Veterinary World最新文献

{"title":"<i>ACTA1</i> gene regulation in livestock: A multidimensional review on muscle development, meat quality, and genetic applications.","authors":"Siti Rani Ayuti, Sangsu Shin, Eun Joong Kim, Mirni Lamid, Sunaryo Hadi Warsito, Mohammad Anam Al Arif, Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari, Zulfi Nur Amrina Rosyada, Aswin Rafif Khairullah, Muslim Akmal, Mudhita Zikkrullah Ritonga, Rimayanti Rimayanti, Mira Delima","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2520-2541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.2520-2541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The skeletal muscle α-actin gene (ACTA1) plays a pivotal role in muscle contraction, structural integrity, and overall development of skeletal muscle tissue in livestock. This review explores the complex regulatory mechanisms of ACTA1 expression and its direct impact on meat quality, animal performance, and production efficiency. Nutritional inputs, environmental stressors, hormonal signaling, and genetic factors collectively influence ACTA1 activity at the transcriptional, translational, and epigenetic levels. High-protein diets rich in branched-chain amino acids, particularly leucine, stimulate the mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway and enhance ACTA1-mediated muscle growth. Similarly, micronutrients such as zinc and selenium function as antioxidants, stabilizing ACTA1 expression under oxidative stress conditions. The review also delves into the role of ACTA1 polymorphisms in modulating muscle fiber type composition, particularly the balance between type I and type II fibers, which significantly affects meat tenderness, fat content, and endurance capacity. Genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9-based genome editing provide promising avenues for optimizing ACTA1 expression in livestock breeding programs. Moreover, ACTA1 dysregulation or mutation is linked to several congenital myopathies, underscoring its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance in veterinary pathology. Biotechnological interventions targeting ACTA1 expression present immense potential for improving muscle mass, carcass traits, and feed efficiency, thereby supporting global food security. Future strategies combining nutrigenomics, precision livestock farming, and artificial intelligence could enable tailored breeding and management approaches for sustainable meat production. Ethical and environmental considerations will be critical as gene editing technologies move toward wider application. In summary, ACTA1 represents a cornerstone of muscle physiology in livestock, and its integrative regulation across nutrition, genetics, and environment offers vast potential for advancing meat science, animal health, and agricultural productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 8","pages":"2520-2541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annonacin induces apoptosis and modulates programmed death-ligand 1 and interferon-gamma expression in triple-negative breast cancer: Integrated <i>in silico</i> and <i>in vitro</i> analysis.","authors":"Retina Yunani, Sri Agus Sudjarwo, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Rochmah Kurnijasanti, Nurul Hidayah","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2241-2251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.2241-2251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents therapeutic challenges due to its aggressive nature and lack of targeted treatments. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are key immune modulators in tumor immune evasion. Annonacin, a natural acetogenin from Annona species, has shown promising anticancer properties, though its immunomodulatory mechanisms remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the dual apoptotic and immunomodulatory effects of annonacin on PD-L1 and IFN-γ expression using combined molecular docking and <i>in vitro</i> assays in TNBC (4T1) cells.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Molecular docking simulations were conducted to assess annonacin's interaction with PD-L1 (Protein Data Bank [PDB] ID: 6PV9) and IFN-γ (PDB ID: 1FG9). <i>In vitro</i> experiments using 4T1 cells involved 3-(4,-5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays for cytotoxicity, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate staining for apoptosis, and flow cytometry to analyze PD-L1 and IFN-γ expression following treatment with annonacin (1.5-25 μg/mL).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Docking scores indicated moderate binding affinities of annonacin to IFN-γ (-5.2 kcal/mol) and PD-L1 (-5.0 kcal/mol), involving both hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Annonacin exhibited a selective cytotoxic effect on 4T1 cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 15 μg/mL and a selectivity index of 2.6. Apoptosis was induced in a concentration-dependent manner, with late apoptotic populations peaking at 25 μg/mL. PD-L1 and IFN-γ expression peaked at 6.25 μg/mL, followed by a decline at higher doses, suggesting a dose-dependent immunomodulatory shift from immune activation to suppression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Annonacin modulates immune checkpoint (PD-L1) and cytokine (IFN-γ) expression while promoting apoptosis in TNBC cells. These results highlight its potential as a dual-function anticancer agent, warranting further preclinical evaluation for use as a monotherapy or in combination with immunotherapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 8","pages":"2241-2251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501602/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular surveillance confirms absence of avian influenza virus type A in Ecuadorian poultry: A retrospective reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction study from April 2023 to June 2024.","authors":"Byron Puga-Torres, Hugo Navarrete, David de la Torre","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2287-2294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.2287-2294","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious zoonotic disease affecting birds and, occasionally, humans. Ecuador confirmed its first case of AI in late 2022, resulting in significant avian mortality and economic losses. In response, the Ecuadorian government implemented a mandatory control program emphasizing pre-vaccination diagnostics using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study aimed to confirm the absence of AI virus type A in poultry across six major provinces of Ecuador following the 2022 outbreak, as part of the national eradication and vaccination campaign.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional, retrospective molecular surveillance study was conducted from April 2023 to June 2024. A total of 343 pooled tracheal swab samples were collected from poultry farms in six provinces (Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Pastaza, Pichincha, and Tungurahua), covering over 1 million birds. The samples were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR, targeting the M gene, and subtype-specific genes (H5, H7, and H7N9).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All 343 pooled samples (100%) tested negative for AI virus type A, suggesting an absence of active viral circulation during the study period. The implementation of pre-vaccination testing and biosecurity protocols contributed to this outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study confirms that AI virus type A was not circulating in Ecuadorian poultry during the surveillance period. These findings underscore the effectiveness of collaborative efforts among government, industry, and laboratories. Ongoing molecular surveillance remains essential for early detection and prevention of future outbreaks, reinforcing Ecuador's commitment to One Health principles.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 8","pages":"2287-2294"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501566/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of omega-3-enriched lickable treats as adjunctive therapy for feline chronic gingivostomatitis: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Panithi Sukho, Sekkarin Ploypetch, Chakkarin Satthathum, Phirom Prompiram, Warunya Chakritbudsabong","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2344-2356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.2344-2356","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating inflammatory condition of the oral cavity in cats, associated with chronic pain, salivation, halitosis, and reduced quality of life. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have known anti-inflammatory properties and may offer a supportive treatment option. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of two marine-derived n-3 PUFA sources - krill oil and green-lipped mussel (GLM) oil - administered through lickable cat treats in cats with FCGS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixteen FCGS cats were randomized into three double-blinded treatment groups to receive daily lickable treats: Control (no n-3 PUFA), krill oil (100 mg), or GLM oil (100 mg) for 28 days. Clinical outcomes (stomatitis and pain scores, halitosis, and salivation) were assessed on days 0, 14, and 28 by veterinarians. Owner-reported outcomes and inflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin 6, interleukin 1 beta, and interferon-gamma) were also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both krill and GLM oil treatments were well-tolerated, with no adverse changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters. Mean stomatitis and pain scores showed a non-significant downward trend in all groups. Halitosis and salivation improved in seven cats, particularly in the GLM and control groups. Owner-reported improvement was observed in 10 of 16 cats, with the highest in the krill oil group (75%). Cytokine levels demonstrated high variability and no statistically significant changes. No significant differences were observed between the n-3 PUFA sources.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Daily administration of n-3 PUFA-enriched cat treats is safe and may provide mild clinical benefit in cats with FCGS, particularly in alleviating oral discomfort. While no significant differences were found between krill and GLM oils, both formulations were palatable and suitable as adjunctive therapy. Further research with larger cohorts, extended durations, and sensitive scoring systems is warranted to optimize treatment protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 8","pages":"2344-2356"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501575/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing goat growth and rumen function with monosodium glutamate byproduct-treated rice straw in total mixed rations.","authors":"Suparada Saphaphan, K Teepalak Rangubhet, Phongthorn Kongmun","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2427-2438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.2427-2438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Rice straw is a widely available but nutritionally limited roughage for ruminants due to its low protein content and digestibility. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing pangola hay with monosodium glutamate byproduct-treated rice straw (MSGBTRS) in total mixed rations (TMR) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation, and microbial populations in fattening goats.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixteen male Anglo-Nubian crossbred goats (3 months old, 15 ± 2 kg) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% MSGBTRS replacing pangola hay) in a completely randomized design. MSGBTRS was prepared by blending rice straw with liquid MSGB (8.8:1.2 w/w) and sun-dried. The feeding trial lasted 50 days, followed by a 7-day digestibility study. Feed intake, body weight (BW), rumen fluid, blood, and fecal samples were analyzed. Rumen microbiota was quantified through real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 25% MSGBTRS group achieved the highest BW gain (6.52 kg; p = 0.034). Dry matter intake declined linearly with increased MSGBTRS levels (p = 0.019). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber digestibility were significantly reduced at 75% substitution (p = 0.001). Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations increased with MSGBTRS inclusion, peaking at 75% (19.08 mg/dL; p = 0.029), while blood urea nitrogen remained unaffected. The 25% group exhibited optimal propionate and butyrate levels and a favorable acetate-to-propionate ratio. Total bacterial populations were highest in the 50%-75% groups (p = 0.002), with the greatest <i>Ruminococcus albus</i> abundance in the 75% group (p = 0.045).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Substituting pangola hay with 25% MSGBTRS in TMR is optimal for improving growth performance and fiber digestibility in goats, without adverse effects on feed intake or rumen fermentation. MSGBTRS presents a sustainable, cost-effective alternative roughage source, supporting zero-waste livestock production. Future studies should explore long-term impacts on carcass traits, health, and economic viability in larger-scale goat systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 8","pages":"2427-2438"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12501544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145252936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb. extract as a functional alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken nutrition.","authors":"Arnold Parlindungan Sinurat, Tuti Haryati, Maijon Purba, Tiurma Pasaribu, Yan Irawan, Ryan Haryo Setyawan, Ferdy Saputra, Muhammad Ilyas, Nila Miraya, Sumiati Sumiati","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1944-1954","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1944-1954","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The global ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production has intensified the search for effective phytogenic alternatives. <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb., commonly known as Javanese turmeric, exhibits antimicrobial and antioxidant properties attributed to its bioactive compounds, including xanthorrhizol and curcumin. This study evaluated the potential of a novel adjuvant extract (adjuvant <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb. [ACX]) derived from <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb. to replace AGPs in broiler diets. This study aimed to assess the <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of ACX and determine its efficacy as a growth-promoting feed additive in broiler chickens relative to AGPs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>ACX was produced through double extraction of dried <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> rhizomes and standardized for xanthorrhizol and curcuminoids using high-performance liquid chromatography. <i>In vitro</i> assays determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Aspergillus flavus</i>, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. A total of 420 Cobb CP707 broilers were allocated to seven dietary treatments, including a negative control, a virginiamycin-positive control, and five graded ACX concentrations (20-320 ppm). Growth performance, carcass traits, internal organ weights, digestive tract dimensions, and ileal microbiota were assessed over a 35-day feeding trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ACX demonstrated antimicrobial activity (MIC = 80 μg/mL) and antioxidant potential (half-maximal inhibitory concentration = 57.3 μg/mL). Supplementing with 20 ppm ACX increased body weight by 7% and improved feed conversion ratio by 8% compared to control birds. Unlike AGPs, ACX supplementation did not increase feed intake, suggesting enhanced nutrient utilization. ACX also reduced abdominal fat and liver weight, with minimal impact on carcass yield or immune-related organs. Microbiota analysis revealed increased abundance of Firmicutes and decreased abundance of Proteobacteria in ACX- and AGP-fed groups, without disrupting microbial diversity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ACX supplementation at 20 ppm effectively enhanced broiler performance, reduced fat deposition, and modulated gut microbiota, offering a promising phytogenic alternative to AGPs. These findings support the integration of <i>C. xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb. extract into poultry nutrition strategies aimed at sustainable production.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"1944-1954"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in mules under general anesthesia induced with a high-dose xylazine-based protocol.","authors":"Pannawat Puangsubsin, Ashannut Isawirodom, Porrakote Rungsri, Nuttapon Satumay, Aree Laikul, Worakij Cherdchutham","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1936-1943","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1936-1943","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Echocardiographic assessment in equines is typically performed on standing animals; however, no studies have evaluated left ventricular function in anesthetized mules using high-dose xylazine. Given the unique pharmacokinetics in mules and their higher anesthetic requirements, this study aimed to assess the effects of acepromazine-xylazine-diazepam-ketamine anesthesia, using the upper limit xylazine dose (1.6 mg/kg), on the left ventricular size and function in mules.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Six healthy adult mules (18.83 ± 0.75 years; 263.83 ± 39.34 kg) were evaluated using standard two-dimensional and M-mode transthoracic echocardiography. Measurements were obtained before sedation (standing) and 13-min post-anesthetic induction (dorsal recumbency). Each mule received an intravenous injection of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg), xylazine (1.6 mg/kg), diazepam (0.1 mg/kg), and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg). Key echocardiographic parameters included interventricular septum thickness (interventricular septum in diastole and interventricular septum in systole), left ventricular internal diameters (left ventricular internal diameter in diastole and left ventricular internal diameter in systole [LVIDs]), posterior wall thickness (left ventricular posterior wall in diastole and left ventricular posterior wall in systole), ejection fraction (EF), and fractional shortening (FS). Statistical comparisons were made using paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Heart rate, EF, and FS significantly decreased post-anesthesia (p < 0.01), indicating reduced systolic function. Specifically, LVIDs increased from 4.60 ± 0.65 cm to 6.26 ± 0.48 cm (p < 0.01), while no significant changes were observed in diastolic parameters or respiratory rate. Anesthetic induction was smooth and graded as good to excellent in all cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>High-dose xylazine significantly suppressed systolic cardiac function in anesthetized mules without causing arrhythmias or bradyarrhythmia. The combination protocol was effective and provided safe anesthesia induction, with echocardiography proving feasible under dorsal recumbency. These findings support the cautious use of upper-limit xylazine dosing in mules and suggest echocardiographic monitoring as a valuable tool during anesthesia.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"1936-1943"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415125/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotechnology-driven strategies for tilapia vaccines: Comparative evaluation of nanoemulsions and silica nanoparticles against <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>.","authors":"Angela Mariana Lusiastuti, Siti Nurul Aisyiyah Jenie, Melati Septiyanti, Yulianti Sampora, Tanjung Penataseputro, Thavasimutu Citarasu, Desy Sugiani, Dewi Syahidah, Indah Dwiatmi Dewijanti, Hessy Novita, Tuti Sumiati, Uni Purwaningsih, Suryanto Suryanto, Brata Pantjara, Taufik Hadi Ramli, Pramuanggit Panggih Nugroho, Khairun Nisaa, Annisa Wening Maharani Putri","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1807-1818","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1807-1818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Streptococcosis, caused by <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>, is a significant disease in tilapia farming that results in substantial economic losses. While vaccination is the most effective method for prevention, current vaccines face challenges when administered orally or through immersion, primarily due to poor absorption and degradation in the fish's digestive system. Nanotechnology offers new ways to improve vaccine delivery and effectiveness. This review compares two nanoparticle (NPs)-based systems - nanoemulsions and silica NPs (SiNP) - for delivering vaccines to tilapia. Nanoemulsions are small, stable droplets that protect the vaccine and help it stick to mucosal surfaces, making them more effective in triggering immune responses. SiNP are highly stable and can protect vaccines under harsh conditions but still face challenges in particle size and vaccine loading. The review highlights important factors, including particle size, stability, and surfactant composition, that affect the vaccine's effectiveness. In practical terms, nanoemulsions are more suitable for use in Indonesia's tropical aquaculture settings because they are easier to apply, more stable, and more effective in their current formulations. Further research is needed to improve both systems, especially to ensure long-term safety, improve delivery to mucosal tissues, and reduce production costs. Nanotechnology-based vaccines have a strong potential to improve fish health and reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"1807-1818"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST 713 and L-arginine supplementation during late gestation on reproductive performance in Landrace × Yorkshire sows: A randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Thepsavanh Khoudphaithoune, Do Thi Kim Lanh, Nguyen Van Thanh, Bui Van Dung, Peerapol Sukon, Nguyen Hoai Nam","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2087-2094","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.2087-2094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Low birth weight and within-litter variations are major challenges in swine production, often exacerbated by highly prolific sow lines. Nutritional interventions such as amino acid and probiotic supplementation have shown promise, but their combined effects remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> QST 713 and L-arginine supplementation during late gestation on reproductive performance in sows.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A randomized trial was conducted on 247 Landrace × Yorkshire sows allocated to four dietary groups from day 85 of gestation to farrowing: (1) Basal diet (control), (2) basal diet + <i>B. subtilis</i>, (3) basal diet + L-arginine, and (4) basal diet + both supplements. Reproductive outcomes-including individual birth weight (IBW), total litter birth weight (TBW), born-alive birth weight (NBABW), proportion of runt (<1.1 kg) and large piglets (>1.5 kg), and within-litter coefficient of variation in birth weight [CVBW])-were assessed. Linear and generalized linear mixed models were used for analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Co-supplementation with <i>B. subtilis</i> and L-arginine significantly increased IBW (1434.7 g vs. 1310.0 g, p < 0.001), TBW (19.6 kg vs. 16.9 kg, p < 0.001), NBABW (18.1 kg vs. 15.9 kg, p = 0.006), and the proportion of large piglets (33.7% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.0002), while reducing runt piglet incidence (4.0% vs. 14.4%, p < 0.001). Neither supplement alone produced significant improvements. No treatment significantly affected litter size, CVBW, stillbirth, or mummification rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Co-supplementation of sows with <i>B. subtilis</i> and L-arginine during late gestation produces synergistic impro-vements in piglet birth weight and litter quality. This strategy offers a practical and cost-effective approach to enhance swine reproductive efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"2087-2094"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415144/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave-dried black soldier fly larvae enhance growth, intestinal health, and humoral immunity in broiler chickens: A functional feed approach.","authors":"Osfar Sjofjan, Ari Ardiantoro, Inaayah Novitri Cahyawati, Amalia Iffah Jihana, Muhammad Halim Natsir, Yuli Frita Nuningtyas, Danung Nur Adli","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1840-1849","DOIUrl":"10.14202/vetworld.2025.1840-1849","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The global demand for sustainable animal protein sources has led to the exploration of insects as alternative feed ingredients. Among these, black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) have demonstrated significant nutritional and functional potential. This study investigated the effects of microwave-dried BSF larvae meal (MDBSFM) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, humoral immune response, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in broiler chickens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 160 unsexed Lohmann broiler chickens were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T0-T4), with MDBSFM supplementation levels of 0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00%, respectively. Each treatment consisted of four replicates, each with eight birds. Growth performance metrics, organ weights, intestinal histomorphology, immunoglobulin levels (IgA and IgY), and IGF-1 mRNA expression were measured. Fatty acid composition of MDBSFM was analyzed by gas chromatography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MDBSFM supplementation significantly improved body weight gain, final body weight, and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), with optimal outcomes observed at 0.75% inclusion. Villus height in the ileum was markedly increased in the 0.50% and 0.75% groups (p < 0.01), suggesting enhanced nutrient absorption. IgA and IgY concentrations were significantly elevated in response to MDBSFM (p < 0.05), particularly in the T3 and T4 groups. Although IGF-1 mRNA expression did not differ significantly (p = 0.58), the highest fold change (1.54) was noted in the 1.00% group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Microwave-dried BSF larvae meal represents a promising functional feed additive capable of improving growth, intestinal health, and humoral immune responses in broilers without adverse effects. The high lauric acid content and bioactive compounds in MDBSFM may contribute to these beneficial effects. While IGF-1 upregulation trends warrant further molecular investigation, MDBSFM offers a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry diets. Future research should focus on microbiota profiling and large-scale commercial validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"18 7","pages":"1840-1849"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415133/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145030689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}