Nouv Sophorn, Na Sambo, Satoshi Ohkura, Sho Nakamura, Shuichi Matsuyama, Tetsuma Murase, Rin Soriya, Witaya Suriyasathaporn
{"title":"Emerging of Uncommon Chronic Mastitis From S. gallolyticus and S. chromogenes in a Smallholder Dairy Farm in Cambodia","authors":"Nouv Sophorn, Na Sambo, Satoshi Ohkura, Sho Nakamura, Shuichi Matsuyama, Tetsuma Murase, Rin Soriya, Witaya Suriyasathaporn","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3621605","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n <p>The complete mastitis control program is insufficient for the starting dairy industry country, and therefore it might cause emerging of new mastitis pathogens. This longitudinal study aimed to determine the association of the infected dynamic status of the main pathogens responsible for mastitis with seasonal variations, the proportions of transient and chronic intramammary infection (IMI) episodes, and the duration of IMI. This study was conducted on a training smallholder dairy farm in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from January 2023 to July 2023. Trained veterinarians aseptically collected quarter milk samples from all milking cows (<i>n</i> = 21) every 2 weeks until the end of the study, accounting for 3–16 times of milk collection per cow based on their period of lactation. All collected milk samples (<i>n</i> = 812) were cultured, and subsequently, all bacterial colonies were identified using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. An IMI episode is defined as a sequence of consecutive isolates of a specific bacterium from the same quarter. The duration of an episode is the time between the new IMI and its cure. Two types of IMI were defined as transient IMI and chronic IMI that lasted for 28 days or more. Results of the IMI episodes, distributions of no, single, double-mixed, and 3-mixed IMI were 61.1%, 31.9%, 6.3%, and 0.7%, respectively, in which the mixed IMI accounts for 18% of IMI samples. <i>Streptococcus uberis</i>, <i>Staphylococcus chromogenes</i>, and <i>Streptococcus gallolyticus</i> were the main organisms responsible for the mastitis epidemic on this farm. These bacteria had higher ratios of chronic episodes than the other mastitis bacteria found on this farm. In addition, results obtained from Cox’s model showed that <i>S. chromogenes</i> had a longer time to cure than pathogens other than <i>S. uberis</i> and <i>S. gallolyticus</i>, in which <i>S. gallolyticus</i> linked to colon neoplasia in humans. In conclusion, the lack of an optimal mastitis control program, in this case, provides information on the emerging mixed infections, emerging mastitis pathogens, and emerging chronic <i>S. chromogenes</i> infections.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3621605","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/tbed/3621605","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"INFECTIOUS DISEASES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The complete mastitis control program is insufficient for the starting dairy industry country, and therefore it might cause emerging of new mastitis pathogens. This longitudinal study aimed to determine the association of the infected dynamic status of the main pathogens responsible for mastitis with seasonal variations, the proportions of transient and chronic intramammary infection (IMI) episodes, and the duration of IMI. This study was conducted on a training smallholder dairy farm in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, from January 2023 to July 2023. Trained veterinarians aseptically collected quarter milk samples from all milking cows (n = 21) every 2 weeks until the end of the study, accounting for 3–16 times of milk collection per cow based on their period of lactation. All collected milk samples (n = 812) were cultured, and subsequently, all bacterial colonies were identified using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. An IMI episode is defined as a sequence of consecutive isolates of a specific bacterium from the same quarter. The duration of an episode is the time between the new IMI and its cure. Two types of IMI were defined as transient IMI and chronic IMI that lasted for 28 days or more. Results of the IMI episodes, distributions of no, single, double-mixed, and 3-mixed IMI were 61.1%, 31.9%, 6.3%, and 0.7%, respectively, in which the mixed IMI accounts for 18% of IMI samples. Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus chromogenes, and Streptococcus gallolyticus were the main organisms responsible for the mastitis epidemic on this farm. These bacteria had higher ratios of chronic episodes than the other mastitis bacteria found on this farm. In addition, results obtained from Cox’s model showed that S. chromogenes had a longer time to cure than pathogens other than S. uberis and S. gallolyticus, in which S. gallolyticus linked to colon neoplasia in humans. In conclusion, the lack of an optimal mastitis control program, in this case, provides information on the emerging mixed infections, emerging mastitis pathogens, and emerging chronic S. chromogenes infections.
期刊介绍：
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases brings together in one place the latest research on infectious diseases considered to hold the greatest economic threat to animals and humans worldwide. The journal provides a venue for global research on their diagnosis, prevention and management, and for papers on public health, pathogenesis, epidemiology, statistical modeling, diagnostics, biosecurity issues, genomics, vaccine development and rapid communication of new outbreaks. Papers should include timely research approaches using state-of-the-art technologies. The editors encourage papers adopting a science-based approach on socio-economic and environmental factors influencing the management of the bio-security threat posed by these diseases, including risk analysis and disease spread modeling. Preference will be given to communications focusing on novel science-based approaches to controlling transboundary and emerging diseases. The following topics are generally considered out-of-scope, but decisions are made on a case-by-case basis (for example, studies on cryptic wildlife populations, and those on potential species extinctions):
Pathogen discovery: a common pathogen newly recognised in a specific country, or a new pathogen or genetic sequence for which there is little context about — or insights regarding — its emergence or spread.
Prevalence estimation surveys and risk factor studies based on survey (rather than longitudinal) methodology, except when such studies are unique. Surveys of knowledge, attitudes and practices are within scope.
Diagnostic test development if not accompanied by robust sensitivity and specificity estimation from field studies.
Studies focused only on laboratory methods in which relevance to disease emergence and spread is not obvious or can not be inferred (“pure research” type studies).
Narrative literature reviews which do not generate new knowledge. Systematic and scoping reviews, and meta-analyses are within scope.
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