Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Horses From Northern and Eastern China: Investigation of Associated Risk Factors and Assessment of Zoonotic Potential","authors":"Xin Peng,&nbsp;Zhongkai Zhang,&nbsp;Chuhan Yan,&nbsp;Fanggu Zhu,&nbsp;Weimeng Qin,&nbsp;Wei Zhao,&nbsp;Jiangqiong Ke","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1144348","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/1144348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> is a zoonotic microsporidian threatening public health, yet epidemiological data on equine infections in China are scarce despite frequent human–horse contact. In this study, 412 fresh horse fecal samples were collected from four Chinese regions covering four rearing systems and were screened for <i>E. bieneusi</i> internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences via nested PCR, with risk factor and phylogenetic analyses conducted. The overall infection prevalence reached 15.0% (62/412), varying geographically from 9.7% (Wenzhou) to 29.3% (Qiqihar). Foals &lt;1 year and male horses exhibited significantly higher infection risks, with crude prevalence ratios (PRs) of 4.47 and 2.28, respectively, while prevalence did not differ statistically across rearing modes (<i>p</i> = 0.182). Eighteen genotypes were identified: 11 known (D, horse1, Peru8, Type IV, EbpC, CAF1, GX3, HNR-VI, SHWR5, SYSWR18, SYSWR23) and seven novel (HRBM1, KDM1, KDM2, QQHRM1, QQHRM2, QQHRM3, WZM1). Genotype D was dominant, accounting for 58.1% (36/62) of positive isolates, followed by genotype horse1 at 14.5% (9/62) and genotype EbpC at 3.2% (2/62). The other eight known genotypes and all seven novel genotypes each had one isolate. All seven novel genotypes clustered within zoonotic Group 1 with all the known genotypes except HNR-VI identified here. This study confirms widespread equine <i>E. bieneusi</i> circulation across eastern and northern China, modulated by geography, age, and sex. The predominance of zoonotic genotypes implies horses serve as potential reservoirs for human transmission, supplying baseline epidemiological evidence for equine One Health biosecurity management.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13527642/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tailoring Biosecurity Advice in Dairy Cattle Farms: Decision Analysis to Estimate the Most Cost-Effective Option","authors":"Fernando Duarte,&nbsp;Alberto Allepuz,&nbsp;Arnau Àlvarez,&nbsp;Jordi Casal,&nbsp;Natalia Ciria,&nbsp;Bodil Højlund,&nbsp;Jehan Ettema,&nbsp;Giovanna Ciaravino","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1472113","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/1472113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The implementation of biosecurity measures on dairy farms is influenced by multiple factors, including farmers’ experience, perception of disease risk, social influences, and epidemiological and economic factors. The aim of this study was to identify the biosecurity option providing the highest economic return for dairy farms. To achieve this, a biosecurity cost calculator was developed using a database of prices associated with the different components required to implement each biosecurity measure. The probability of pathogen introduction was estimated through a quantitative risk assessment model, while the economic consequences of a disease outbreak were evaluated using the stochastic dynamic model SimHerd. The outputs from these tools were combined through decision tree analysis, integrating scenario costs with the estimated probability of occurrence. For each scenario, the expected monetary value (EMV) was calculated, and the alternative with the highest EMV was considered the most profitable option. Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was used as a case study because of its well-documented effects on dairy production. The framework was applied to three dairy farms located in northeastern Spain, where biosecurity and production information were collected. The annual biosecurity cost per cow was estimated at €27.49, €44.50, and €71.94 for farms A, B, and C, respectively. The annual probability of BVD introduction under current conditions was 2.66%, 15.70%, and 0.36% for the same farms. Simulation of a BVD outbreak indicated an average reduction in gross margin (GM) of ~6% during the first 5 years after introduction. Across the evaluated scenarios, the provision of dedicated boots for cattle transport drivers was identified as the most economically advantageous measure. The proposed framework enabled the comparison of biosecurity interventions by jointly considering implementation costs and risk reduction. By demonstrating the economic and epidemiological value of biosecurity, this approach may support decision-making and encourage wider adoption of preventive measures on dairy farms.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13528622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of FAdV-4 Isolated in Fujian Province, Southeast China During 2023–2025","authors":"Youlin Chen,&nbsp;Ziyue Wang,&nbsp;Dingping Bai,&nbsp;Zhen Chen,&nbsp;Cuiteng Chen,&nbsp;Xi Cai,&nbsp;Guanghua Fu,&nbsp;Chunhe Wan,&nbsp;Yu Huang,&nbsp;Chunhua Zhu","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6535858","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/6535858","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is a significant pathogen causing hepatitis–hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) in poultry, which can cause severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. Molecular epidemiological investigation of FAdV-4 has not been conducted in Fujian province, southeast China. In this study, we collected 219 samples of liver exhibiting similar pathological features of hepatitis or hydropericardium syndrome (HPS)-like clinicopathology changes from Fujian province during 2023–2025, which were analyzed using PCR assays. Further isolation of the virus was performed, and complete genomic sequences of the isolates were obtained through next-generation sequencing technology. Genetic evolution analysis of the gene sequences was conducted to elucidate the prevalence, molecular characteristics, and genetic variations of FAdV-4 in Fujian province. The results indicated that among the 219 clinical samples, 65 tested positive, yielding a positive rate of 29.68% (65/219). Positive samples from broilers were predominantly detected in the 21–120 days old, while those from layers were primarily concentrated in the 200–500 days old. The positive rate of Muscovy ducks infected with FAdV-4 was 4.57%. Ultimately, seven strains of FAdV-4 were isolated and designated as FJ08, FJ09, FJ20, FJ23, FJ33, FJ35, and FJ45. The preliminary challenge assay showed that all seven isolates were highly virulent in 7 days old SPF chickens, resulting in the death of all chickens within 2–3 days, leading to a mortality rate of 100%. Comparative analysis of whole genome sequences revealed that the isolated FAdV-4 strains from Fujian province clustered within the major genetic lineage as the domestic FAdV-4 reference strains (e.g., JSJ13, HLJFAd15, and HB1510 strains) and exhibited the highest identity with the FAdV-4 BNC strain derived from black-necked cranes in Yunnan province. Notably, the Hexon genes of seven isolated strains were divided into two major lineages based on phylogenetic analysis. The FJ08, FJ09, and FJ23 strains clustered in the major lineage as representative strains of FAdV-4 from both domestic and international sources, whereas FJ20, FJ33, FJ35, and FJ45 strains formed an independent genetic lineage with the FAdV-10 AHFY19 strain. The prevalence analysis revealed that FAdV-4 has been circulating among commercial chickens, indigenous chicken breeds, and Muscovy ducks in Fujian province, southeast China, indicating that the FAdV-4 strains in Fujian province possess the potential for cross–host transmission. Moreover, the age of the infected hosts (layers) has extended to 500 days, and their genomic characteristics exhibit genetic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13527229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multi-Reassortant H3N8 Avian Influenza Virus Derived From Migratory Birds in Eastern China Exhibits Cross-Species Transmission Potential","authors":"Yunfei Guo,&nbsp;Zhonglong Yang,&nbsp;Hui Yang,&nbsp;Xinyu Miao,&nbsp;Tao Qing,&nbsp;Daxin Peng,&nbsp;Sujuan Chen","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9889145","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9889145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Migratory birds are one of the main reservoirs and long-distance transmission vectors of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). A migratory-bird-origin H3N8 subtype AIV (A/wild bird/Huadong/sy17/2024, hereafter named as WD/HDsy17/24) was isolated and identified in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China, in 2024. However, few studies have been conducted on the cross-species transmission potential of H3N8 AIVs from migratory birds. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the eight gene segments of WD/HDsy17/24 originated from different subtypes of AIV such as H3N8, H1, H5N1, H5N2, and H7N7 and was a multirecombinant virus. WD/HDsy17/24 virus showed a binding affinity to both SAα-2, 3-galactose (Gal) and SA α-2, 6 Gal receptors, relatively weak thermal stability and pH stability. The SPF chicken pathogenicity indicated that the virus only causes mild respiratory symptoms and leads to lung hemorrhage and congestion. The mice pathogenicity indicated that the body weight of infected mice drops to the lowest value on the third day after infection, the lung-to-body ratio significantly increases, and inflammatory or edema lesions appear in the lungs. Moreover, this virus can infect guinea pigs through contact transmission and aerosol transmission routes from infected SPF chickens. After infection, obvious secretions can be seen in the eyes of guinea pigs. In the contact transmission group, viral shedding was detected in the nasal wash of one guinea pig at 6 days postinfection (dpi). In the aerosol transmission group, viral shedding was detected in the nasal washes of one guinea pig at both 10 and 12 dpi and in another guinea pig at 14 dpi. After 21 days, the seroconversion rate of serum antibodies in both groups is 100%. These findings underscore the need for continued surveillance of H3N8 viruses to identify circulating strains that may potentially threaten human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13526229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148856787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxford Nanopore Sequencing of Clinical DNA for Identification and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Erysipelothrix piscisicarius","authors":"Rattagan Kajeekul,&nbsp;Thidathip Wongsurawat,&nbsp;Worarat Kruasuwan,&nbsp;Phichaya Sawankatat,&nbsp;Pattaraporn Nimsamer,&nbsp;Tantip Arigul,&nbsp;Athita Riwlord,&nbsp;Piroon Jenjaroenpun,&nbsp;Anusak Kerdsin","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5654145","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5654145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The genus <i>Erysipelothrix</i> comprises facultative anaerobic, nonspore-forming, gram-positive bacteria that can cause skin infections and severe diseases such as septicemia and endocarditis in humans. Although <i>E. rhusiopathiae</i> is the primary pathogen, other species may also be involved, necessitating accurate identification. However, 16S rDNA sequencing lacks sufficient resolution to differentiate among <i>Erysipelothrix</i> species. In this study, we used Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) to directly sequence low-quality DNA extracted from heart valve tissue of a 66-year-old female patient with a fatal case of septicemia and aortic endocarditis. In contrast to 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), which incorrectly identified the pathogen as <i>E. rhusiopathiae</i>, direct sequencing via ONT precisely identified <i>E. piscisicarius</i> as the cause of infection. About 1.47 Mb genome was retrieved from nanopore direct sequencing. Within the <i>E. piscisicarius</i> genome, we detected genes associated with virulence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that our strain clustered with a human-derived <i>E. piscisicarius</i> strain from China and swine-derived strains from Brazil. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ONT can be used to sequence low-quality DNA extracted directly from patient specimens, obtain a draft bacterial genome, and reliably distinguish between pathogenic species.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13527386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148863072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Companion Animals Harbour Globally Circulating Human-Associated Klebsiella pneumoniae Lineages and High-Risk Antimicrobial Resistance Clones","authors":"Stephen Mark Edward Fordham,&nbsp;Elizabeth Sheridan,&nbsp;Francis Drobniewski","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5383720","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5383720","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Companion animals are increasingly recognised within One Health antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) surveillance, yet the global genomic structure of dog- and cat-associated <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> remains poorly defined. We assembled a global dataset of 712 domestic dog (<i>Canis lupus familiaris</i>)– and cat (<i>Felis catus</i>)–derived <i>K. pneumoniae</i> genomes to define lineage diversity, AMR burden, host-associated patterns, and overlap with human-associated populations. Companion-animal isolates comprised 263 sequence types (STs), but recurrent high-risk lineages, including ST307, ST11, ST15, and ST147, were prominent. Among 706 isolates from 25 countries, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes were widely distributed, detected in 303 (42.9%) and 98 (13.9%) isolates, respectively. Cat-derived isolates showed higher multidrug-resistance (MDR) prevalence than dog-derived isolates; 80.0% versus 56.3%, partly reflecting enrichment of epidemic clones, especially ST147. MDR was not confined to infection-associated samples, indicating that colonisation may represent an important reservoir state. Comparison with 38,106 human-associated <i>K. pneumoniae</i> isolates revealed extensive ST overlap, with 71.1% of companion-animal STs and 87.2% of companion-animal isolates belonging to STs also detected in humans. Focused recombination-filtered phylogenomics of ST147 identified a closely related MDR cluster containing cat-, dog- and human-associated genomes, consistent with recent common ancestry and cross-host cocirculation. Together, these findings reveal domestic dogs and cats harbour globally distributed <i>K. pneumoniae</i> lineages and high-risk AMR clones also represented in human-associated populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5383720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibitory Effects of Enoxolone on Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus In Vitro and In Vivo","authors":"Jie Li,&nbsp;Feixiang Zhu,&nbsp;Han Xu,&nbsp;Hongyue Li,&nbsp;Jiang Jin,&nbsp;Muyu Zhu,&nbsp;Junjie Liu,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Yingchun Zhou,&nbsp;Zongyi Bo,&nbsp;Haixiao Shen,&nbsp;Junfang Yan,&nbsp;Yan Cheng,&nbsp;Xinyue Chang,&nbsp;Xuelan Liu,&nbsp;Xianrui Zheng,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;Zongjun Yin,&nbsp;Liang Li,&nbsp;Pei Sun","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7319780","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7319780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is characterized as an acute and highly contagious intestinal ailment induced by the PED virus (PEDV), presenting clinical symptoms such as emesis, diarrhea, and dehydration. The occurrence of PED has imposed a substantial economic burden on the global swine farming industry. The PEDV strain exhibits a proclivity for mutations, and the immune response elicited by traditional vaccines may prove ineffective against the virus. Meanwhile, given concerns about the tolerance to existing drugs. Consequently, there is an urgent necessity to develop novel anti PEDV drugs. As a natural compound, studies have demonstrated that enoxolone possesses multiple pharmacological attributes, encompassing antitumor, antiulcer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of enoxolone against PEDV. Enoxolone inhibits the proliferation of PEDV through multiple pathways. Initially, it degrades the nucleocapsid (N) protein via the lysosomal-autophagy pathway. Additionally, in vitro experiments have demonstrated that Enoxolone suppresses the NF-κB signaling pathway activated by PEDV, indicating its anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to inhibit the inflammatory response triggered by PEDV in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo results show that enoxolone effectively alleviates the symptoms and intestinal damage caused by PEDV in piglets. Briefly speaking, our research verifies that enoxolone can inhibit the replication of PEDV both in vivo and in vitro, providing a novel direction for the development of antiviral drugs against PED.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7319780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Outcomes of Penicillin-Based Therapy Compared to Alternative Enterococcal Treatment in Patients With Vancomycin-Susceptible Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections: A Monocentric Cohort Study","authors":"Thalia Landrock,&nbsp;Lisa Schneider,&nbsp;Stefan Glöckner,&nbsp;Stefan Hagel,&nbsp;Mathias W. Pletz,&nbsp;Christina Bahrs","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3822590","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/3822590","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of penicillin-based therapies (ampicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, or piperacillin/tazobactam) compared with alternative therapies (glycopeptides, linezolid, or daptomycin) in patients with vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections (BSIs). Adult patients with a positive blood culture (BC) for a vancomycin-susceptible <i>Enterococcus</i> species were screened from January 2017 to December 2018. Patients who received adequate antibiotic therapy for at least 48 h were enrolled. The primary outcome, 30-day mortality, was compared between patients receiving penicillin-based and those receiving alternative therapies using the Fisher exact test. Secondary outcomes included 90-day mortality, relapse BSI, length of hospital stay (LOS), and potential antibiotic-related adverse events. To identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality, multivariable logistic regression analysis was weighted for ampicillin susceptibility using propensity scores. Of the 150 patients screened, 127 (84.6%) were included in the final analysis. Among them, 36 (28.3%) developed a septic shock. Aminopenicillin-susceptible <i>Enterococcus</i> species (mainly <i>E. faecalis</i>) accounted for 59.1% of bacteremia cases. Sixty-seven (52.1%) patients received a penicillin-based regimen (monotherapy <i>n</i> = 48, combination <i>n</i> = 19), and 60 (47.2%) patients received an alternative regimen. Patients receiving penicillin-based therapy exhibited a lower 30-day mortality rate of 13.4% compared to 40% (<i>p</i> = 0.001) in those receiving alternative treatments. The 90-day mortality rates were reduced (13.4% versus 41.7%), and LOS was shorter (median 21 versus 35 days) for patients with penicillin-based therapy. There was no significant difference in relapse BSI or potential adverse events between the groups (<i>p</i>  &gt; 0.05). However, in the multivariable weighted regression model, only septic shock (aOR with 95% CI: 23.53 [1.66; 334.54]) was identified as an independent positive predictor of 30-day mortality. In conclusion, penicillin-based therapy was still an effective and safe treatment but was not associated with an improved survival in a weighted analysis of patients with enterococcal BSI.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3822590","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidrug-Resistant Providencia rettgeri: An Emerging Pathogen in Farmed Siamese Crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) in Hainan, China","authors":"Mengqi Wang,&nbsp;Caike Li,&nbsp;Yixin Tian,&nbsp;Zhongtao Liu,&nbsp;Shuai Ye,&nbsp;Jiahao Yu,&nbsp;Guiying Guo,&nbsp;Lixia Fan,&nbsp;Nuo Yang,&nbsp;Jifeng Zeng,&nbsp;Jiping Zheng,&nbsp;Xuesong Li","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5761973","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5761973","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Siamese crocodile (<i>Crocodylus siamensis</i>) farming industry in China, particularly in Hainan Province, has grown substantially, yet it faces increasing threats from infectious diseases. <i>Providencia</i> spp., especially <i>P. rettgeri</i>, are increasingly reported in reptilian disease outbreaks, but their epidemiological and pathogenic profiles in farmed <i>C. siamensis</i> remain poorly understood. In this study, necropsy and histopathological examination of 18 deceased juvenile Siamese crocodiles from three farms in Hainan Province, China, revealed severe multiorgan lesions indicative of septicemia. Sixty-five <i>Providencia</i> isolates were recovered and assigned to four species-level clusters (<i>P. rettgeri</i>, <i>P. stuartii</i>, <i>P. hangzhouensis</i>, and <i>P. alcalifaciens</i>) via 16S rDNA and <i>fusA</i> phylogenetic analyses. Most isolates exhibited strong motility but weak biofilm-forming ability. Crucially, all 65 isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried diverse antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), with 74% harboring class 1 integrons. Virulence-associated genes (VGs) were widespread. Zebrafish challenge assays confirmed that all five representative isolates were pathogenic, with <i>P. rettgeri</i> strains PL-425 and PL-688 exhibiting the highest virulence (100% mortality within 24–30 h). Whole-genome sequencing of PL-425 identified multiple virulence loci related to motility, capsule, adhesion, and toxins. These findings identify multidrug-resistant <i>P. rettgeri</i> as a dominant and highly virulent pathogen in farmed Siamese crocodiles, highlighting its emergence as a significant threat to the industry and underscoring the urgent need for integrated surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5761973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IRES Mutation Confers a Replicative Advantage to SVA by Enhancing Translation Efficiency","authors":"Tao Li,&nbsp;Wen Dang,&nbsp;Weiwei Li,&nbsp;Xiaodong Qin,&nbsp;Fan Xu,&nbsp;Hong Tian,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Yanyan Chang,&nbsp;Haixue Zheng","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7653487","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7653487","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) is a cis-acting element found in certain RNA viruses. In virus-infected cells, the Senecavirus A (SVA) IRES can directly recruit the small ribosomal subunit to an internal initiation codon on the mRNA, enabling translation initiation independently of both the 5^′ cap structure of the viral genome and the host cell eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F). As a small RNA virus, SVA frequently accumulates genetic mutations during transmission. This study aimed to characterize the mutational and evolutionary patterns of the SVA genome during its transmission within host cells exhibiting enhanced innate immunity. SVA was serially passaged for 80 generations in preactivated 3D4/21 cells that had been established in an antiviral innate immune state. During serial passaging, two stable single-nucleotide mutations were consistently identified in the IRES region of the viral genomic RNA from passages 60–80: a uridine (U) insertion at genomic position 109, and a guanine (G)-to-adenine (A) substitution at position 265. Furthermore, the rescued SVA mutants harboring these mutations exhibited significantly higher replication titers than the parental strain. Notably, our results indicated that the mutant virus was unable to evade host antiviral innate immunity, whereas it significantly enhanced the translational activity of the SVA IRES. Collectively, these findings provide a foundation for understanding how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5^′ untranslated region (UTR) region influence viral IRES activity and the replication capacity of recombinant viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7653487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148823826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}