Veterinary World最新文献

{"title":"Dose-dependent effects of mitoquinone on mitochondrial function and post-thaw quality of cryopreserved canine sperm.","authors":"Abbas Farshad, Emilia Diel, Axel Wehrend","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1273-1286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1273-1286","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Cryopreservation is commonly used in canine reproductive biotechnology to preserve genetic material for long-term storage. However, the freeze-thaw process induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and structural damage in spermatozoa, thereby reducing post-thaw sperm quality and fertility potential. Mitoquinone (MitoQ), a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, has been suggested as a promising cryoprotective additive that mitigates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and enhances cellular integrity. This study aimed to assess the dose-dependent effects of MitoQ supplementation on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and the post-thaw quality of cryopreserved canine spermatozoa to identify an optimal concentration for semen cryopreservation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Semen samples were collected from 10 healthy and fertile male dogs of various breeds. Each ejaculate was divided into four equal parts and cryopreserved with a Tris-fructose-egg yolk extender supplemented with different MitoQ concentrations (0, 100, 200, or 400 nM). After four weeks of storage in liquid nitrogen, the samples were thawed and evaluated <i>in vitro</i>. Post-thaw sperm quality was measured using computer-assisted sperm analysis to assess motility and kinematic parameters. Additional evaluations included sperm viability, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation levels, apoptotic status via flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular hydrogen peroxide production. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with dog as a random effect, and significance was set at p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MitoQ supplementation had concentration-dependent effects on several sperm quality parameters. The 200 nM MitoQ group showed the most consistent improvements in post-thaw sperm quality. Total motility and curvilinear velocity were significantly higher at this concentration compared to the control and other treatment groups. Additionally, sperm treated with 200 nM MitoQ displayed improved plasma membrane and acrosome integrity, reduced lipid peroxidation, and a lower proportion of dead sperm cells. Trends toward increased viability and enhanced mitochondrial activity were also seen at this concentration. In contrast, 400 nM MitoQ supplementation was linked to decreased membrane integrity and increased oxidative stress markers, suggesting possible pro-oxidant effects at higher doses. Overall, the results indicate that moderate MitoQ supplementation supports mitochondrial redox balance and partially reduces cryo-induced damage in canine spermatozoa.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MitoQ supplementation at 200 nM modestly but consistently enhanced several <i>in vitro</i> indicators of post-thaw sperm quality in dogs, such as motility, membrane stability, and oxidative stress markers. These findings highlight the narrow therapeutic window of mitochond","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1273-1286"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110491/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth performance and physiometabolic safety of probiotic-Curcuma herbal supplementation in local female lambs of Indonesia.","authors":"Yanuartono Yanuartono, Alfarisa Nururrozi, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Alsi Dara Paryuni, Dwi Sunu Datrianto, Imron Rosyadi, Hary Purnamaningsih","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.964-977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.964-977","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The escalating demand for animal protein in Indonesia underscores the imperative for efficacious nutritional strategies to augment lamb productivity while safeguarding physiological integrity. Prior investigations have predominantly examined probiotics or herbal additives in isolation, yielding fragmented insights into their combined efficacy. This study endeavored to assess the integrated impacts of probiotic-herbal supplementation on growth performance, hematological indices, and serum biochemical profiles in local Indonesian lambs maintained on a concentrate-based ration, thereby furnishing comprehensive evidence on growth dynamics and physiometabolic safety.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Twelve female local lambs, aged approximately 6-7 months with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.33 ± 2.24 kg, were allocated into two cohorts: a control group receiving solely the basal diet and a treatment group administered the basal diet supplemented with a probiotic-herbal formulation. The supplement comprised <i>Lactobacillus</i> sp. (1.00 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL), <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. (1.00 × 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/mL), <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (5.25 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL), and <i>Azotobacter</i> sp. (8.20 × 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/mL), amalgamated with <i>Curcuma longa</i> and <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> (Herbal Farm, Sido Muncul, Semarang, Indonesia). The formulation was dispensed daily at 10 mL/L in drinking water over a 4-week duration following a 1-week acclimatization phase. BWs were quantified weekly utilizing a YDTech TCS-300 digital balance (Hangzhou Sifang Electronic Scales Co., Hangzhou, China). Blood specimens were procured post-treatment via jugular venipuncture into ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated tubes for hematological evaluation using a Sysmex automated analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Hyogo, Japan), encompassing red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume (PCV). Serum aliquots were analyzed for lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL]), hepatic enzymes (alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], gamma-glutamyl transferase), and protein fractions (total protein, albumin [ALB], globulin [GLOB], ALB:GLOB ratio) employing Biocheck kits (Biocheck, Reeuwijk, Netherlands). Clinical metrics, including body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rumen motility, were monitored weekly. Data underwent Shapiro-Wilk normality assessment followed by Student's t-test for intergroup comparisons (p < 0.05) via JMP software version 18 (SAS Institute Inc., North Carolina, USA). Ethical oversight was provided by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (approval 111/EC-FKH/Int./2025).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Clinical parameters in both cohorts resided within physiological norms, with the ","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"964-977"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110487/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Camel plasma as an innovative non-antibiotic therapy for <i>Escherichia coli</i>-induced colibacillosis in neonatal lambs: a comparative pilot study with antibiotics, camel milk, and probiotics under a One Health framework.","authors":"Hussein Radhi Tuama, Nameer A Khudhair, Mohanad Faris Abdulhameed","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1132-1148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1132-1148","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;Neonatal colibacillosis caused by &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/i&gt; is associated with high mortality in lambs, resulting in significant economic losses and contributing to concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Conventional treatment relies heavily on antibiotics, but non-antibiotic alternatives are urgently needed to reduce AMR and support passive immunity transfer. This pilot study evaluated camel plasma as a novel non-antibiotic therapeutic option for &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt; infection in neonatal lambs, comparing its efficacy with antibiotics, camel milk, and commercial probiotics, while aligning with One Health principles to promote sustainable livestock production and reduce zoonotic risks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Rectal swab samples from 10 naturally diarrheic lambs were initially collected and subjected to bacteriological culture on MacConkey and Eosin methylene blue agars, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the &lt;i&gt;uidA&lt;/i&gt; gene (162 base pair amplicon) for species confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against five antibiotics. Twenty diarrheic lambs (≤ 2 weeks of age, Awassi breed) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 5 each) for a 5-day intervention: antibiotics (gentamicin and ciprofloxacin administered intramuscularly), camel milk (5 mL/kg orally twice daily), camel plasma (5 mL/kg subcutaneously daily), and probiotics (5 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; colony-forming units orally twice daily). Clinical parameters (appetite, hydration, fecal consistency, activity), hematological values (white blood cell [WBC] count, granulocytes, red blood cells, etc.), biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, liver enzymes), and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) were assessed before and after treatment. The physicochemical properties of camel milk were also determined. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test (p &lt; 0.05).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;All isolates were confirmed as &lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;, showing 40%-60% susceptibility to the tested antibiotics. Camel milk composition averaged 3.29% fat, 3.83% protein, and 5.80% lactose. The camel plasma group exhibited the most pronounced clinical improvements, including markedly better appetite, activity, hydration status, and fecal consistency (returning to soft/pasty), with no adverse reactions observed. All treatments significantly reduced WBC counts (from 14.78 ± 3.60 to approximately 7 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L) and granulocyte counts (from 10.98 ± 3.26 to approximately 4 × 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;/L; p &lt; 0.05). Biochemical parameters such as albumin, total protein, globulin, and creatinine showed moderate increases in the camel plasma group. ELISA results demonstrated significant stabilization o","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1132-1148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110476/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative effects of mineral block, capsule, and tablet supplementation on growth performance, mineral intake, and serum mineral status of thin-tailed Indonesian sheep.","authors":"Gunawan Gunawan, Erna Winarti, Harwi Kusnadi, Wulandari Wulandari, Ririen Indriawaty Altandjung, Heru Ponco Wardono, Zein Ahmad Baihaqi, Novia Qomariyah, Moh Sofi'ul Anam, Yuni Suranindyah","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1287-1299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1287-1299","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Optimizing mineral supplementation strategies is crucial to enhance growth performance, mineral utilization, and economic efficiency in small ruminant production systems, especially under tropical smallholder conditions where mineral deficiencies often occur. Different forms of mineral supplements may affect intake behavior, bioavailability, and physiological responses. This study examined the comparative effects of three mineral supplement forms, block, capsule, and tablet, on growth performance, mineral intake, and serum mineral status in thin-tailed Indonesian sheep under tropical management conditions.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty clinically healthy, thin-tailed Indonesian rams (initial live weight 17.62 ± 3.41 kg; aged 6-8 months) were assigned to a randomized complete block design with four treatments and 10 replicates for a 10-week feeding trial. The treatments included: T0 (control, no mineral supplement), T1 (mineral block), T2 (mineral capsule), and T3 (mineral tablet). All animals received the same basal diet, consisting of cultivated grass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i>) offered <i>ad libitum</i> and wheat pollard concentrate at 1.5% of live weight on a dry matter (DM) basis. Growth performance parameters were analyzed using analysis of covariance with initial body weight as a covariate, while mineral intake and serum mineral concentrations were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 70 for serum mineral analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>DM intake did not differ significantly among treatments (p > 0.05). However, mineral supplementation significantly influenced growth performance. Rams receiving mineral blocks (T1) showed the highest average daily gain (71.29 g/head/day), which was 26.6% higher than the control group (56.29 g/head/day) (p < 0.05). Capsule (64.36 g/day) and tablet (65.64 g/day) supplementation produced intermediate responses. Feed gain ratio did not differ among treatments. The highest income over feed cost was recorded in T1 (3,448 IDR/head/day). Mineral supplementation significantly increased calcium and chloride intake compared to the control. Serum potassium and copper concentrations were significantly higher in supplemented groups, whereas calcium, manganese, and zinc levels remained unaffected.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Mineral supplementation improved growth performance, mineral intake, and economic returns in thin-tailed Indonesian sheep without impacting DM intake. Among the tested delivery methods, mineral block supplementation was the most effective, offering the highest growth rate and an economic advantage while maintaining stable serum mineral levels. These results suggest that mineral block supplementation is a practical and scalable approach for enhancing productivity in tropical smallholder sheep production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1287-1299"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110507/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of <i>Ferula asafoetida</i> extract and condensed tannins from raisin pomace on <i>in vitro</i> cecal fermentation kinetics and nutrient digestibility in horses.","authors":"Hossein Dehghan, Sima Moghaddaszadeh-Ahrabi, Hossein Hashemzadeh-Farhang, Parisa Shahbazi, Babak Nobari","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.905-919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.905-919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The equine hindgut depends on microbial fermentation for efficient nutrient utilization but remains vulnerable to dysbiosis, hindgut acidosis, and suboptimal fiber digestion. Growing restrictions on antibiotic and synthetic feed additives have increased interest in natural phytogenic compounds. Medicinal plant extracts and condensed tannins are promising candidates to modulate microbial activity, improve fermentation efficiency, and enhance nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of hydroalcoholic extract of <i>Ferula asafoetida</i> and condensed tannins extracted from raisin pomace on equine cecal fermentation parameters and nutrient utilization using <i>in vitro</i> gas production and batch culture techniques.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A 2 × 2 factorial <i>in vitro</i> design was used with four treatments: control (C; basal diet only), <i>F. asafoetida</i> extract (A; 30 mg), condensed tannins from raisin pomace (G; 50 mg), and their combination (A × G). Fecal inoculum was collected from four healthy 14-month-old Arabian geldings adapted for 14 days to a forage-based maintenance diet. Fermentation kinetics were evaluated over 120 h using the <i>in vitro</i> gas production technique and fitted to the Gompertz model. Parallel batch cultures measured pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), and apparent disappearances of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cumulative gas production at 120 h was significantly higher in G (340.5 mL) and A × G (340.3 mL) than in C (228.8 mL) (p < 0.01), with faster fermentation rates and shorter lag times (p < 0.01). Terminal pH values remained stable (6.33-6.40) across treatments with no indication of acidosis. NH₃-N concentrations were elevated in G (26.0 mg/dL) and A × G (25.5 mg/dL) compared with C (24.5 mg/dL) (p < 0.01). Apparent digestibility improved markedly: DM increased from 64.5% (C) to 70.3% (G), CP from 60.3% (C) to 66.9% (G), with parallel positive trends observed for ADF and NDF (p < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Supplementation with <i>F. asafoetida</i> extract and condensed tannins from raisin pomace, especially in combination, enhanced fermentation efficiency, accelerated substrate degradation, and improved nutrient digestibility while maintaining stable pH in an <i>in vitro</i> equine cecal model. These findings indicate strong potential for these phytogenic compounds as sustainable natural feed additives to optimize equine hindgut function. <i>In vivo</i> validation, dose optimization, and long-term microbiome studies are recommended to confirm practical efficacy and safety in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"905-919"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110502/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of genotype II African swine fever virus circulating in three provinces of Indonesia, 2021-2023.","authors":"Atik Ratnawati, Risza Hartawan, Indrawati Sendow, Sumarningsih Sumarningsih, Muharam Saepulloh, Simson Tarigan, Harimurti Nuradji, Ni Luh Putu Indi Dharmayanti, I Wayan Teguh Wibawan, Ni Luh Putu Ika Mayasari","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1010-1026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1010-1026","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and often fatal hemorrhagic viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs. Since its emergence in Indonesia in 2019, ASF virus (ASFV) has spread across multiple islands and become endemic in numerous provinces. Previous molecular investigations have consistently identified genotype II as the predominant circulating genotype; however, these studies offered limited information on intra-genotypic diversity, geographic distribution, and temporal genetic stability across distant regions. The present study aimed to determine the genotype and evaluate genetic variations of representative ASFV strains responsible for outbreaks in East Kalimantan, North Sumatra, and East Nusa Tenggara provinces during 2021-2023. Molecular characterization was performed using the partial &lt;i&gt;B646L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p72&lt;/i&gt;) gene, the complete &lt;i&gt;E183L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p54&lt;/i&gt;) gene, and the tandem repeat sequences within the intergenic region between &lt;i&gt;I73R&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;I329L&lt;/i&gt; genes. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first multi-province and multi-year analysis of ASFV in Indonesia employing this combined molecular approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 33 clinical specimens (organs and swabs) collected from affected backyard pigs and farm environments in Berau City (East Kalimantan), Pematang Siantar (North Sumatra) and Kupang (East Nusa Tenggara) were screened for ASFV by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the &lt;i&gt;B646L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p72&lt;/i&gt;) gene. Five representative samples, selected based on cycle threshold values and geographic representation, were subjected to conventional PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of the three target genomic regions. Nucleotide sequences were assembled, aligned, and analyzed phylogenetically using neighbor-joining and minimum evolution methods with 1 000 bootstrap replicates. Amino acid translations and tandem repeat motif comparisons were conducted to detect insertions, deletions, or sequence polymorphisms relative to reference strains.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;ASFV DNA was detected in all 33 specimens. Phylogenetic analyses of partial &lt;i&gt;B646L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p72&lt;/i&gt;) and full-length &lt;i&gt;E183L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p54&lt;/i&gt;) sequences unambiguously classified the five Indonesian isolates within genotype II, clustering closely with contemporary Asian genotype II strains. Sequence analysis of the &lt;i&gt;E183L&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;p54&lt;/i&gt;) gene revealed a previously unreported insertion of five amino acids (PVTDN motif) at positions 121-125 in the two isolates originating from North Sumatra; this duplication was absent from all other Indonesian and Southeast Asian genotype II sequences examined. Intergenic region analysis demonstrated that all isolates belonged to the IGR II variant, characterized by two identical 10-nucleotide GGAATATATA tandem repeat units. This motif showed 100% identity across the 2021-2023 samples and matched the configu","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1010-1026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110478/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, optimization, and <i>in vitro</i> antimicrobial evaluation of a clove leaf oil nanoemulsion against bovine mastitis-associated pathogens.","authors":"Afduha Nurus Syamsi, Suyadi Suyadi, Lilik Eka Radiati, Tri Eko Susilorini","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1257-1272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1257-1272","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;Bovine mastitis is one of the most economically significant diseases affecting dairy cattle, leading to substantial losses due to decreased milk yield, higher treatment costs, and lower milk quality. Iodine-based teat disinfectants are commonly used to prevent mastitis but have several limitations, such as milk residue contamination, potential skin irritation, environmental persistence, and concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Plant-derived antimicrobials have thus gained interest as potential alternatives. Clove leaf oil from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry contains eugenol and other bioactive compounds with strong antimicrobial activity. However, its use is limited by poor water solubility and physicochemical instability. This study aimed to develop and optimize a clove leaf oil nanoemulsion (CLON) using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) and to evaluate its physicochemical properties and in vitro antimicrobial activity against pathogens associated with bovine mastitis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study followed a three-phase sequential workflow. Phase I involved screening and optimizing the formulation of CLON using SNEDDS technology. Nine ratios of clove leaf oil, Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), and Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) were initially tested, followed by optimization with an I-optimal mixture design. Phase II included physicochemical characterization and assessing the thermodynamic stability of the optimized nanoemulsion, such as measurements of transmittance, pH, emulsification time, droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy morphology. Phase III examined the in vitro antimicrobial activity of CLON against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans through agar diffusion assays, determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and killing-time kinetics. Inhibition zone data were analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The optimized CLON formulation contained 14.29% clove leaf oil, 68.56% Tween 80, and 17.15% PEG 400. The nanoemulsion showed high optical clarity (93.36 ± 0.25%), physiological pH (7.13 ± 0.01), rapid emulsification (35.46 ± 0.08 s), nanoscale droplet size (25.19 ± 2.31 nm), low polydispersity index (0.30 ± 0.04), and strong negative zeta potential (-45.07 ± 8.15 mV), indicating excellent stability. CLON demonstrated significant concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity (p &lt; 0.01) against all tested microorganisms. The MIC and MBC values were 12.5% and 50% (v/v), respectively, indicating bactericidal activity. In the killing-time assay, 25% CLON achieved &gt;3 log&lt;sub&gt;10&lt;/sub&gt; colony-forming units/mL reduction within 60 min.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;The optimized CLON displayed favorable physicochemical properties, strong thermod","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1257-1272"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> and associated risk factors in domestic dogs from a high-altitude endemic region of the Peruvian Andes.","authors":"Margarita Isabel Huamán Alvites, Oscar Elias Huamán Alvites, William Marcelino Quispe Paredes, Aldo Alim Valderrama Pomé","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1149-1162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1149-1162","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;Cystic echinococcosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the cestode &lt;i&gt;Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt;. This study aimed to determine the coprevalence of &lt;i&gt;E. granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt; in owned domestic dogs and to identify associated epidemiological risk factors in a high-altitude endemic district of the Peruvian Andes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;An analytical, community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the district of Ascension, Huancavelica, Peru (altitude 3,650 m), from April to December 2021. Simple random sampling selected 159 households across nine communities. Fresh fecal samples were collected from 453 owned dogs. Diagnosis combined conventional coproparasitological examination using the simple flotation technique for helminth eggs and copro-polymerase chain reaction targeting the mitochondrial &lt;i&gt;cox1&lt;/i&gt; gene for specific detection of &lt;i&gt;E. granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt; DNA. An interviewer-administered epidemiological questionnaire captured owner demographics, household characteristics, dog management practices, and cohabitation with livestock. Associations were assessed using the Chi-square test, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals; statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05. Data were analyzed using SPSS v.25 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The overall coprevalence of &lt;i&gt;E. granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt; was 10.8% (49/453; 95% CI: 7.9-13.8). Village-specific prevalences were highest in Pastales (29.4%) and Sacsalla (16.7%). Canine positivity showed significant associations with household cohabitation with donkeys (p &lt; 0.05) and alpacas (p &lt; 0.01). Households of copro-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive dogs raised significantly more alpacas (mean = 293) than households of negative dogs (mean = 215) (p &lt; 0.01). Concurrent gastrointestinal helminths included &lt;i&gt;Strongyloides&lt;/i&gt; sp. (7.2%), &lt;i&gt;Taenia&lt;/i&gt; sp. (6.6%), &lt;i&gt;Toxascaris&lt;/i&gt; sp. (1.8%), and &lt;i&gt;Trichuris&lt;/i&gt; sp. (0.4%). Statistically significant coinfection patterns were observed between &lt;i&gt;E. granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt; and both &lt;i&gt;Taenia&lt;/i&gt; sp. and Strongyloides sp. (p &lt; 0.01 each). No significant associations emerged with dog sex, owner educational level, housing materials, water source, or sanitation infrastructure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Active transmission of &lt;i&gt;E. granulosus sensu lato&lt;/i&gt; is confirmed in domestic dogs in this high-altitude Andean setting, perpetuated primarily by the dog-alpaca epidemiological interface and likely facilitated by unsupervised home slaughter and raw offal feeding practices. The moderate-to-high coprevalence, together with identified livestock cohabitation risk factors and helminth coinfection patterns, indicates a persistent zoonotic threat to human health. Implementation of a One Health strategy, including quarterly praziquantel-based canine deworming, regulation of domest","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1149-1162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110501/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-level endemic circulation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in slaughtered pigs from Meghalaya, Northeast India: A cross-sectional seroepidemiological study.","authors":"Arockiasamy Arun Prince Milton, Kandhan Srinivas, Sabia Khan, Sharanagouda S Patil, Kekungu Puro, Sandeep Ghatak, Vivek Joshi, Samir Das","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1043-1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1043-1051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a major transboundary viral disease of pigs, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. Repeated outbreaks and molecular evidence from Northeastern states indicate endemic virus circulation. Meghalaya, where pig production is dominated by smallholder and backyard systems with limited biosecurity, remains poorly characterized from a seroepidemiological perspective. This study aimed to estimate the apparent and true seroprevalence of PRRS virus in slaughtered pigs from Meghalaya and to evaluate selected animal-level risk factors.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional serosurvey was conducted between August 2023 and July 2024 at an organized slaughterhouse in Shillong, Meghalaya. A total of 413 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy pigs originating from four districts: Ri Bhoi, East Khasi Hills, Eastern West Khasi Hills, and West Jaintia Hills. Sera were screened for virus-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies using the HerdChek® PRRS X3 Antibody Test based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apparent seroprevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Agresti-Coull method, while true prevalence was estimated using the Rogan-Gladen estimator. Univariate analysis was performed to assess associations between seropositivity and age, sex, breed, and district of origin using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with odds ratios and 95% CIs used to quantify associations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 413 serum samples tested, 21 were seropositive, resulting in an apparent seroprevalence of 5.08% (95% CI: 3.31-7.69). The estimated true prevalence was 3.94% (95% CI: 2.98-6.60). District-wise seroprevalence ranged from 1.23% to 8.85%, with the highest proportion of seropositive animals observed in East Khasi Hills. No statistically significant associations were detected between seropositivity and age, sex, or breed (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The detection of antibodies in slaughtered pigs confirms low-level endemic circulation of the virus in Meghalaya. Although the observed prevalence was moderate, the findings indicate a latent risk of future outbreaks under prevailing low biosecurity production systems. Sustained surveillance, strengthened biosecurity measures, and integration of serological monitoring into regional disease control programs are essential to safeguard pig health, rural livelihoods, and food security in Northeast India.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1043-1051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110493/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One Health assessment of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in humans, livestock, and snail vectors in peri-urban Rwanda.","authors":"Jean Bosco Ntivuguruzwa, Pie Ntampaka, Edmond Twagirayezu, Serene Isingizwe, Jacques Habumugisha, Valens Mbonyinshuti, Jean Damascene Bariyanga, Margaret Tumusiime, Viateur Manirarora, Eric Sibomana, Jean Bosco Mbonigaba, Ephrasia A Hugho, AbdulHamid S Lukambagire, Martin Ntawubizi","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2026.1368-1386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1368-1386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Fascioliasis and schistosomiasis are significant snail-borne trematode infections that affect humans and livestock in tropical regions, leading to notable public health and economic impacts. In Rwanda, previous studies have examined these diseases separately in humans or animals, but integrated surveillance encompassing humans, livestock, and snail vectors is missing. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, transmission patterns, and related risk factors of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in humans, livestock, and freshwater snails, using a One Health approach in peri-urban districts of Kigali City, Rwanda.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional One Health study was conducted from November 2023 to July 2024 in Gasabo and Kicukiro districts. Fecal samples were collected from livestock at farms (n = 120) and at the Nyabugogo abattoir (n = 150), and examined using sedimentation and postmortem inspection techniques. Human samples (n = 120) were analyzed with the Flukefinder® technique and direct microscopy. Freshwater snails (n = 222) were collected from 15 wetlands and rivers using a 500 μm mesh kick-net, identified morphologically, and examined for cercarial shedding. Water physicochemical parameters were measured at each sampling site. Logistic regression and descriptive statistics were employed to evaluate prevalence and risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of fascioliasis in farm livestock was 40.8%, whereas schistosomiasis prevalence was 7.5%. At the abattoir, fascioliasis prevalence was 33.3%, and no schistosomiasis lesions were detected. Animals with lower body condition scores had significantly higher odds of <i>Fasciola</i> infection (OR = 43.33, p = 0.002). All <i>Schistosoma</i>-positive animals originated from Masaka sector (p < 0.0001). Among 222 snails collected, 1.4% shed cercariae, including <i>Biomphalaria pfeifferi</i>, <i>Biomphalaria sudanica</i>, and <i>Lymnaea natalensis</i>. Environmental parameters were generally favorable for snail survival, although only temperature showed significant association with cercarial shedding. No human infections were detected, likely due to low egg shedding or sampling limitations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This initial integrated One Health study in peri-urban Rwanda reveals active transmission of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in livestock and snail vectors, suggesting a potential risk for human infection despite no current human cases. The detection of infected snails near livestock farms and wetlands indicates transmission hotspots that call for coordinated control efforts. Recommendations include regular livestock deworming, snail control, environmental management, and community education programs. Further longitudinal and molecular studies are necessary to better understand transmission dynamics and to support national One Health surveillance for neglected tropical diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"19 3","pages":"1368-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13110475/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147782171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}