Veterinary World最新文献

{"title":"Effects of dietary garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i>) and papaya (<i>Carica papaya</i>) leaf powder on production performance, ruminal methanogen levels, gut parameters, and meat quality in goats.","authors":"Qurrat-Ul-Ain, Imtiaz Rabbani, Muhammad Afzal Rashid, Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf, Wasim Shehzad, Habib Rehman","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2659-2666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2659-2666","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Several approaches have been employed to mitigate methane emissions from livestock, with varied results. This study evaluated the effects of shade-dried ground garlic leaf (GL) powder and papaya leaf (PL) powder as crop waste on feed intake, growth performance, ruminal microbial counts, gut epithelial barrier functions, and meat quality in goats.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty male adult Beetal goats were randomly divided into five treatment groups: (1) Control (basal diet only); (2) basal diet supplemented with 6% bromodichloromethane (BCM); (3) basal diet supplemented with 30% GL powder; (4) basal diet supplemented with 26% PL powder; and (5) basal diet supplemented with 30% GL powder and 26% PL powder (GP).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Average weight gain, feed conversion ratio, fecal score, and albumin improved in the GP. Aspartate transferase increased significantly in BCM, GL, and PL and was insignificant in the GP group compared with the C group. There was a 13% decrease in methanogen count in PL compared with C, but this difference was not significant between BCM and GP. Ruminal bacteria and protozoa were lowest in GL. Ruminal papilla height and surface area increased in the supplemented groups compared with C (p < 0.05). <i>In vitro</i> experiments using isolated ruminal epithelia revealed a 39% increase in short-circuit current in GP compared with C (p < 0.05). For meat parameters, the pH 24 h decreased significantly in GL compared to BCM.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dietary supplementations with GL and PL alone or in combination improved growth parameters and gut performance and reduced rumen methanogen levels without altering meat quality parameters. Proper diet formulation and further research on other ruminants may help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2659-2666"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> anthelmintic activity of <i>Phyllanthus niruri</i> Linn., <i>Andrographis paniculata</i>, <i>Curcuma xanthorrhiza</i> Roxb., and <i>Curcuma aeruginosa</i> Roxb. ethanol extracts on the motility and cuticle damage of <i>Ascaridia galli</i>.","authors":"Risa Tiuria, Lina Noviyanti Sutardi, Arifin Budiman Nugraha, Mawar Subangkit","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2488-2496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2488-2496","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and aim: &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;i&gt;Ascaridia galli&lt;/i&gt;, a nematode that frequently infects the digestive tract of chickens, is a significant concern for poultry health. In response, the use of medicinal plant-derived anthelmintics was proposed as a potential solution. This study observed the &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; effectiveness of a single, graded dose of the ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;Andrographis paniculata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Phyllanthus niruri&lt;/i&gt; L., &lt;i&gt;Curcuma xanthorrhiza&lt;/i&gt; Roxb., &lt;i&gt;and Curcuma aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; Roxb. on the movement activity of adult &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt; every hour for 6 h, followed by an analysis of worm cuticle damage in &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/strong&gt;A randomized block design was used. Adult &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt; were collected from the intestinal lumen of fresh free-range chickens. Each petri dish contained two &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt; for each treatment with three replications. Each plant extract (&lt;i&gt;A. paniculata, P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L., &lt;i&gt;C. xanthorrhiza&lt;/i&gt; Roxb., and &lt;i&gt;C. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; Roxb.) was evaluated with three distinct doses, which were 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL, and 1000 μg/mL; 0.9% sodium chloride solution was used as a negative control, and 500 μg/mL Albendazole solution was used as a positive control. The active compound content of &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L., &lt;i&gt;C. xanthorrhiza&lt;/i&gt; Roxb., and &lt;i&gt;C. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; Roxb. extracts were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The movement activity of &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;galli&lt;/i&gt; was determined by the percentage score value from the 1&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; to the 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; h in each treatment group, followed by analysis of damage to the &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt; cuticle layer using a nano-microscope and histopathological images.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Analysis of variance demonstrated that at doses of 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, the ethanol extracts of &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L., &lt;i&gt;C. xanthorrhiza&lt;/i&gt; Roxb., and &lt;i&gt;C. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; Roxb. did not have a significant effect on the effectiveness of &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt;'s &lt;i&gt;motility&lt;/i&gt; (&gt;0.005). However, at a dose of 1000 μg/mL, the ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L., &lt;i&gt;C. xanthorrhiza&lt;/i&gt; Roxb., and &lt;i&gt;C. aeruginosa&lt;/i&gt; Roxb. reduced the motility of &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt;. Importantly, the motility of &lt;i&gt;A. galli&lt;/i&gt; in the dose of 1000 μg/mL &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L. extract groups was very weak and significantly different (p &lt; 0.001) compared to the negative control group. The content of the active compound Andrographolide in the ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt; and the active compound 5-Methoxybenzimidazole in the extract of &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L. are strongly suspected to play an important role in damaging and shedding the cuticle layer of &lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;galli&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;All herbal extracts have anthelmintic activity at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Extracts of &lt;i&gt;A. paniculata&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. niruri&lt;/i&gt; L","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2488-2496"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736371/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial study of dengue and its association with livestock farming in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia.","authors":"Dila Hening Windyaraini, Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo, Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, Prima Widayani, Suwarno Hadisusanto","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2667-2674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2667-2674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Dengue fever is a recurring arboviral disease. The presence of livestock and domestic animals potentially increases the risk of dengue fever in an area due to the shared habitats of vectors and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the vulnerability map of dengue disease and identify the influence of livestock and domestic animals on the number of cases in Bantul Regency.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An observational study was conducted in 3 <i>Kapanewon</i> (subdistricts) in the Bantul regency, known as the dengue-endemic area. The locations of 302 cases were recorded using the Global Positioning System. Dengue case density was analyzed using Kernel Density Estimation, and vulnerability was assessed using an overlay in ArcGIS Desktop 10.8. Furthermore, buffer analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between case density and the presence of livestock and pet pens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Banguntapan, Kasihan, and Sewon subdistricts had high vulnerability areas of 424.12 Ha (14.97%), 334.76 Ha (10.46%), and 196.12 Ha (7.05%), respectively. The villages with dengue hotspots were Banguntapan and Potorono (Banguntapan Subdistrict) and Tirtonirmolo (Kasihan Subdistrict). The highest number of patients (180 cases) occurred at a buffer distance of <100 m from houses to livestock pens, closely related to the flight distance of <i>Aedes</i> spp. mosquitoes, the dengue vector.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The three subdistricts were predominantly characterized by low dengue vulnerability. However, livestock and domestic animal pens are significant risk factors. This information is crucial for effectively controlling and managing dengue disease in Bantul Regency.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2667-2674"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of gastrointestinal and blood parasites in horses of Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand.","authors":"Tanakorn Phetkarl, Punpichaya Fungwithaya, Kittima Lewchalermvong, Narin Sontigun","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2460-2468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2460-2468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>The global prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) and blood parasite infections in horses is a significant concern due to their substantial impact on morbidity, mortality, and economic losses in the horse industry. In Thailand, limited research has been conducted on these parasites in horse populations, and data from southern Thailand are lacking. Consequently, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GI and blood parasites in horses in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In total, 79 fecal and blood samples were collected from horses across 11 farms in Nakhon Si Thammarat province. The fecal examination was conducted using simple flotation, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, and a modified McMaster technique. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify blood and strongyle parasites. The influence of sex, age, and body condition score on the prevalence of GI parasites was also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Six GI parasites were detected: four nematodes (<i>Oxyuris equi</i>, <i>Parascaris equorum</i>, strongyles, and <i>Strongyloides westeri</i>), one trematode (<i>Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus</i>), and one protozoan (<i>Eimeria leuckarti</i>). The overall prevalence of GI parasites was 74.7%, with single strongyle infections accounting for the highest proportion at 50.6%, followed by co-infections of strongyles and <i>G. aegyptiacus</i> at 10.1%. All 11 pooled strongyle samples were positive for cyathostomins and <i>Strongylus vulgaris</i> using conventional PCR with specific primers. Sex was significantly associated with the overall prevalence of GI parasites, whereas both sex and age were significant risk factors for infection by strongyle parasites. <i>Theileria equi</i> was the only blood parasite species detected in the surveyed horses, with a prevalence of 1.3% (n = 1/79).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study is the first to estimate the prevalence of GI and blood parasites in horses from Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Thailand. These findings highlight the importance of implementing control measures against GI parasites and are pivotal for developing effective infection prevention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2460-2468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736380/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postbiotic studies of mixed cultures of <i>Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis LH991</i> and <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> B-5P produced b<i>y in vitro</i> rumen producing short-chain fatty acid.","authors":"Yetti Marlida, Tan Joo Shun, Syofyan Syofyan, Laily Rinda Ardani, Lili Anggraini","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2694-2700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2694-2700","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds or bioactive molecules with beneficial effects on health and functional activities in humans or livestock, produced by probiotic bacteria or yeast. Several postbiotics, including enzymes, short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, extracellular polysaccharides, microbial cell fragments, and teichoic acids, are currently being widely studied. This study aimed to explore the potential of secondary metabolites of <i>Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis</i> <i>LH 991</i> and <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> <i>B-5P</i> as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast isolated from Budu (fermented fish) which can act as postbiotics through <i>in vitro</i> rumen fermentation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The method used a completely randomized design 5 × 4, with five treatments and four replications. The substrate diet consisted of 60% forage and 40% concentrate. The culture mixture was 1.3 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL with a 50%:50% ratio of <i>S. harbinensis</i> <i>LH 991</i> and <i>P. kudriavzevii B-5P</i>. The inoculum concentrations used in this study were 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Treatments are arranged based on differences in inoculum concentration as follows: T0: control (0%); T1: 1%; T2: 2%; T3: 3%; and T4: 4%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The T4 group showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), including acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate acids, compared with the other treatments. Meanwhile, T4 shows that there is no significant (p > 0.01) effect on <i>in vitro</i> digestibility (<i>in vitro</i> dry matter digestibility, <i>in vitro</i> organic matter digestibility, and <i>in vitro</i> crude fiber digestibility). However, a highly significant (p < 0.01) effect was on volatile fatty acid total, NH₃, and microbial crude protein synthesis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded that the treatment with a 4% inoculum concentration (T4) containing a mixture of <i>S. harbinensis LH 991</i> and <i>P. kudriavzevii B-5P</i> as LAB and yeast isolated from Budu (fermented fish) in 50%:50% ratio increased SCFA and rumen fermentation significantly, whereas it did not affect <i>in vitro</i> digestibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2694-2700"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of potassium peroxymonosulfate against enveloped viruses using an aqueous phase and its application on various contaminated carrier surfaces and artificially avian influenza virus-contaminated clothes.","authors":"Sakchai Ruenphet, Nutnaree Kunanusont, Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2595-2602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2595-2602","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Potassium peroxymonosulfate (PPMS) is a broad-spectrum disinfectant that oxidizes viral protein capsids. The effectiveness of PPMS in killing viruses depends on several factors, including its concentration, contact time, and present of organic materials. This study evaluated the efficacy of PPMS in an aqueous phase. It also applied PPMS to artificially avian influenza virus (AIV)-contaminated carrier surfaces and clothes and compared its effectiveness with that of sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Four PPMS concentrations (1×, 0.5×, 0.25×, and 0.125×), were evaluated for their virucidal efficacy against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and AIV in an aqueous phase. The evaluation included testing in the absence and presence of organic materials under different exposure times, such as 5 s, 30 s, 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, and 15 min. AIV inactivation was assessed on contaminated carrier surfaces, such as stainless steel, rubber, plastic, and artificially contaminated clothes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In aqueous phase, concentrations of 1×, 0.5×, 0.25×, and 0.125× inactivated NDV in the absence of organic materials within 5 s, 5 s, 5 min, and 15 min at concentrations of 1×, 0.5×, 0.25×, and 0.125×, respectively. In the presence of organic material contamination, NDV could be inactivated within 30 s for 1×, 1 min for 0.5×, and 10 min for 0.25×; however, 0.125× PPMS did not achieve inactivation within 15 min. PPMS concentrations of 1×, 0.5×, 0.25×, and 0.125× inactivated AIV within 5 s, 5 s, 5 s, and 30 s, respectively, in both the absence and presence of organic materials. PPMS at a concentration of 1× could inactivate AIV on all carriers within 30 s. PPMS at 0.5× and 0.25× concentrations could inactivate AIV within 30 s on rubber and plastic; inactivation occurred within 1 min on stainless steel. However, 0.125× PPMS and 1× QAC could not achieve inactivation within 3 min on all carriers. Finally, PPMS concentrations of 1×, 0.5×, 0.25×, and 0.125× inactivated AIV on rayon sheets within 5 s, 30 s, 5 min, and 15 min, respectively. However, the recommended NaDCC concentration achieved inactivation within 10 min, whereas QAC did not achieve inactivation within 15 min.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PPMS can inactivate enveloped viruses such as NDV and AIV. Furthermore, PPMS is superior to NaDCC and QAC for inactivating viruses on various carrier surfaces and artificially contaminated clothes. However, the virucidal efficacy of PPMS depends on the optimal concentration, organic material conditions, and exposure/contact timing. Therefore, PPMS is a promising alternative disinfectant crucial for enhancing biosecurity and controlling viruses that contaminate animal farms, slaughterhouses, and hospitals.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2595-2602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736356/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular prevalence of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis</i>, and <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> in dogs and associated ticks in Egypt: Emerging One Health challenging zoonoses.","authors":"Zeinab S Ahmed, Nada Hesham, Taher M Abdelhamid, Mahmoud E Hashad, Hossam Mahmoud","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2586-2594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2586-2594","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Tick-borne pathogens pose a significant problem in canines, other animals, and humans worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of <i>Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis</i>, and <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> in dogs and associated ticks in Egypt.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Blood samples from 110 tick-infested dogs and 550 whole ticks (divided into 110 pools) were collected and tested for the targeted pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 110 dog blood samples, <i>B. burgdorferi</i> DNA was detected in three samples, <i>E. canis</i> in six samples, and <i>C. burnetii</i> in one kenneled dog. Among the 110 tick pools, <i>B. burgdorferi</i> was detected in four pools, <i>E. canis</i> in 12 pools, and <i>C. burnetii</i> in three pools from kenneled dogs. The overall prevalence of the three agents in dog and tick samples were 3.18%, 8.18%, and 1.81%, respectively. Simultaneous positive PCR reactions in both dogs and their associated tick pools were observed in four cases. <i>B. burgdorferi</i> and <i>E. canis</i> were simultaneously detected in two dogs and two tick pools, whereas <i>C. burnetii</i> was detected in one dog but not in any tick pools. The three agents were simultaneously detected in one dog, but none were found in the corresponding tick pools. A mixed infection of <i>C. burnetii</i> and <i>B. burgdorferi</i> was observed in one dog and one tick pool.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Molecular diagnosis is the most reliable method for detecting <i>B. burgdorferi, E. canis</i>, and <i>C. burnetii</i> in dogs and associated ticks. <i>E. canis</i> showed the highest prevalence in both dog and tick samples followed by <i>B. burgdorferi</i> while <i>C. burnetti</i> showed the lowest prevalence. The potential transmission of these diseases from companion dogs to humans through ticks presents a significant challenge for the One Health concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2586-2594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of veterinary and medically important blood parasites using contrastive loss-based self-supervised learning.","authors":"Supasuta Busayakanon, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Natchapon Pinetsuksai, Teerawat Tongloy, Santhad Chuwongin, Siridech Boonsang, Veerayuth Kittichai","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2619-2634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2619-2634","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Zoonotic diseases caused by various blood parasites are important public health concerns that impact animals and humans worldwide. The traditional method of microscopic examination for parasite diagnosis is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and prone to variability among observers, necessitating highly skilled and experienced personnel. Therefore, an innovative approach is required to enhance the conventional method. This study aimed to develop a self-supervised learning (SSL) approach to identify zoonotic blood parasites from microscopic images, with an initial focus on parasite species classification.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We acquired a public dataset featuring microscopic images of Giemsa-stained thin blood films of trypanosomes and other blood parasites, including <i>Babesia, Leishmania, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma</i>, and <i>Trichomonad</i>, as well as images of both white and red blood cells. The input data were subjected to SSL model training using the Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL) algorithm with Residual Network 50 (ResNet50), ResNet101, and ResNet152 as the backbones. The performance of the proposed SSL model was then compared to that of baseline models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proposed BYOL SSL model outperformed supervised learning models across all classes. Among the SSL models, ResNet50 consistently achieved high accuracy, reaching 0.992 in most classes, which aligns well with the patterns observed in the pre-trained uniform manifold approximation and projection representations. Fine-tuned SSL models exhibit high performance, achieving 95% accuracy and a 0.960 area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve even when fine-tuned with 1% of the data in the downstream process. Furthermore, 20% of the data for training with SSL models yielded ≥95% in all other statistical metrics, including accuracy, recall, precision, specification, F1 score, and ROC curve. As a result, multi-class classification prediction demonstrated that model performance exceeded 91% for the F1 score, except for the early stage of <i>Trypanosoma evansi</i>, which showed an F1 score of 87%. This may be due to the model being exposed to high levels of variation during the developmental stage.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This approach can significantly enhance active surveillance efforts to improve disease control and prevent outbreaks, particularly in resource-limited settings. In addition, SSL addresses significant challenges, such as data variability and the requirement for extensive class labeling, which are common in biology and medical fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2619-2634"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736362/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient gene editing of pig embryos by combining electroporation and lipofection.","authors":"Qingyi Lin, Nanaka Torigoe, Bin Liu, Yuichiro Nakayama, Aya Nakai, Zhao Namula, Megumi Nagahara, Fuminori Tanihara, Maki Hirata, Takeshige Otoi","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2701-2707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2701-2707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Mosaicism, which is characterized by the presence of wild-type and more than one mutant allele, poses a serious problem in zygotic gene modification through the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system. Therefore, we used pig embryos to compare the gene editing efficiencies achieved by combining electroporation and lipofection using different aminopeptidase N (APN)-targeting guide RNA (gRNA) sequences.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Six gRNAs (gRNA1-6) with different target sequences were designed to target APN. <i>Zona pellucida</i> (ZP)-intact zygotes collected 10 h after the start of <i>in vitro</i> fertilization (IVF) were electroporated with each gRNA to compare their gene editing efficiency. The gRNA sequences that achieved the lowest and highest mutation rates (gRNA4 and gRNA6, respectively) were selected for additional lipofection to assess gene editing efficiency following combined treatment. As ZP removal is essential for lipofection, ZP-free zygotes were electroporated with gRNA4 or gRNA6 10 h after IVF initiation, followed by lipofection with the same gRNAs 24 or 29 h after IVF initiation. The electroporated ZP-intact and ZP-free zygotes were used as controls.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>gRNA4 and gRNA6 exhibited the lowest and highest mutation rates, respectively. gRNA4-targeted ZP-free embryos subjected to additional lipofection 29 h after IVF initiation exhibited significantly higher total and biallelic mutation rates than ZP-intact embryos that received only electroporation. Additional lipofection of gRNA6-targeted embryos had no obvious effect on mutation rates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Electroporation combined with lipofection using gRNAs with low mutation rates may improve gene editing efficiency in pig embryos. However, the effects may vary based on the timing of gene editing.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2701-2707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in the Ecuadorian Amazon.","authors":"Edwin Muyulema, Marcelo Moscoso, Germán Barragán, Roberto Bustillos-Huilca, Jhuliana Luna-Herrera","doi":"10.14202/vetworld.2024.2612-2618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2024.2612-2618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Leptospirosis is an infectious zoonotic disease that significantly affects animal health, particularly the reproduction of ruminants. However, some aspects of epidemiology and clinical characteristics have not been clarified. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and identify risk factors of leptospirosis in female bovines at reproductive age in the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A total of 213 bovines were studied in the Amazon province of Zamora Chinchipe, in which a microscopic agglutination test was used to diagnose a panel of eight serovars of <i>Leptospira borgpetersenii</i> (Sejroe) and <i>Leptospira interrogans</i>, Australis, Bataviae, Canicola, Tarassovi, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Wolffi, and Hardjo. An epidemiological survey was conducted to identify risk factors by animal and herd and clinical symptoms associated with <i>Leptospira</i> spp. infection; and blood samples were collected to determine the differences between seropositive and seronegative animals regarding hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular Hb concentration, total red blood cell count, total platelet count, leukocytes, total proteins, creatinine, and ureic nitrogen.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of bovine leptospirosis was 12.21% (26/213), with positive reactions in the Australis, Sejroe, Bataviae, Canicola, and Tarassovi serovars. No variables were considered risk factors, nor clinical signs associated with the infection, nor were there differences in the hematological parameters between the seropositive and seronegative animals.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings indicate the persistence of Leptospira on cattle farms in the Ecuadorian Amazon and highlight the interaction between domestic and wild species. It is crucial to implement control measures and improvements in management practices under the One Health approach to reduce accidental infections from contact with wildlife; the awareness of farmers is essential for effective prevention.</p>","PeriodicalId":23587,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary World","volume":"17 11","pages":"2612-2618"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11736359/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}