Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Development and Application of a Rep-Targeted SYBR Green I qPCR Assay for Porcine Circovirus 4: Etiological Investigation in China (2022–2025) and Molecular Evolutionary Analysis","authors":"Yi Lu,&nbsp;Yanhong Chen,&nbsp;Tong Xu,&nbsp;Yang Zeng,&nbsp;Ling Dong,&nbsp;Zhijing Mei,&nbsp;Xuexiang Yu,&nbsp;Suphot Wattanaphansak,&nbsp;Wentao Li,&nbsp;Qigai He","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4853360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/4853360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine circovirus (PCV) type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging <i>Circovirus</i> whose epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics remain incompletely characterized. We developed a replication-associated protein (<i>Rep</i>)-targeted SYBR Green I real-time quantitative PCR assay that showed analytical specificity against tested common porcine pathogens and an estimated 95% limit of detection of 8.22 copies/µL. Among the 1920 diagnostic samples collected from 29 Chinese provinces between 2022 and 2025, 96 tested positive for PCV4 (5.00%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.11%–6.07%). The highest observed positivity was in sows, although rates did not differ significantly among production stages. The capsid (<i>Cap</i>) gene-based phylogenetic analysis indicated that most analyzed sequences belonged to PCV4a. Exploratory Bayesian analyses estimated a global time to the most recent common ancestor around 1996.6 and an evolutionary rate of 4.76 × 10⁻⁴ substitutions/site/year. Discrete phylogeographic reconstruction identified model-inferred migration links rather than verified transmission routes. Three candidate positively selected sites (Ser27, Ser53, and Val98) overlapped predicted structural or epitope-associated regions. Overall, the assay provides a practical molecular tool for PCV4 surveillance, and the epidemiological and evolutionary findings generate hypotheses for future systematic sampling, recombination-aware genomic analysis, and investigation of possible vertical transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/4853360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149356426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic Recombination and Genetic Diversity of Emerging Novel Duck Orthoreovirus in China, 2018–2023","authors":"Chenchen Jiang,&nbsp;Rongchang Liu,&nbsp;Bing Li,&nbsp;Wenzhe Liu,&nbsp;Di Lei,&nbsp;Yu Huang,&nbsp;Chunhe Wan,&nbsp;Yi Tang,&nbsp;Rendong Fang,&nbsp;Hongzhi Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7746288","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7746288","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Novel duck orthoreovirus (NDRV) represents a major pathogen severely affecting the waterfowl farming industry in China, yet its evolutionary dynamics and reassortment patterns remain poorly defined. In this study, we sequenced the full genomes of 10 NDRV isolates obtained from Shandong and Jiangsu provinces (2018–2023) and analyzed their genetic features through sequence identity, phylogenetics, and reassortment detection. We also evaluated pathogenicity in 1-day-old ducklings for three representative isolates via intravenous injection. Our results show that nucleotide (nt) homologies across all gene segments ranged from 86.9% to 99.9%, and the L2, M1, S2, and S4 segments displayed greater sequence variability than the traditionally hypervariable S1 gene in our isolates. We identified recombination events in the M2 segment of strain XT18 (with SDYC and HN5d as parental strains) and the S4 segment of strain LY20 (with GX-Y7 and SDYC as parents), which, to our knowledge, represent the first reports of recombination in the M2 and S4 segments of NDRV. In pathogenicity tests, strain SDYC induced the most severe splenic lesions and maintained the highest viral loads in vivo. Collectively, these findings clarify the molecular evolution and reassortment landscape of currently circulating NDRV strains and offer a scientific basis for selecting vaccine candidates and designing precision control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7746288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macrophage USF2 Lactylation-Mediated FABP4 Suppression Promotes Intracellular Proliferation of Brucella","authors":"Yuanhao Yang,&nbsp;Yaping Zu,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;Xiaofang Liu,&nbsp;Yunyi Zhai,&nbsp;Ye Yuan,&nbsp;Gaowa Wudong,&nbsp;Wei Liu,&nbsp;Yaping Jin,&nbsp;Dong Zhou,&nbsp;Aihua Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3930677","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/3930677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Brucella</i> spp. are facultative intracellular bacteria that infect and induce brucellosis in a diverse range of mammalian hosts. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the intracellular survival of <i>Brucella</i> is of critical importance for the prevention and control of brucellosis. This study uncovers the mechanism by which <i>Brucella abortus</i> manipulates host lactate metabolism to facilitate its intracellular proliferation. Infection of macrophages by <i>B. abortus</i> enhanced L-lactate production by the host macrophages, which in turn promoted bacterial proliferation. Proteomic and functional analyses identified the host glucose transporter protein Slc2a1 as a positive regulator of both <i>B. abortus</i> proliferation and host cellular lactylation. The <i>B. abortus</i> effector protein SepA upregulated Slc2a1 expression and host cellular lactylation. Lactylation of the transcription factor USF2 at lysine residues 255 and 275 suppressed production of the host lipid metabolism-associated protein Fabp4, thereby enhancing bacterial survival. Moreover, Fabp4 inhibition attenuated <i>B. abortus</i>-induced M1 polarization and lipid metabolism in macrophages. These findings reveal a dual-axis regulatory network through which <i>B. abortus</i> exploits host L-lactate metabolic reprogramming via the SepA/Slc2a1 and L-lactate-USF2/Fabp4 axes to establish its intracellular niche, providing new insights into host–<i>Brucella</i> metabolic crosstalk.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3930677","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Host, Emerging Parasites: Cardiopulmonary Nematodes in Italian Golden Jackals (Canis aureus)","authors":"Elisabetta Ferraro,&nbsp;Lorenzo Frangini,&nbsp;Erica Marchiori,&nbsp;Giulia Simonato,&nbsp;Rudi Cassini,&nbsp;Stefano Pesaro,&nbsp;Paola Beraldo","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9093298","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9093298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cardiopulmonary nematodes of canids are important veterinary pathogens, and their distribution across Europe is expanding, a trend driven by climate change and shifting wildlife dynamics. The golden jackal (<i>Canis aureus</i>), a highly adaptable mesocarnivore, could function as a key reservoir and intermediary host at the boundary between wild and domestic animals. This study provides a comprehensive, long-term assessment of the cardiopulmonary nematode community in golden jackals from Northeastern Italy (Friuli Venezia Giulia [FVG]). From 2009 to 2025, 109 jackal carcasses were necropsied. The nematodes recovered were identified morphometrically and confirmed by PCR (targeting mtCOI, 18S rRNA and 12S rRNA genes). The infection parameters and the influence of host characteristics on infection probability were calculated. Spatial modelling was applied in order to assess how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence the probability of infection. Overall, 52 jackals (47.7%) were positive for at least one parasite species. The prevalence of <i>Angiostrongylus vasorum</i> was the highest (34.9%), followed by <i>Eucoleus aerophilus</i> (13.8%), <i>Crenosoma vulpis</i> (12.8%) and <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> (4.6%). Host sex had a significant effect on the prevalence and abundance of <i>C. vulpis</i>, with higher rates in males. Mean annual precipitation and the extent of agricultural land cover (AGR) were significant positive predictors of <i>A. vasorum</i> and <i>E. aerophilus</i> infections. Our findings suggest that the golden jackal may serve as a reservoir for veterinary and zoonotic pathogens. As jackals increasingly exploit human-dominated habitats, their role in maintaining and spreading these nematodes in the environment may become more relevant. Given the species’ ongoing westward expansion, integrated One Health surveillance programmes are essential to monitor pathogen spread within multispecies landscapes.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13732816/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle and Buffaloes in Punjab of Pakistan: A 3ABC ELISA-Based Study","authors":"Rai Bahadur Kharl,&nbsp;Mughees Aizaz Alvi,&nbsp;Hamza Samee,&nbsp;Xusheng Ma,&nbsp;Zixiang Zhu,&nbsp;Ali Zohaib,&nbsp;Aliza Ali,&nbsp;Muhammad Zeeshan,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Wen Dang,&nbsp;Jijun He,&nbsp;Hong-Bin Yan,&nbsp;Muhammad Saqib,&nbsp;Haixue Zheng","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9504319","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9504319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an important transboundary livestock disease that can cause significant economic losses in endemic areas. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of antibodies against the nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of FMD virus (FMDV) and associated animal- and farm-level risk factors in cattle and buffaloes of nine livestock-producing districts in Punjab, Pakistan. A 6-month field survey was conducted in which a total of 576 animals (322 cattle and 254 buffaloes) were sampled, and a 3ABC ELISA was used. The assay measures antibodies to FMDV NSPs, supporting a DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) strategy, as NSP antibodies are more characteristic of viral replication than vaccination with purified inactivated vaccines. However, vaccination histories were not available for the sampled animals, and NSP seropositivity in this study was regarded as indicative of prior FMDV exposure, with the possibility of residual NSPs in incompletely purified vaccines acknowledged. Overall FMDV NSPs seropositivity was 71.18% (410/576), ranging from 33.33% in Kasur to 89.36% in Faisalabad. The NSP seropositivity was higher in cattle (75.16%) than in buffaloes (66.14%), but the difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–1.47; <i>p</i> = 0.3289). The odds of seropositivity were higher in female animals than in male animals (74.72% vs. 26.19%; OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.46–5.58; <i>p</i> = 0.0016), but this should be interpreted with caution because of the highly skewed sex distribution. Animals over 10 years old were more likely to be FMDV NSPs seropositive than animals ≤5 years old (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.24–3.08; <i>p</i> = 0.0085). Cattle–sheep mixed-species contact was also associated with higher NSP seropositivity (90.91%; OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.53–4.85; <i>p</i> = 0.0417). These results suggest significant FMDV exposure in the sampled livestock population and emphasize the need for risk-based surveillance, farm animal-movement management, and enhanced farm biosecurity for FMD control in Punjab.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13729266/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scoping Review of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Wildlife: Global Evidence to Inform Preparedness in Nonendemic Regions","authors":"Emma G. Gardner,&nbsp;Erin N. Casper,&nbsp;Murray Gillies,&nbsp;Nicole Wanamaker,&nbsp;Jamie L. Rothenburger","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9482115","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9482115","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious virus with severe economic and animal welfare consequences if introduced into nonendemic regions. Given its broad host range, including domestic and wild animals, wildlife must be considered in FMD preparedness and response planning. We conducted a scoping review according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines and narrative synthesis of 205 publications (year 2000 onward) to examine wildlife susceptibility to FMD and associated control strategies. In the Canadian context, over a dozen native wild ungulate species, as well as feral pigs, are known or likely to be susceptible to FMD. Experimental studies confirm that species such as deer, bison, and pronghorn can develop clinical disease and transmit FMD, yet their potential role as long-term maintenance hosts remains unclear. This knowledge gap highlights the critical need for targeted research to inform surveillance and control strategies in disease-free regions. Globally, wildlife-livestock interfaces are recognized as critical points for potential FMD transmission. Surveillance typically relies on opportunistic sampling of hunted or found-dead animals. Modeling studies suggest that outbreaks in wildlife are generally self-limiting without livestock involvement, constrained by ecological factors such as seasonality, population density, and short infectious periods. However, environmental persistence and shared resource use (e.g., water and feed) may facilitate transmission. Control measures include barrier fencing and livestock ring vaccination. Wildlife culling is widely considered infeasible, environmentally damaging, and socially contentious, with use recommended only under narrow, evidence-based conditions. Enhanced biosecurity, such as reducing wildlife attractants on farms, and movement restrictions are consistently emphasized. Preparedness in nonendemic regions should prioritize risk-based wildlife surveillance, cross-sectoral coordination, response protocols, and strategies to mitigate impacts on vulnerable species. An integrated approach encompassing ecological, wildlife, and agricultural perspectives is essential for coordinated, science-based responses to future FMD incursions involving wildlife.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13723760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Transmission Parameters of Three Korean African Swine Fever Virus Isolates: A Bayesian ABC-SMC and Agent-Based Modeling Approach","authors":"Ki-Hyun Cho,&nbsp;Da-Young Kim,&nbsp;Yong-Myung Kang,&nbsp;Yeon-Hee Kim,&nbsp;Hae-Eun Kang,&nbsp;Dae Sung Yoo","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4377003","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/4377003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>African swine fever (ASF) remains a major threat to global pig production. An understanding of within-pen transmission dynamics is essential for designing effective prevention and control. Three independent direct-contact (DC) transmission experiments were conducted using Korean ASF virus (ASFV) isolates representing distinct epizootic phases in the Republic of Korea: Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019, Korea/Pig/Yeongwol/2021, and Korea/Pig/Hongcheon/2023. In each experiment, two inoculated donor pigs were cohoused with five DC-susceptible pigs for up to 18 days postinoculation (dpi). Transmission parameters were estimated using two complementary modeling approaches. First, an approximate Bayesian computation sequential Monte Carlo (ABC-SMC) framework was applied to a deterministic susceptible–exposed–infectious–removed (SEIR) ordinary differential equation (ODE) model. Second, a stochastic agent-based model (ABM) was used to validate parameter estimates and quantify within-pen outbreak probability. All DC pigs in the three experimental groups developed ASFV infection and died within 18 days postexposure. The Bayesian SEIR model estimated transmission coefficients (<i>β</i>) of 0.503, 0.435, and 0.308 per susceptible–infectious pair per day for Paju, Yeongwol, and Hongcheon isolates, respectively. Notably, the Korea/Pig/Hongcheon/2023 isolate exhibited a shorter posterior latent period (<i>ε</i> = 3.78 days; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 2.78–4.83) than Korea/Pig/Paju1/2019 (<i>ε</i> = 7.23 days; 95% CrI: 5.36–9.48) and Korea/Pig/Yeongwol/2021 (<i>ε</i> = 6.11 days; 95% CrI: 4.57–7.73). ABM simulations using posterior parameter distributions yielded per-donor secondary infection estimates (<i>R</i>_pd; the mean number of DC pigs infected per-donor pig, structurally bounded by the pen size) of 1.95, 2.10, and 2.37 for the Paju, Yeongwol, and Hongcheon isolates, respectively. In sensitivity analyses, the shorter latent period of the Hongcheon/2023 isolate was consistently observed under alternative exposure-time assumptions, distance-function weightings, and prior specifications, although the absolute values of <i>β</i> and <i>ε</i> depended on the assumed exposure time. This study provides the first comparative analysis of within-pen transmission dynamics for multiple Korean ASFV isolates. Although overall transmission potential was similar across isolates, the Korea/Pig/Hongcheon/2023 isolate exhibited a shorter estimated latent period and a marginally higher <i>R</i>_pd. Because isolate identity was confounded with experiment year, this difference requires confirmation in contemporaneous experiments; nevertheless, it may have implications for early detection and rapid spread within pig facilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725113/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-Scale Genomic Surveillance of Swine Influenza A Viruses in Europe Highlights Increased Reassortment Potential and Field-Based Associations With Clinical Manifestations","authors":"Kathrin Lillie-Jaschniski,&nbsp;Zalán Homonnay,&nbsp;Gwenaëlle Dauphin,&nbsp;István Kiss,&nbsp;Susanne Zoels,&nbsp;Julia Stadler,&nbsp;Nick Vereecke","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7198173","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7198173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is an important One Health pathogen due to its genetic diversity, ongoing reassortment, and implications for animal and public health. Between 2022 and 2023, nasal swabs (NSs) from pigs of multiple age groups were collected from 134 farms across 16 European countries and analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), subtyping, and whole-genome sequencing. Clinical and management metadata were integrated with viral genotypes. swIAV was detected in 93% of the targeted farms included in this study, with Clade 1A (H1pdmN1) and Clade 1C (H1avN1, H1avN2, and H1huN2) predominating. Sequencing identified 23 genotypes, including 12 previously unreported ones. Exploratory analysis suggested potential associations between specific hemagglutinin (HA) (sub)clades and clinical signs in piglets and with herd management factors. High genotype diversity—especially in Spain (ES)—suggests potential associations with intensive production systems. Overall, this large European survey indicates frequent circulation of swIAV within the targeted study population, accompanied by high genetic diversity and ongoing reassortment, underscoring the need for harmonized genomic surveillance to inform veterinary and public health preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbidol HCl Inhibits PRRSV Infection by Downregulating CD163 and MYH9 Expression and Modulating Inflammatory Responses","authors":"Li Chen,&nbsp;Mengxue Gao,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Zhan,&nbsp;Lei Kong,&nbsp;Shuzhen Jiang,&nbsp;Suimin Shang,&nbsp;En-xin Li,&nbsp;Xiaoting Peng,&nbsp;Qiuju Dai,&nbsp;Yubao Li,&nbsp;Yuyu Zhang,&nbsp;Muhammad Zahoor Khan,&nbsp;Liangliang Li,&nbsp;Jiaqiang Wu,&nbsp;Tongtong Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2505057","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/2505057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) constitutes a major challenge for global pig production, yet effective therapeutic interventions remain elusive. Our study investigated the antiviral potency of Arbidol HCl in counteracting PRRSV infection through comprehensive in permissive cells and in vivo approaches. Our observations demonstrate that Arbidol HCl confers an obvious antiviral activity against varied PRRSV isolates in MARC-145 cells and primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Mechanistic studies revealed that Arbidol HCl inhibits the early stages of PRRSV infection by significantly downregulating the expression of key viral receptors cysteine-rich scavenger receptor (CD163) and myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), thereby disrupting viral attachment and internalization. Subsequent validation studies indicated that Arbidol HCl attenuates proinflammatory responses caused by PRRSV via suppressing the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In vivo experiments using PRRSV-infected piglets demonstrated that Arbidol HCl treatment significantly reduced viral loads in serum, alleviated lung pathological damage, and mitigated systemic inflammatory responses. These results collectively establish Arbidol HCl as a promising dual-action therapeutic agent that combines direct antiviral effects with anti-inflammatory properties. Our study offers hope for developing a practical therapeutic intervention that could significantly impact swine health and food security worldwide. It will provide a novel approach for PRRS prevention and treatment in swine production.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13723318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection Dynamics and Clinical Signs of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 in Cattle and Transmission to Culicoides Vectors","authors":"Kerry Newbrook,&nbsp;Laura Jones,&nbsp;Emmanuel Obishakin,&nbsp;Martin Ashby,&nbsp;Simon Gubbins,&nbsp;Carrie Batten,&nbsp;Christopher Sanders","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9342380","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9342380","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) virus (BTV) serotype 3 (BTV-3) have been reported across Europe since late 2023, causing significant levels of disease in sheep, goats and cattle. The infection dynamics and clinical disease severity in the UK cattle and the infection rate of European <i>Culicoides</i> vectors to this BTV-3 strain have yet to be investigated. Four Holstein-Friesian calves were infected with BTV-3 UKG2023/04 using a host:virus:vector transmission model with <i>Culicoides sonorensis</i> biting midges. Clinical signs, gross pathology, infection kinetics, duration of infectious viraemia in the blood and host immune response were assessed. The potential for onwards BTV transmission from infected calves to colony-reared and the UK field-caught <i>Culicoides</i> biting midge vectors was quantified over the study period. All four calves were infected with BTV-3, even when few infected <i>Culicoides</i> had acquired a blood meal. Infected calves experienced mild clinical signs and transient elevation in rectal temperatures, presenting lower disease severity than previously reported in European cattle in the field. BTV infection, measured through the detection of viral RNA by real-time RT-PCR of the blood, peaked at 6–10 days post-infection (dpi) for all individuals. Infectious BTV-3 was isolated from the blood of three infected calves up to 56 dpi, although the consistency with which BTV was isolated declined after 24 dpi. Protective neutralising antibodies against BTV VP2 were first detected in calves from between 10 and 16 dpi. BTV RNA was detected in colony-reared and the UK field-caught <i>Culicoides</i> that had fed on infected calves at peak viraemia (6–8 dpi) and later in infection (42 and 55 dpi). Estimates of the vector competence of the <i>Culicoides obsoletus</i> group for BTV-3 were low (0.68%). Our data indicate that whilst cattle are less likely than sheep to exhibit clinical disease following infection with BTV-3, the duration of infectious viraemia observed may permit transmission to <i>Culicoides</i> vectors for several weeks post-infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13723317/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}