{"title":"Dynamics of Leptospirosis Transmission Within Urban Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Populations in Densely Populated French Areas: Implications for Public Health","authors":"Sionfoungo Soro, Karine Groud, Ambre Fafournoux, Elodie Monchatre-Leroy, Angeli Kodjo, Sébastien Lefebvre, Nolan Chatron, Virginie Lattard","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3451406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/3451406","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis with a worldwide distribution, represents a major public health challenge. It is caused by the spirochete Leptospira, whose main reservoir in urban environments is the brown rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>). Understanding the transmission dynamics of this disease within a rat population is essential for controlling the risk of human infection. In this study, an original capture method was used to analyze variations in carriage and bacterial load according to age in two distinct populations of brown rats, to provide a better understanding of the transmission routes of Leptospira within a population. A total of 508 rats were captured from all age categories, from newborns to very young rats (representing 18% of the animals) to very old rats (representing 21% of the animals). The overall prevalence of leptospirosis was between 30% and 50%, depending on the population. A single strain was identified in both studied populations: <i>Leptospira interrogans</i> belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and the Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar. Surprisingly, in both populations, our study reveals a sudden change in the prevalence at 300/400g, jumping from 20 to 30% to over 75%. Moreover, none of the 98 fetuses collected from 13 pregnant females infected with Leptospira was detected as infected. This sudden change and the absence of infected fetus demonstrate the major role of horizontal transmission in the dynamics of leptospirosis infections and minimize the importance of vertical transmission.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3451406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Merker Breyer, Silvia De Carli, Maria Eduarda Rocha Jacques da Silva, Maria Eduarda Dias, Ana Paula Muterle Varela, Michele Bertoni Mann, Jeverson Frazzon, Fabiana Quoos Mayer, Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior, Franciele Maboni Siqueira
{"title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a Modulator of the Entero-Pulmonary Axis in Piglets: Impacts on the Microbiota and Immune Responses","authors":"Gabriela Merker Breyer, Silvia De Carli, Maria Eduarda Rocha Jacques da Silva, Maria Eduarda Dias, Ana Paula Muterle Varela, Michele Bertoni Mann, Jeverson Frazzon, Fabiana Quoos Mayer, Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior, Franciele Maboni Siqueira","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8865503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8865503","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The high prevalence of enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (ETEC) in nondiarrheic piglets contributes to its rapid spread; however, few studies have explored the effects of latent gastrointestinal pathogens on animal health. Therefore, using high-throughput sequencing approaches, we explored changes in entero-pulmonary microbiota and immune gene expression in healthy, asymptomatic, and diarrheic piglets. As expected, bacterial communities were less diverse in the respiratory tract than in the gut, with a site-specific composition that was more stable in the gut and highly variable in the lung among the investigated animals. Although no significant changes in diversity rates were seen based on ETEC-carrier state, our findings suggest that ETEC’s presence can cause dysbiosis in the gut and lung in asymptomatic and diarrheic piglets, reinforcing the crosstalk in the entero-pulmonary axis. We also identified potential bacterial biomarkers that can be used to monitor piglet health: <i>Sphaerochaeta</i>, <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Butyricoccus</i>, and <i>Blautia</i> were highly represented in the gut, while <i>Streptococcus</i> and <i>Prevotellaceae</i> NK3B31 group were enriched in the lungs of healthy piglets. In addition, most metabolic pathways predicted in the bacterial communities were shared despite the ETEC-carrier state, with differences observed only in the gut microbiota, suggesting that ETEC’s presence may impact substrate utilization. Finally, we observed shifts in the intestinal expression of <i>tff2</i> and <i>cd36</i> immune markers between healthy and diarrheic piglets, which might suggest their use as prognostic markers for postweaning diarrhea (PWD). Although the effect remains unclear, the ETEC-carrier state also altered the transcription of other markers locally (in the gut and lung) and systemically, which corroborates the shared mucosal immunity in the entero-pulmonary axis in piglets. Overall, despite limitations regarding sample size, our findings give clues about the entero-pulmonary dynamics in piglets in the presence of a gastrointestinal pathogen, representing a starting point for future research on this axis for veterinary purposes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8865503","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jonas R. Etougbétché, Gualbert Houéménou, Antoine A. Missihoun, Philippe Gauthier, Henri-Joël Dossou, Lokman Galal, Ambroise Dalecky, Christophe Diagne, Gauthier Dobigny, Aurélien Mercier
{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma lewisi Infection in Urban Small Mammals From Cotonou, Benin, With Special Emphasis on Coinfection Patterns","authors":"Jonas R. Etougbétché, Gualbert Houéménou, Antoine A. Missihoun, Philippe Gauthier, Henri-Joël Dossou, Lokman Galal, Ambroise Dalecky, Christophe Diagne, Gauthier Dobigny, Aurélien Mercier","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9976509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/9976509","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>A growing number of studies has highlighted the importance of coinfections in eco-evolutionary processes underlying host–parasite interactions and the resulting epidemiology of zoonotic agents. Small mammals, and particularly rodents, are known to be important reservoirs of many zoonotic pathogens, such as <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> and <i>Trypanosoma lewisi</i>, that are responsible for toxoplasmosis and atypical trypanosomiasis in humans, respectively. Laboratory experiments on rodent models have shown that primary infection with <i>T. lewisi</i> increases the host sensitivity to other parasites, including <i>T. gondii</i>, following an alteration in the immune response. However, data on potential interactions between these parasites in wild small mammals remain scarce. In this study, we determined the <i>T. lewisi</i> prevalence in 553 small mammals from four localities of Cotonou city, Benin. The results were then combined with <i>T. gondii</i> data previously collected for the same individuals in order to investigate the influence of <i>T. lewisi</i> on <i>T. gondii</i> infection, and vice versa, using co-occurrence tests and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Despite quite high overall prevalence (32.5% and 15.2% for <i>T. lewisi</i> and <i>T. gondii</i>, respectively), we observed a clear and significant segregation between the two parasites. This may be explained by (i) differences in the species-specific receptivity and/or sensitivity of small mammal host species to infection by these two parasites, with <i>Rattus rattus</i> (Rra), <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> (Rno), and <i>Mastomys natalensis</i> (Mna) being the main hosts of <i>T. lewisi</i>, while <i>Crocidura olivieri</i> (Cro) and <i>Mus musculus domesticus</i> (Mus) were the main hosts for <i>T. gondii</i>; and/or (ii) a possibly high mortality in coinfected animals in the wild. Although dedicated experimental studies are required to confirm this pattern, as they stand, our data fail to support that in nature, the infection of small mammals by one of these two parasites favors widespread infection by the second one.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/9976509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francois-Xavier Briand, Loïc Palumbo, Claire Martenot, Pascale Massin, Martine Cherbonnel, Rachel Busson, Katell Louboutin, Angelina Orosco, Carole Guillemoto, Florent Souchaud, Isabelle Pierre, Edouard Hirchaud, Manon Tasset, Yannick Blanchard, Nolwenn Le Moal, Anne Van De Wiele, Audrey Schmitz, Eric Niqueux, Béatrice Grasland
{"title":"Highly Pathogenic Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 Influenza Virus in Seabirds in France, 2022–2023","authors":"Francois-Xavier Briand, Loïc Palumbo, Claire Martenot, Pascale Massin, Martine Cherbonnel, Rachel Busson, Katell Louboutin, Angelina Orosco, Carole Guillemoto, Florent Souchaud, Isabelle Pierre, Edouard Hirchaud, Manon Tasset, Yannick Blanchard, Nolwenn Le Moal, Anne Van De Wiele, Audrey Schmitz, Eric Niqueux, Béatrice Grasland","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8895883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8895883","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>In 2022, a very high number of wild bird deaths associated with the detection of highly pathogenic (HP) H5 avian influenza virus (AIV) lineage Gs/GD/96, clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were unusually observed in Europe between May and September, whereas prior to 2022 most of these HP H5 AIVs detected in wild birds in Europe were almost all detected between October and March and few between April and September. In France, wild birds affected by this virus during this unusual period were mainly seabirds, including larids and sulids. Although the abnormal mortalities in larids and sulids were reported simultaneously, sequencing of the complete genomes of the viruses identified in these seabirds showed that sulids are mainly infected with genotype EA-2020-C, whereas larids are mainly infected with genotype EA-2022-BB. The identification of these two genotypes, therefore, confirmed that there was no direct link between the abnormal mortality observed in sulids and the abnormal mortality observed in larids. These two seabird mortality events can also be distinguished by the evolutionary pattern of the number of detections. Indeed, sulid mortality associated with the EA-2020-C genotype was observed in France only between July and September, corresponding to a single epidemic wave, whereas larid mortality associated with the EA-2022-BB genotype began in France and Europe in May 2022 and then this genotype continued to spread among larids in France in the form of several successive epidemic waves until at least September 2023.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8895883","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution and Risk Factors Associated With Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV) Presence in Red Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Farms in Thailand","authors":"Benya Chatkaewchai, Win Surachetpong, Suporn Thongyuan, Methanan Kamklang, Sudtisa Laopiem, Sakuna Pattanakunanan, Visanu Boonyawiwat, Theeraporn Pulpipat","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6618755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6618755","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Emerging viral diseases, such as tilapia parvovirus (TiPV), are having a significant economic impact on global tilapia aquaculture. TiPV is responsible for the mass mortality of Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) and red hybrid tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.) in China, India and Thailand. We, therefore, aimed to determine the current status of TiPV infection and distribution and the risk factors associated with TiPV infection in red hybrid tilapia farms in Thailand. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 101 samples, each comprising five moribund fish, were collected from 40 red hybrid tilapia farms across various provinces in Thailand between September 2022 and March 2024. The data on the farm characteristics and management practices were obtained via questionnaires and direct observation. A total of 23 factors were assessed, including six related to farm characteristics, 13 associated with farm management practices and four concerning the presence of other pathogens. The data from 101 samples were analysed using unconditional and mixed-effects logistic regression, revealing a percentage of TiPV infection was 11.88%. Two significant risk factors associated with TiPV infection were identified: the source of the fish (<i>p</i> = 0.020) and the initial fish weight at the stocking date (<i>p</i> = 0.026). Conversely, the feeding method (<i>p</i> = 0.039) was found to be a protective factor against TiPV infection. This study is the first to investigate the epidemiology of TiPV infection in farmed red hybrid tilapia. Our findings are important for improving farm management practices, mitigating the risk of TiPV infection and developing effective disease control strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6618755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143380203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mazharul Islam, Pronesh Dutta, Devendra Bansal, Gyanendra Gongal, Elmoubashar Farag, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, John I. Alawneh, Jane Heller, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
{"title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Coxiellosis at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface in the South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Md Mazharul Islam, Pronesh Dutta, Devendra Bansal, Gyanendra Gongal, Elmoubashar Farag, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, John I. Alawneh, Jane Heller, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2890693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2890693","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Coxiellosis, a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by <i>Coxiella burnetii</i>, affects diverse mammalian hosts and is prevalent worldwide, including in South Asia. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of Coxiellosis in South Asia, focusing on distribution, host diversity, prevalence, and associated risk factors at the human–animal–environment interface. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and a registered protocol, online searches were conducted in Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science on August 6, 2023, to retrieve articles from the South Asian countries without restrictions on hosts or timeframe. Two authors independently reviewed, extracted data, and assessed quality based on predefined criteria, which were then evaluated and compiled into a single document and analyzed. The review identified 112 articles published between 1954 and 2023. Among humans, the estimated pooled seroprevalence (EPSP) was 9.2%, and the estimated pooled carrier prevalence (EPCP) was 6.2%. Ruminant herd-level EPSP and EPCP were 77.3% and 74.6%, and at the individual level, were 11.9% and 5.3%, respectively. Seroprevalence was significantly influenced by country, tick infestation, reproductive disorders, age, and body condition of ruminants. Nonruminant mammals, such as dogs (16.8%), horses (6.0%), pigs (3.9%), and rodents (14.8%), were also seropositive. Several avian and reptile species showed EPSP rates of 14.5% and 29.2%, respectively. Bacterial DNA was detected in ticks and soil samples, with EPCP of 1.0% and 3.3%, respectively. We recommend prioritizing One Health surveillance and intervention to prevent infections among humans, livestock, poultry, pets, and wildlife. Special emphasis should be placed on aged and emaciated animals, tick infestations, and animals with reproductive disorders.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2890693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte, Rasha Gharieb, Lukasz Szarpak, Michal Pruc, Md. Tanvir Rahman, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Muhammad Furqan Ilyas, Maria de Nazaré Santos Ferreira, Yashpal Singh Malik, Roozbeh Kalantari, Ava Shahrokhabadi, Niloofar Jafari, Fatemeh Shahabinejad, Yasaman Maleki, Sina Montajeb, Roya Mehrpouya, Hadis Ahmadi, Bita Vazir, Farrokhreza Kabir, Abdul Rehman, Zahra Elmi, Pouneh Hajipour, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Wolfgang Eisenreich, Awad A. Shehata
{"title":"Migratory Wave due to Conflicts: Risk of Increased Infection From Zoonotic Diseases","authors":"Sina Salajegheh Tazerji, Phelipe Magalhães Duarte, Rasha Gharieb, Lukasz Szarpak, Michal Pruc, Md. Tanvir Rahman, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Muhammad Furqan Ilyas, Maria de Nazaré Santos Ferreira, Yashpal Singh Malik, Roozbeh Kalantari, Ava Shahrokhabadi, Niloofar Jafari, Fatemeh Shahabinejad, Yasaman Maleki, Sina Montajeb, Roya Mehrpouya, Hadis Ahmadi, Bita Vazir, Farrokhreza Kabir, Abdul Rehman, Zahra Elmi, Pouneh Hajipour, Hesham R. El-Seedi, Wolfgang Eisenreich, Awad A. Shehata","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5571316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5571316","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Wars have devastating effects on all the components of the One Health approach: humans, animals, and ecosystems. Wars and the resulting migratory waves massively disrupt normal animal health services and surveillance. Among other consequences, they adversely impact the early detection, prevention, and control of animal diseases. Uncontrolled movement of animals or their undisposed carcasses, the destruction of wildlife habitats, and the increased interface between humans, wildlife, and domestic animals contribute to uncontrolled transmission and spread of zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. In the last millennium, zoonotic diseases such as the “Black Death” were triggered by devastating wars and led to the deaths of a large fraction of the human population. However, also recent and ongoing wars carry the risk of an uncontrollable increase in zoonotic diseases. The most significant zoonotic diseases reported during the recent wars are African swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, rabies, leptospirosis, and brucellosis, as well as foodborne and waterborne zoonotic diseases. Indeed, alarming rates of infections by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens such as <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> go along with wars, as seen in the current Ukraine–Russia conflict. Considering human migration, foodborne and waterborne zoonotic diseases are key health threats for refugees due to the consumption of unsafe food, lack of safe water, and disruption of the water supply and sanitation system. This review summarizes the potential factors and some data associated with the increased risk of zoonotic disease emergence and transmission during recent and ongoing conflicts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5571316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imke Vredenberg, Gerdien van Schaik, Francisca C. Velkers, Teun Fabri, Marcel A. H. Spierenburg, Evelien A. Germeraad, Wim H. M. van der Poel, Arjan Stegeman
{"title":"Assessing the Use of Different Surveillance Components to Detect Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Poultry in the Netherlands in Low- and High-Risk Years","authors":"Imke Vredenberg, Gerdien van Schaik, Francisca C. Velkers, Teun Fabri, Marcel A. H. Spierenburg, Evelien A. Germeraad, Wim H. M. van der Poel, Arjan Stegeman","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7441785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/7441785","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Avian influenza (AI) is a highly contagious zoonotic disease primarily affecting birds with clinical manifestation depending on bird species and virus subtype. Globally, outbreaks have had a large socioeconomic impact. Moreover, highly pathogenic AI virus (HPAIv) outbreaks can pose a public health risk. Detection of AIv, particularly HPAIv, mainly relies on passive surveillance, risking underreporting and delayed detection. This study describes and compares the contribution of passive and active surveillance components on HPAI detection in poultry flocks in years with different HPAIv introduction risk (free, seasonal outbreaks, and year round) in the Netherlands. We drafted a flowchart representing the flow of information and samples between farmers and veterinarians, the competent authority (CA), the national reference lab (NRL), and the private organization Royal GD and identified four different surveillance components and derived the use of each of these components during 2016 (reference), 2019 (low risk), and 2022 (high risk). The first component, “notification of suspicion,” where farmers and veterinarians directly report suspicions to the CA, accounted for 88.4% of farm visits and detected 98.1% of all HPAIv outbreaks. The second component, “testing to exclude” (TTE), consisting postmortem/sample submission and contact with the veterinary helpdesk of GD detected 2% of the cases in 2022. The third and active surveillance component, “protection zone screening,” screens farms closely to a positively detected farm. No outbreaks were detected, suggesting limited between-farm transmission. The last and active surveillance component, mandatory national serological surveillance detected two low pathogenic AI outbreaks. Analysis between years for the passive surveillance components “notification of suspicion” and “TTE,” using chi-square test of independency and odd ratios, showed increased use and farm visits in the high-risk year. However, postmortem-related submissions for TTE were increased in the disease-free year. All components combined detected HPAI or provided valuable information across different risk periods.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7441785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143121007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Troy A. Laidlow, Erin S. Johnston, Ruth N. Zadoks, Michael Walsh, Mafalda Viana, Kerrie E. Wiley, Balbir B. Singh, Francesco Baldini, Himani Dhanze, Cameron Webb, Victoria J. Brookes
{"title":"Scoping Review of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmission Models","authors":"Troy A. Laidlow, Erin S. Johnston, Ruth N. Zadoks, Michael Walsh, Mafalda Viana, Kerrie E. Wiley, Balbir B. Singh, Francesco Baldini, Himani Dhanze, Cameron Webb, Victoria J. Brookes","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9880670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/9880670","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes ~100,000 clinical cases and 25,000 deaths annually worldwide, mainly in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific and mostly in children. JEV is transmitted to humans through the bite of mosquitoes that have fed on competent hosts. Abiotic factors, such as seasonal rainfall, influence transmission. Transmission models have an important role in understanding disease dynamics and developing prevention and control strategies to limit the impact of infectious diseases. Our goal was to investigate how transmission models capture JEV infection dynamics and their role in predicting and controlling infection. This was achieved by identifying published JEV transmission models, describing their features and identifying their limitations, to guide future modelling. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR)-guided scoping review of peer-reviewed JEV transmission models was conducted. Databases searched included PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Of the 881 full-text papers available in English, 29 were eligible for data extraction. Publication year ranged from 1975 to 2023. The median number of host populations represented in each model was 3 (range: 1–8; usually humans, mosquitoes and pigs). Most (72% [<i>n</i> = 21]) models were deterministic, using ordinary differential equations to describe transmission. Ten models were applied (representing a real JEV transmission setting) and validated with field data, while the remaining 19 models were theoretical. In the applied models, data from only a small proportion of countries in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific were used. Limitations included gaps in knowledge of local JEV epidemiology, vector attributes and the impact of prevention and control strategies, along with a lack of model validation with field data. The lack and limitations of models highlight that further research to understand JEV epidemiology is needed and that there is opportunity to develop and implement applied models to improve control strategies for at-risk populations of animals and humans.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/9880670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143119541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Danchen Aaron Yang, Meng Li, Yi Wang, Kangning Zhao, Qiyang Zhang, Richard Anthony Laven, Zhen Yang
{"title":"Dynamics of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Detection in Pre-Weaning Piglets: Insight From Multiple Sampling Methods","authors":"Danchen Aaron Yang, Meng Li, Yi Wang, Kangning Zhao, Qiyang Zhang, Richard Anthony Laven, Zhen Yang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4735187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/4735187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been identified worldwide and is associated with reproductive and systemic diseases, yet the dynamics of PCV3 within pig farms remain unclear. Building upon our previous study, which initialised comparisons of different sample types for the detection of PCV3 in a sow farm, this study expanded both the range of sample types and the timeline of sampling in piglets and sows to better understand the PCV3 dynamics. This study collected two additional sample types—oropharyngeal swab (OS) and oral fluid (OF) along with placental umbilical cord (PUC) blood and processing fluid (PF) that were used in the previous study. Data were collected from July to August and October 2022; the aforementioned four sample types from 51 litters were collected, and additional OS samples were collected from two to three identified piglets per litter on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 post-farrowing. Besides, blood swabs were taken from 135 sows subject to both PCR test and oestrogen measurement. PF showed the highest detection rates (50/51), while OS and OF revealed 33/51 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 51.2%–76.8%) and 37/51 (95% CI: 59.5%–83.5%) detection rates; both were higher than that of PUC blood (22/51, 95% CI: 30.2%–56.8%). Despite the similarity between OS and OF samples, they did not identify the same population as infected, as the agreement between the samples was only fair at 90% level. The Bayesian generalised linear mixed model suggested PCV3 was more likely to be detected in both OS and OF compared to PUC blood, and PCV3 was present in the farrowing room throughout the pre-weaning period using an OS. Finally, we observed higher PCV3 detection rates in sows after farrowing; however, no evidence was found that such a pattern was associated with the decreased concentration of oestrogen.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/4735187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143118733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}