and Spearman correlation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TLR2 exhibited a biphasic expression pattern, with early upregulation followed by suppression, while TLR4 showed higher expression in response to <i>B. subtilis</i> than <i>B. cereus</i>. IL-6 displayed prolonged expression under <i>B. subtilis</i> challenge but was transient under <i>B. cereus</i> exposure. IL-1α showed consistent expression across both bacterial challenges, suggesting its potential as a stable biomarker for mastitis susceptibility. CXCR1 exhibited delayed but sustained expression, indicative of its role in secondary neutrophil recruitment. IL-8 expression correlated with early immune activation and chemotactic signaling.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The immune response of HC11 MECs to Gram-positive bacterial infection is gene- and pathogen-specific. <i>TLR</i> and <i>CXCR</i> genes show distinct temporal profiles, underscoring their utility in understanding epithelial-driven immune defense. These findings provide molecular insights into mastitis pathogenesis and identify IL-1α, IL-6, and CXCR1 as promising targets for genetic selection and therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"1014-1024"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123283/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological insights into the occurrence of <i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> in horses from southern Brazil using flow cytometry.","authors":"Yasmin Ampese Matté, Débora Zini Baldasso, Mariana Antunes Rezende, Jean Francisco Maldaner Lui, Ana Clara Seibel, João Antônio Guizzo, Rafael Frandoloso, Luiz Carlos Kreutz","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.755-762","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.755-762","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong><i>Lawsonia intracellularis</i> is an obligatory intracellular bacterium associated with equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), which significantly impacts equine health. Despite its clinical relevance, epidemiological and diagnostic approaches for this infection in horses have remained underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the humoral immune response in horses immunized with an experimental vaccine for <i>L. intracellularis</i> and to determine the occurrence of anti-<i>L. intracellularis</i> antibodies in horses from southern Brazil using the flow cytometry antibody test (FCAT).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 12 horses were immunized with an experimental vaccine containing inactivated <i>L. intracellularis</i> and adjuvants. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (D0) and every 7 days until day 35 (D35) to monitor the antibody response using FCAT. In addition, serum samples from 79 horses from the North and Northwest regions of Rio Grande do Sul were tested to determine the occurrence of anti-<i>L. intracellularis</i> antibodies. The FCAT protocol was optimized for equine samples, and a cut-off fluorescence threshold was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic curve analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FCAT demonstrated high accuracy, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92% at a fluorescence cut-off of ≥15%. Immunization triggered a robust humoral response, with a significant increase in fluorescence from day 7 to day 35. In the occurrence analysis, 26% of the horses tested positive for anti-<i>L. intracellularis</i> antibodies. The highest occurrence was observed in females (35.8%) and horses aged 16-22 years (50%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provided evidence that <i>L. intracellularis</i> infection is relatively common among horses in southern Brazil. FCAT was a sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for detecting anti-<i>L. intracellularis</i> antibodies in horses. The findings highlight the need for better diagnostic and preventive measures to control EPE in equine populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"755-762"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating pellet and mash rumen protected soybean groat on nutrient digestibility, animal performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of fat-tailed sheep.","authors":"Joko Riyanto, Ahmad Pramono, Susi Dwi Widyawati, Sudibya Sudibya, Muhammad Cahyadi, Windi Nur Yuliana, Alfian Andi Apriyanto, Gebby Rosita Jolanda Putri, Farouq Heidar Barido","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.976-985","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.976-985","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Optimizing feed strategies is critical in livestock production to enhance animal performance, nutrient utilization, and meat quality. Feed form, such as pelleted, mash, or blended forms, significantly influences these parameters. Investigating the optimal feed form for fat-tailed sheep production can improve economic outcomes and meat quality. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary feed forms - pelleted (P10), mash (M10), and a blended form consisting of 50% pellet and 50% mash (M5P5) - on nutrient digestibility, animal performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality attributes in fat-tailed sheep.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Fifteen fat-tailed lambs were randomly allocated to three experimental groups receiving either 100% mash feed (M10), a 50:50 mixture of mash and pelleted feed (M5P5), or 100% pelleted feed (P10) for a 90-day feeding trial. Feed intake parameters (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract) were recorded. Nutrient digestibility was assessed, and production performance measures, including body weight gain, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), and feeding cost per gain were determined. Post-slaughter carcass traits, proximate meat composition, cholesterol content, pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, and shear force values were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dietary feed forms had no significant impact (p > 0.05) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ADG, or FER. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) emerged in carcass traits, notably with increased hot carcass weights observed in M5P5 (19.57 kg) and P10 (19.40 kg) compared to M10 (17.10 kg). Feed form significantly influenced meat-to-bone ratio, with M5P5 and P10 groups exhibiting superior ratios relative to the mash-fed group. Meat quality analysis indicated significant variations (p < 0.05) in WHC and cooking loss; the M5P5 group demonstrated enhanced WHC (63.2%) and reduced cooking loss (18.4%) compared to other treatments. Proximate composition, cholesterol content, pH, and shear force were unaffected by feed form (p > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The blended mash-pellet diet (M5P5) effectively enhanced specific meat quality parameters, notably WHC and cooking loss, without compromising growth performance or nutrient utilization efficiency. These findings indicate potential for the strategic use of blended feeds in fat-tailed sheep production to optimize meat quality attributes, although further studies examining long-term economic and metabolic impacts are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"976-985"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive genome analysis of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> in camels from Saudi Arabia: Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance.","authors":"M Salem, A Zaghawa, F Housawi, Ahmed Elsify, Mohamed E Hasan, Alyaa Elrashedy, Kazem AlMohammed Salem, Nidhal Ben Amor, A Al Naeem","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.859-876","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.859-876","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Paratuberculosis, caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP), is a significant infectious disease affecting livestock, including camels in Saudi Arabia, leading to severe economic losses. Despite its impact, limited genomic studies have been conducted to characterize MAP strains in camels and their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This study aimed to (1) characterize the clinical and pathological findings of MAP infections in camels; (2) determine the seroprevalence of MAP in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia; (3) differentiate between MAP strains using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bioinformatics tools; (4) conduct a comprehensive genomic analysis; and (5) identify genes associated with AMR, virulence, and immune response.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 345 blood samples were collected for seroprevalence analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and 68 rectal scraping samples were analyzed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining and PCR for strain differentiation. Seventeen clinical cases underwent clinical, postmortem, and histopathological examinations. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed using the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center to identify genetic variations, <i>AMR</i> genes, and phylogenetic relationships among MAP isolates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical findings revealed progressive emaciation and chronic diarrhea in affected camels. Gross examination showed intestinal wall thickening and mesenteric lymph node congestion. Histopathological analysis indicated hyperactivation of crypts of Lieberkühn and mononuclear cell infiltration. PCR analysis identified a higher prevalence of the sheep (S) strain (162 bp) compared to the cattle (C) strain (310 bp). The overall seroprevalence of MAP was 8.11% (ELISA). Whole-genome sequencing identified 34 <i>AMR</i> genes and 10 virulence genes, with annotation revealing 4.7 million base pairs, coding sequences, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped MAP strains into four distinct clades, indicating potential cross-species transmission.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides critical insights into the genetic diversity and AMR mechanisms of MAP strains in camels, emphasizing the need for targeted control strategies. The findings highlight potential zoonotic risks and inform future vaccine development to mitigate MAP infections in livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"859-876"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a fermented palm kernel meal as a prebiotic for enhancing immune response in Indonesian red claw crayfish (<i>Cherax quadricarinatus</i>).","authors":"Diki Danar Tri Winanti, Hilma Nahwa Firdausi, Maulid Wahid Yusup, Putu Cinthia Delis, Agus Setyawan, Yeni Elisdiana, Hilma Putri Fidyandini, Muhammad Kholiqul Amiin, Ari Widodo","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.896-906","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.896-906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The Indonesian red claw crayfish (<i>Cherax quadricarinatus</i>) represents a significant aquaculture commodity with substantial economic importance; however, disease outbreaks, particularly tail ulceration caused by <i>Aeromonas hydrophila</i>, pose challenges to sustainable production. This study evaluated the efficacy of fermented palm kernel meal (FPKM), rich in mannan oligosaccharides, as a prebiotic additive to enhance non-specific immune responses in <i>C. quadricarinatus</i>.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 120 crayfish (mean weight 10.3 ± 0.15 g and length 7.53 ± 0.26 cm) were allocated in a completely randomized design comprising four dietary treatments: a control group without FPKM and probiotics and three experimental groups receiving diets supplemented with FPKM at concentrations of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg along with probiotics. Hemolymph samples were collected at baseline (day 0) and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 post-treatment. Non-specific immune responses evaluated included total hemocyte count (THC), differential hemocyte count (DHC), phagocytosis activity (PA), phagocytosis index (PI), phenol oxidase (PO) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total plasma protein (TPP), and immune gene expression (lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein [LGBP], lectin).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The inclusion of FPKM significantly increased THC, with peak enhancement observed on day 7 at the highest FPKM concentration (120 g/kg). DHC remained stable across treatments. Phagocytic parameters, including PA and PI, showed significant improvements (74.5 ± 12.5% and 2.8 ± 0.41, respectively) by day 7 in the 120 g/kg treatment. PO and SOD activities significantly increased on days 5 and 14, respectively, with optimal responses at the highest dietary FPKM inclusion. TPP levels did not exhibit significant variation among treatments. Molecular analyses revealed marked upregulation of immune-related genes, notably lectin and LGBP, with peak expression detected in the 40 g/kg FPKM group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Supplementing diets with FPKM substantially improved non-specific immune responses in <i>C. quadricarinatus</i>. Optimal immune enhancement was generally achieved with 120 g/kg FPKM inclusion, although significant molecular immune responses were evident at lower concentrations. The findings underscore the potential of FPKM as a natural prebiotic to sustainably enhance crayfish immunity, thereby reducing dependency on antibiotics and contributing to eco-friendly aquaculture practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"896-906"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of quorum sensing regulation and stress tolerance by <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> extracts and rhodomyrtone as an alternative treatment for zoonotic pathogens.","authors":"Sukanlaya Leejae, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Ozioma F Nwabor, Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.877-887","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.877-887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> is a zoonotic pathogen with significant public health and economic implications. Its ability to tolerate environmental stress and regulate virulence through quorum sensing contributes to its persistence and pathogenicity. <i>Rhodomyrtus tomentosa</i> and its bioactive compound rhodomyrtone have demonstrated antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive, multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of these agents on quorum sensing inhibition and stress tolerance in <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, providing insights into their potential as alternative antimicrobial strategies.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The anti-quorum sensing activity of <i>R. tomentosa</i> extracts was assessed using <i>Chromobacterium violaceum</i> as a bioindicator. In addition, the effects on <i>P. aeruginosa</i> swarming motility were evaluated. Stress tolerance in <i>S. aureus</i> was examined by subjecting treated cells to acidic (pH = 5.0), alkaline (pH = 9.0), osmotic (7.5% NaCl), heat (43°C), and oxidative (1 mM H₂O₂) stress conditions. The survival rates were determined through colony-forming unit (CFU) counts following treatment with rhodomyrtone and ethanol leaf extracts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ethyl acetate fraction of <i>R. tomentosa</i> leaf extract exhibited the highest violacein inhibition, followed by the ethanol extract. At 256 μg/mL, these extracts permitted <i>P. aeruginosa</i> colony formation but inhibited its swarming motility. Regarding stress tolerance, no surviving <i>S. aureus</i> cells were detected under any stress condition after 3-6 h of treatment with 2 × minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1 μg/mL) of rhodomyrtone. In addition, 4 × MIC (128 μg/mL) of the ethanol leaf extract inhibited pathogen survival under all tested stress conditions except for alkaline and oxidative stresses.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that <i>R. tomentosa</i> extracts and rhodomyrtone effectively inhibit quorum sensing and stress tolerance, offering a promising alternative antimicrobial approach. These compounds could be utilized in veterinary medicine and food safety to mitigate zoonotic pathogen contamination and combat antibiotic-resistant infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"877-887"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the molecular action of <i>Trypanosoma vivax</i> on bovine reproductive parameters and risk factors associated with trypanosomiasis in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil.","authors":"Amanda Cristielly Nunes De Lima, Joely Ferreira Figueiredo Bittar, Otaviano de Souza Pires Neto, Eliane Macedo Sobrinho Santos, Priscilla Elias Ferreira da Silva, Hércules Otacílio Santos, Cintya Neves de Souza, Franciane Gabrielle Dos Santos, Anna Christina de Almeida","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.837-850","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.837-850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Trypanosomiasis caused by <i>Trypanosoma vivax</i> is a significant cause of reproductive inefficiency and economic losses in cattle farming. While its impact on reproduction is known, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the molecular effects of <i>T. vivax</i> on reproductive parameters in cattle and evaluate epidemiological risk factors associated with trypanosomiasis in beef cattle in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A dual approach combining <i>in silico</i> bioinformatics and epidemiological analyses was employed. Proteins linked to <i>T. vivax</i> were identified using the UniProt database, and protein interaction networks were constructed using the String V.12 platform. The epidemiological study involved serological diagnosis of trypanosomiasis through indirect immunofluorescence in 383 serum samples collected from 14 herds. Risk factors such as farming system, animal replacement frequency, vector presence, vaccination practices, and reproductive history were assessed through statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bioinformatics analyses suggested that <i>T. vivax</i> may exert molecular effects on bovine reproduction through the expression of toll-like receptor 2, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and nuclear receptor coactivator 7 proteins. The overall prevalence of <i>T. vivax</i> was 6.79%, with no direct association found between infection and reproductive performance. However, 57.7% of seropositive cattle belonged to farms with lower pregnancy rates, and 96% were from farms reporting abortions in the past 12 months. The semi-intensive/intensive farming system and shared use of syringes and needles during vaccination were identified as significant risk factors for <i>T. vivax</i> infection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study provides evidence of <i>T. vivax</i> spread in northern Minas Gerais and highlights the need for improved control strategies, including vector management and proper sanitary practices. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that <i>T. vivax</i> may influence reproductive outcomes through the NF-κB signaling pathway, warranting further experimental validation. Future studies should investigate the molecular mechanisms of <i>T. vivax</i> in high-prevalence herds to refine disease management and mitigation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 4","pages":"837-850"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12123292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144200127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}