O. I. Zakharova, E. A. Liskova, N. A. Gladkova, I. V. Razheva, I. V. Iashin, A. A. Blokhin, D. V. Kolbasov, F. I. Korennoy
{"title":"Testing a Susceptible Population Density Among Other Explanatory Factors of African Swine Fever Spread in Wild Boar Using the Russian Federation Data, 2007–2023","authors":"O. I. Zakharova, E. A. Liskova, N. A. Gladkova, I. V. Razheva, I. V. Iashin, A. A. Blokhin, D. V. Kolbasov, F. I. Korennoy","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6569042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6569042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to identify the role of various natural, socioeconomic, and demographic factors in the development of the African swine fever (ASF) epizootic among wild boar in the Russian Federation (RF) from 2007 to 2023. In this study, particular emphasis was placed on testing the significance of wild boar population density as a key factor contributing to the spread of ASF within this population. During the study period, 1711 outbreaks in wild boars were reported in the RF, accounting for 41.7% of all ASF outbreaks in the country. We tested two regression approaches to model the dependance of the total number of ASF outbreaks in second-level municipal units (districts) on a range of potential explanatory factors, including the dynamically changing annual population density of wild boar. We employed negative binomial regression (NBR) and, as an alternative approach, classification and regression trees (CARTs). The predictive capabilities of both models were evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. One of the most significant identified factors was the number of ASF outbreaks in domestic populations, which may indicate a close coexistence of both domestic and wild ASF cycles. Population density showed limited significance in the negative binomial model (<i>p</i> = 0.05). The CART model demonstrated high significance for this factor in the Far Eastern regions of the country, where the highest number of outbreaks occurred at density values above 0.120 individuals/km<sup>2</sup>. For the European part of the RF, the threshold density value was 0.026 individuals/km<sup>2</sup>, which closely corresponds to the threshold established by country’s authorities for managing wild boar populations to prevent the spread of ASF. The results demonstrated a complex and nonlinear influence of wild boar population density and ASF outbreaks among domestic pigs on the likelihood of new infection foci emerging in the wild fauna. The modeling results indicated that although both types of models had comparable predictive capabilities, the CART approach provided better visualization and understanding of the analysis results. These findings can be used to optimize population management activities to regulate wild boar numbers in infection hotspots across different geographical areas delineated by the risk level of infection spread.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6569042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144910497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"From Catastrophe to Hope: Hunters’ Experiences in the Eradication of Sweden’s First African Swine Fever Outbreak","authors":"Hedvig Gröndal, Hedvig Stenberg, Karl Ståhl, Susanna Sternberg Lewerin, Erika Chenais","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6407552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6407552","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In September 2023, Sweden experienced its first ever outbreak of African swine fever (ASF). One year later, in September 2024, Sweden was declared free from ASF. One of the first actions taken toward control and eradication was an intensive search for wild boar carcasses. This was mostly carried out by local hunters. After some time, a core area of infection was fenced in, and all remaining wild boar in that area were culled. Local hunters also performed the culling. This paper presents results from a qualitative study, drawing on focus group discussions (FGDs) with the hunters involved in identifying and managing the ASF outbreak. The aim of the study was to take a transdisciplinary approach in exploring the experiences of the hunters, specifically focusing on their motivation for engaging in the outbreak management. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study gives important insights that can be utilized in case of future outbreaks among wildlife: engaging the hunters appears to be facilitated by their local connectivity, involving commitment to the hunting grounds and to their local society. In addition, local knowledge about the land and wildlife seems to have facilitated effective carcass searching and culling. It is, therefore, of importance for authorities to establish relationships with local hunters and to acknowledge the hunters’ pivotal position in managing an outbreak. Our study shows that it is essential for the hunters to feel that they are not governed in detail, but that they have some flexibility to take decisions based on their specific local knowledge. Further, our results show that it is important to acknowledge the social aspects of searching and culling work in order to engage hunters. These kinds of social activities is a prerequisite for effective management.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6407552","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clara Yona, Mariam R. Makange, Eva Moshiro, Jean N. Hakizimana, Zakile A. Mfumbilwa, Abel S. Lupala, Augustino A. Chengula, Gerald Misinzo
{"title":"African Swine Fever Perception, Risk Factors, and Socioeconomic Disparities Among Smallholder Domestic Pig Farmers in Serengeti, Tanzania","authors":"Clara Yona, Mariam R. Makange, Eva Moshiro, Jean N. Hakizimana, Zakile A. Mfumbilwa, Abel S. Lupala, Augustino A. Chengula, Gerald Misinzo","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3922067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/3922067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. The ASF virus (ASFV), a sole member of the family Asfarviridae and genus <i>Asfivirus</i>, causes this devastating disease. In sub-Saharan Africa, ASFV is maintained through three interlinked cycles: the domestic cycle, the pig-tick cycle, and the sylvatic cycle, which collectively sustain its endemic presence in the region. Interaction between wild and domestic pigs at livestock–wildlife interfaces, particularly in protected areas, poses a significant threat to smallholder farmers. This study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic impact and identify potential risk factors associated with ASF in Serengeti National Park’s (SNP’s) wildlife management area (WMA) in Tanzania. A cross-sectional study involving 110 domestic pig-keeping households in the five villages of SNP’s WMA was carried out. A semistructured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors and socioeconomic impact associated with ASF from consenting smallholder farmers. Additionally, the observational approach was used to assess pig production’s facilities, behaviors and practices involved in domestic pig production and management. Tissue samples including spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney were also collected from dead domestic pigs belonging to two villages, Nattambiso and Robanda, to confirm the existence of the virus in the study area by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Descriptive statistics, univariable, and multivariable logistic analyses were performed to determine risk factors associated with ASF occurrence between October 2021 and April 2022 in the study area. A total of 12 ASF outbreaks affecting 1198 cases that led to 969 domestic pig deaths were reported. The ASFV was confirmed to be positive in all domestic pigs from which tissue samples were collected in the included villages. The case fatality rates (CFRs) from the reported previous ASF incidence varied from 77.5% to 85.2% with an overall CFR of 80.8%. A sum of 163,300,000 Tanzanian Shillings (approximately equivalent to 70,085 USD) loss was recorded in the studied WMA. The major risk factors that correlated with ASF occurrence were encountered ASF previously (odds ratio [OR] = 13.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.79–87.28), selling pig products with ASF before (OR = 9.43, CI = 1.76–70.02), whilst taking no risk action to prevent loss (OR = 0.14, CI = 0.03–0.63) and swill treatment (OR = 0.10, CI = 0.01–0.54) negatively correlated with ASF. Improving awareness on farm-level biosecurity, husbandry, and management practices is vital to preventing ASF outbreaks and wildlife spillover, safeguarding livestock health, and promoting economic stability in wildlife–livestock–human interfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3922067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144905597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thibaut Langlois, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
{"title":"Pet and Stray Dogs’ Contribution to Zoonotic Transmission Pathways: A Bibliometric Review","authors":"Thibaut Langlois, Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès, Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5522451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5522451","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on a large-scale bibliometric dataset, domestic dogs (<i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>) emerge as the most frequently cited host species in the context of zoonoses, being mentioned in at least 10% of publications for nearly a quarter of the pathogens recognized as zoonotic to humans. This review examines the contributions of pet and stray dogs to various zoonotic transmission pathways, highlighting some mismatches between research focus and actual epidemiological risks. Among zoonotic agents associated with dogs, helminths are disproportionately represented in the literature compared to bacteria and viruses. Pet and stray dogs exhibit distinct zoonotic risks due to differences in exposure patterns and human interactions. Stray dogs are frequently involved in environmentally transmitted diseases, particularly soil- and water-borne parasites, due to uncontrolled defecation and opportunistic behavior. Conversely, pet dogs pose greater risks for direct transmission, particularly via bites, close contact infections, and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. From a public health perspective, integrating dogs into One Health surveillance frameworks is crucial. Routine genomic monitoring of stray dogs could allow early detection of emerging zoonoses, while large-scale deworming programs, improved sanitation infrastructures, and responsible pet management would mitigate both environmental and direct transmission risks. Vector-borne zoonoses require differentiated control measures, including antiparasitic treatments for tick- and flea-borne infections and environmental interventions for mosquito- and sandfly-borne pathogens. This review focuses on pet and stray dogs only, due to the lack of consistent definitions and data availability for other canine categories. Future research should refine ecological and behavioral studies and dog–host interaction analyses to better quantify the zoonotic risks associated with each dog ecotype and guide targeted intervention strategies. This approach enables a more precise zoonotic risk stratification and contributes to effective disease prevention at the human–animal–environment interface.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5522451","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liangliang Wu, Likuan Zhang, Xiaoqi Wang, Wei Huang, Stefan Schwarz, Andrea Brenciani, Chenglong Li, Xiang-Dang Du
{"title":"Streptococcus suis Serotype 14: A Nonnegligible Zoonotic Population","authors":"Liangliang Wu, Likuan Zhang, Xiaoqi Wang, Wei Huang, Stefan Schwarz, Andrea Brenciani, Chenglong Li, Xiang-Dang Du","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5779652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5779652","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Streptococcus suis</i> is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe infections in both humans and pigs. The prevalence of <i>S. suis</i> serotype 14 in sporadic cases in China has been gradually increasing during recent years. However, the current understanding of <i>S. suis</i> serotype 14 is limited. In this study, we investigated the population structure, phylogenetic relationships, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity of 125 <i>S. suis</i> serotype 14 strains. These strains clustered into 12 sequence types (STs) and three clonal complexes (CCs), with ST7 accounting for the highest proportion (73.6%), which indicates significant pathogenic potential, given that ST1 and ST7 are well-known high-virulence STs in <i>S. suis</i>. Bioinformatic analysis showed that all serotype 14 strains carry the virulence genes <i>sly</i> and <i>epf</i>, while 74.4% of the strains carry the virulence gene <i>mrp</i>. In the pathogenicity test (<i>n</i> = 5), the human strain Ss2301, Ss2401, and the porcine strain L966, SC42 proved to be highly virulent strains. These data highlight the virulence potential of serotype 14 <i>S. suis</i>. Tetracycline resistance genes and macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS<sub>B</sub>) resistance genes were most frequently detected in the population. The transmission of the former genes mainly depends on integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), while the latter depends on both ICEs and prophages. This study not only confirmed the pathogenic potential of serotype 14 <i>S. suis</i> but also provided valuable information for improving prevention and control strategies for <i>S. suis</i> infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5779652","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144894477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenjie He, Yuhong Chen, Yin Yang, Peiyu Han, Wei Kong, Song Wu, Yun Long, Junying Zhao, Ze Yang, Bo Wang, Yunzhi Zhang
{"title":"Molecular Detection and Isolation of Bartonella Species in Bats and Their Ectoparasites Along the China–Myanmar Border","authors":"Chenjie He, Yuhong Chen, Yin Yang, Peiyu Han, Wei Kong, Song Wu, Yun Long, Junying Zhao, Ze Yang, Bo Wang, Yunzhi Zhang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5517852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5517852","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Bartonella</i> are parasitic pathogens that infect many mammals, including humans, and cause significant diseases. This study investigates the presence, genetic diversity, and tissue tropism of <i>Bartonella</i> in bats and their ectoparasites along the China–Myanmar border. Bats and ectoparasites were collected from Yingjiang, Ruili, and Gengma Counties. Nested PCR (nPCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were used to detect and quantify <i>Bartonella</i> in bat tissues. <i>Bartonella</i> was isolated using brain–heart infusion broth and tryptone soy agar medium containing 5% sheep blood (TSA containing 5% sheep blood), and DNA sequences were analyzed with Clustal W and MEGA X. In total, 601 bats from 11 species (four families and seven genera) and 32 ectoparasites (two orders, three families, and four genera) were collected. The qPCR results revealed <i>Bartonella</i> detection rates of 22.96% (138/601) in bats and 62.50% (5/8) in ectoparasites. Using nPCR to detect the <i>Bartonella gltA</i> and <i>rpoB</i> genes in bats, ectoparasites, and strains isolated from bat blood samples, yielding 58 and 10 strains, respectively. When comparing bats, ectoparasites, and isolated strains to other <i>Bartonella</i> in GenBank, the <i>gltA</i> gene was 74.21%–100.00% at the nucleotide level of similarity and 75.70%–100.00% at the amino acid level. In comparison, the <i>rpoB</i> gene was 79.58%–100.00% at the nucleotide level of similarity and 89.71%–100.00% at the amino acid level. By phylogenetic analysis except for <i>Bartonella</i> sp. and uncultured <i>Bartonella</i> sp., we found a clade that was less than 96.0% at the nucleotide level of similarity in the <i>gltA</i> gene and less than 95.4% at the nucleotide level of similarity in the <i>rpoB</i> gene. Based on the threshold values for the delineation of new species of <i>Bartonella</i>, we believe that a new species of <i>Bartonella</i> prevalent in bats was discovered in this study, which we named “<i>Candidatus Bartonella dianxisis</i>”. Otherwise, the average copy number of <i>Bartonella</i> in bat tissues (blood, spleen, heart, brain, kidney, lung, liver, and rectum) ranged from 1.15 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 6.87 × 10<sup>4</sup> copies/μL, with the highest levels observed in blood and spleen. Our findings highlight the genetic diversity of <i>Bartonella</i> in bats and ectoparasites along the China–Myanmar border and underscore potential public health risks associated with these pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5517852","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenxing Yang, Yuwen He, Susheng Li, Jinxin Meng, Nan Li, Jinglin Wang
{"title":"Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Three Palyam Serogroup Orbiviruses From Culicoides Spp. and Associated Infections in Cattle in Yunnan, China","authors":"Zhenxing Yang, Yuwen He, Susheng Li, Jinxin Meng, Nan Li, Jinglin Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6615175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6615175","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Palyam serogroup virus (PALV) is a potential pathogen prevalent in Asia, Australia, and Africa that may cause abortion and teratogenesis in ruminants, especially cattle. In this study, we isolated three PALV strains (MY_C17, ML_C40, and SZ_C06) from <i>Culicoides</i> spp. in Yunnan, China, and obtained their complete genome sequences via next-generation sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis of Seg-5, Seg-7, and Seg-9 indicated that PALVs can be grouped based on their geographical origins: Asia, Australia, and Africa. The three isolates in this study belong to the Asia group. However, the Central African Republic strain (AR_B_2032) and the India strain (DVTD) form a separate branch, provisionally named the CI group. In the VP2 phylogenetic tree, all PALV strains can be grouped into six significant branches, designated as A through F. The three isolates are clustered in Groups A, E, and F and are shown to belong to the D’Aguilar virus (DAGV), Chuzan virus (CHUV), and Bunyip Creek virus (BCV) serotypes, respectively. Seroepidemiological surveys were conducted on local cattle using neutralization tests, which revealed seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies against BVC, DAGV, and CHUV in Yunnan cattle serum of 3.4% (12/350), 6.9% (24/350), and 16.9% (59/350), respectively. This marks the first-ever isolation of CHUV, specifically BCV and DAGV, from vector <i>Culicoides</i> spp. in Southwest China. It was also proved that in this region, at least three serotypes of PALV circulated among <i>Culicoides</i> spp. in nature and infected domestic cattle.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6615175","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144897242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spatial Modeling of Equine Herpesviruses 1 (EHVs-1) Risks in Kazakhstan Using 2017–2024 Surveillance Data","authors":"Yersyn Mukhanbetkaliyev, Gulzhan Yessembekova, Aizada Mukhanbetkaliyeva, Botakoz Akmambayeva, Ablaikhan Kadyrov, Rashit Uskenov, Saule Bostanova, Alibek Ashirbek, Fedor Korennoy, Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5536099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5536099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most dangerous viral diseases affecting ungulates, and is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations in horses, including rhinopneumonia, abortion, neonatal death, and myeloencephalopathy. It is well known for causing mass abortions in mares and respiratory diseases in young animals. Once introduced into a horse breeding farm of any type, EHV-1 tends to establish as a persistent infection. The disease is reported on nearly all continents and causes substantial annual economic losses to horse breeding operations. In Kazakhstan, 34 EHV-1 outbreaks were recorded between 2017 and 2024. The objective of our study was to identify potential risk factors associated with the presence of EHV-1 within the study area. We employed a forest-based classification and regression approach to explore a set of sociodemographic, environmental, and transportation-related factors associated with the presence or absence of EHV-1 at the level of administrative regions. A standard set of explanatory variables was supplemented with horse population density, derived from demographic data of horse-breeding farms obtained through a nationwide survey. Modeling results indicated that the most significant factor influencing EHV-1 presence was the average wind speed in January, followed by road density, the number of horse farms, and the number of livestock-related facilities targeted for surveillance. Horse population density was found to be among the least significant variable in the model. The resulting risk map highlights areas with a higher suitability for EHV-1 emergence, primarily located in regions with moderate-to-high horse population densities and characterized by steppe- and grassland-type landscapes, which are predominantly found in the northern, central, and south-western parts of Kazakhstan. These findings can serve as a foundation for further investigation into the spatial patterns of EHV-1 in the country and for enhancing veterinary surveillance and control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5536099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Genetic Diversity Based on Sequences of Feline Calicivirus Strains Isolated in China","authors":"Yupeng Yang, Mengru Chen, Zhe Liu, Kexin Feng, Ruibin Qi, Hongtao Kang, Qian Jiang, Liandong Qu, Jiasen Liu","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9924540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/9924540","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, feline calicivirus (FCV) has caused increasingly severe harm in China, posing a significant threat to feline health. However, our understanding of the complex epidemiology and genetic diversity of FCV in China remains limited. In this study, we integrated various bioinformatics methods and used isolates from China as the primary research subjects. The approach ranged from basic prevalence statistics to genome sequence analysis, systematic exploration of spatiotemporal evolution, recombination studies, comparisons of specific sites, structural biology predictions, protein adaptation analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. This comprehensive approach aimed to obtain a thorough understanding of the characteristics of FCV in China. An in-depth analysis of the results indicates that FCV exhibits a nationwide epidemic trend in China mainly consisting of two genotypes: GI and GII. The prevalence rate of genotype GI exceeds 70%, making it the predominant epidemic genotype. Spatiotemporal evolution predicts that the ancestor of genotype GI emerged in 1821 while the ancestor of genotype GII emerged in 1879. After the 1950s, there was rapid expansion in the spread of FCV which extended from eastern parts to regions in southwest, southeast, and northeast after 1990. The analysis on recombinant evolution suggests that FCV can undergo recombination within same genotypes or across different genotypes enhancing its cross-species transmission and infectivity capabilities. Amino acid sequence analysis reveals mutations at key amino acid site position 481 involved in receptor binding where K mutated into E or N in domestic prevalent strains recently. All seven amino acid sites related virulence have undergone mutations. The results of protein adaptability analysis indicate that the amino acid residue at position 281 (N) in the VP1 protein is a site of adaptive selection. In some strains, the amino acid at this position has mutated from N to G, S, or R. Further molecular dynamics simulations reveal that these mutations affect the structural stability of the VP1 protein. The results of this study are essential for gaining a thorough understanding of the FCV profile in China and can be used to create better prevention and control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/9924540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Teófilo Toledo, Richard Costa Polveiro, Caio Augustus Diamantino, Gustavo Manoel Rigueira Simão, Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira, Eduardo de Freitas Costa, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira, Fernanda Simone Marks
{"title":"Use of Subtherapeutic Tylvalosin Against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: Implications For Respiratory Microbiome Dysbiosis and Swine Lung Health","authors":"Leonardo Teófilo Toledo, Richard Costa Polveiro, Caio Augustus Diamantino, Gustavo Manoel Rigueira Simão, Carlos Eduardo Real Pereira, Eduardo de Freitas Costa, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira, Fernanda Simone Marks","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8903237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8903237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enzootic pneumonia (EP) caused by <i>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</i> (<i>M. hyopneumoniae</i>) has a significant impact on swine production. Subtherapeutic exposures of tylvalosin in swine, often due to inconsistent dosing in feed or water, promote antimicrobial resistance. This study investigated the efficacy of 1.0625 mg/kg/day of tylvalosin administered for 7 days via feed to pigs experimentally infected with the UFV01 strain of <i>M. hyopneumoniae</i> and its impact on the respiratory microbiome. Thirty landrace x large white female piglets were divided into three groups: G1 (negative control, <i>n</i> = 2), G2 (infected, <i>n</i> = 14) and G3 (infected and treated, <i>n</i> = 14). Clinical signs, seroconversion, macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions and bacterial load were assessed. The respiratory microbiota of swine was analysed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by bioinformatics analyses. While G1 piglets remained healthy, G2 and G3 piglets developed lung lesions consistent with EP, although no significant difference was observed between these groups. Seroconversion was higher in G2 (90.9%) than in G3 (45.5%) at 35 days post-infection, suggesting modulation of the humoral immune response by tylvalosin. Microbiota analyses revealed a significant shift in post-infection composition, with infected pigs exhibiting reduced alpha diversity and distinct beta diversity compared to healthy pigs. <i>M. hyopneumoniae</i> dominated the respiratory microbiome of infected animals, drastically reducing the abundance of other taxa, notably <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>. While tylvalosin treatment partially restored alpha diversity and shifted the microbiota composition towards the control group, it failed to eliminate <i>M. hyopneumoniae</i>. <i>Variivorax</i>, <i>Ralstonia</i> and <i>Pseudomonas</i> were identified as potential biomarkers for respiratory health and treatment response. These findings emphasise the complex relationship between <i>M. hyopneumoniae</i> infection, suboptimal tylvalosin dosage and resulting respiratory microbiome dysbiosis. Identifying and correcting the inappropriate use of antimicrobial dosages in clinical and preventive treatments, as well as promoting research focused on optimising dosage strategies and management practices, is essential for swine production and for reducing antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, maintaining a balanced microbiota may be a key factor in achieving healthier swine production, both in terms of animal welfare and food safety for consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8903237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144869341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}