Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Progress Toward Antigenic Epitopes of African Swine Fever Virus and Their Identification","authors":"Xingjun Ke,&nbsp;Zhi Cao,&nbsp;Zhen Weng,&nbsp;Yin Xie,&nbsp;Fengyu Wu,&nbsp;Xinzhu Liu,&nbsp;Shiying Zhou,&nbsp;Mengjie Lian,&nbsp;Tongyu Liu,&nbsp;Ruize Sun,&nbsp;Lerong Ma,&nbsp;Aishi Xu,&nbsp;Jiaqi Wang,&nbsp;Hongsheng Ouyang,&nbsp;Linzhu Ren,&nbsp;Daxin Pang,&nbsp;Dongmei Lv","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2111189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2111189","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes pigs to develop high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and respiratory distress, with an exceptionally high case fatality rate. Unfortunately, vaccine development is hindered by a limited understanding of the structure and function of the protein encoded by ASFV, as well as the mechanisms underlying infection and immunity. Among these factors, the lack of effective cellular epitopes represents a major obstacle to vaccine development. Epitopes serve as the smallest structural units capable of inducing immune responses and are critical targets for both vaccine design and diagnostic reagent development. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate antigens with high immunogenicity and elucidate their correlation with protective immune responses to provide scientific insights and a theoretical foundation for developing safe and effective ASFV vaccines. Currently, thorough reviews on the identification and functional characterization of ASFV antigenic epitopes remain scarce. To address this gap, this paper provides a comprehensive review of ASFV epitopes and their identification strategies. It initiates with a systematic classification of ASFV antigenic epitopes, followed by an extensive discussion of various methods for identifying ASFV epitopes, along with their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the paper summarizes existing databases of characterized ASFV antigenic epitopes and highlights the most biologically significant ones. In addition, the paper explores emerging applications of ASFV epitopes while addressing the technical challenges in epitope-based research to provide valuable insights for ASFV vaccine development and production.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2111189","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Oral Vaccine Distribution Strategies for Wild Boars Through Bias-Corrected Habitat Modeling: A Case Study of Classical Swine Fever Control in Japan","authors":"Satoshi Ito,&nbsp;Jamie Bosch,&nbsp;Cecilia Aguilar-Vega,&nbsp;Norikazu Isoda,&nbsp;José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno,&nbsp;Masuo Sueyoshi","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1576080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/1576080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Control of infectious diseases in wildlife is often considered challenging due to the limited availability of information. Some infectious diseases in wildlife can also affect livestock, posing significant problems for the animal farming industry. In Japan, classical swine fever (CSF) reemerged in September 2018. Given the availability of commercial vaccines, control measures mainly involve the vaccination of domestic pigs and the distribution of oral vaccines to wild boars. Despite these efforts, the disease continues to spread, primarily due to wild boars. This transmission is further exacerbated by Japan’s challenging geography—about 66% forested—making many areas difficult to access and leading to spatial bias in surveillance. As a result, the epidemic situation cannot be fully understood, limiting the effectiveness of control measures. This study estimated wild boar distribution using a species distribution model (SDM) that incorporates geographic bias correction. Two maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models—a standard model and a reporting bias-corrected model—were developed using wild boar observation data from Aichi Prefecture. Both models demonstrated excellent prediction accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.946 and 0.946, sensitivity of 0.868 and 0.943, and specificity of 0.999 and 0.991), with the most influential variables identified in a similar order (solar radiation in November, followed by elevation, precipitation during the wettest quarter, and solar radiation in August). While both models identified high-probability areas in the east, the bias-corrected model also revealed expanded high-probability zones in the northeast. During the epidemic phases, protecting farms takes priority; however, in eradication phases, control measures must also target wild boar habitats in forested areas. By using open-access environmental data, this modeling approach can be applied to other regions. Accurate estimation of wild boar distribution can contribute to improving wildlife disease surveillance and optimizing oral vaccine delivery strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/1576080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic and Pathogenic Characteristic of High Pathogenic Korean NADC34-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus","authors":"Sehyeong Ham,&nbsp;Chanhee Chae","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1838580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/1838580","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>A novel NADC34-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), named SNUVP231106, was isolated from a farm where pigs experienced respiratory symptoms and abortions. In this study, a SNUVP231106 strain was fully sequenced and evaluated for its pathogenicity. The genomic sequence of SNUVP231106 was NADC34-like PRRSV which was classified as sublineage 1.5 with 100 amino acid (aa) continuous deletions in nsp2. The Korean NADC34-like PRRSV strain SNUVP231106 is a restriction fragment polymorphism pattern of 1-6-4 according to the genetic analysis of the open reading frame (ORF) 5 gene. Recombination analysis revealed that the Korean NADC34-like PRRSV strain SNUVP231106 is a recombinant strain, with IA/2014/NADC34 as the major parent and both RespPRRS-MLV and NADC30 as minor parents. Animal studies demonstrated that infection with the NADC34-like PRRSV strain SNUVP231106 resulted in 100% morbidity and 37.5% mortality, accompanied by high viremia, elevated fever, and significant weight loss. Pathological findings included interstitial pneumonia, thymus atrophy, and perivascular cuffing in the brain. These experimental results confirm that the NADC34-like PRRSV strain SNUVP231106 exhibits high pathogenicity in piglets.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/1838580","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a PRRSV Detection Assay Using Multienzyme Isothermal Rapid Amplification and Genetic Analysis of PRRSV in Southwest China","authors":"Juan Zhang,&nbsp;Xinrong Wang,&nbsp;Jun Zhou,&nbsp;Junhai Zhu,&nbsp;Meiyu Jia,&nbsp;Longxiang Zhang,&nbsp;Nan Yan,&nbsp;Lizhi Fu,&nbsp;Yue Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5428900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5428900","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious viral disease that causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry. This study aimed to develop a PRRS virus (PRRSV) detection assay using multienzyme isothermal rapid amplification (MIRA) and to analyze the genetic variation of PRRSV in Southwest China. A total of 13,863 samples, including blood and lung tissues from pigs suspected of PRRSV infection, were collected. The MIRA assay was designed with primers and probes targeting conserved regions of the PRRSV-M gene, demonstrating high specificity with no cross-reactivity to other swine pathogens and an estimated detection threshold sensitivity of 1.0 copy/μL. Prevalence analysis revealed that, although vaccinated pigs showed relatively high antibody levels, the virus continued to circulate, particularly in unvaccinated herds. Genetic analysis of the predominant PRRSV strains indicated an increasing prevalence of NADC30-like strains and notable genetic variation in genes such as ORF5 and nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2), including amino acid deletions and alterations of glycosylation sites. Recombination events were also observed in some isolates. These findings provide essential insights into the epidemiology and genetic diversity of PRRSV in Southwest China, contributing critical data for the development of more effective control and prevention strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5428900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Role of Wild Bird Species in the Transmission of Avian Influenza to Poultry","authors":"L. Martelli,&nbsp;D. Fornasiero,&nbsp;J. A. Martínez-Lanfranco,&nbsp;A. Spada,&nbsp;F. Scarton,&nbsp;F. Scolamacchia,&nbsp;G. Manca,&nbsp;P. Mulatti","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2288535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2288535","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Wild aquatic birds are crucial in maintaining the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. However, the HPAI dynamic at the wild-domestic interface is still poorly known, and a comprehensive understanding of species that could potentially act as a bridge between wetlands and poultry farms is still lacking. In this study, an eco-epidemiological framework was used to build species distribution models for 40 wild bird species camera-trapped at 10 poultry farms in northeastern Italy. The predicted wild bird favorability distributions were used to estimate HPAI outbreak occurrences in the area of interest, using an ensemble approach that included five methodologies: generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), boosted regression trees (BRTs), random forest (RF), and maximum entropy (MaxEnt). The group of species that included most of the Ardeidae (i.e., great egret, purple heron, little egret, and cattle egret), one Galliformes (i.e., common pheasant), and one Gruiformes (i.e., common moorhen) showed the highest importance (IMP = 28%) in explaining the HPAI outbreak probability of occurrence in poultry, highlighting their potential bridging role between the reservoir species and the domestic populations. The second most important group of species (IMP = 17%) included one Anseriformes (i.e., mallard), two Charadriiformes (i.e., black-headed gull and yellow-legged gull), and one Ardeidae (i.e., gray heron), remarking their role in the disease ecology. These results underline the complex role of the wild-domestic interface in the epidemiology of HPAI, suggesting that a broader range of species than what is typically considered might be involved in HPAI virus ecology. Including these groups of species in targeted surveillance programs would help in fine-tuning sampling efforts and identifying early warning signals of possible transmission to poultry holdings.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2288535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing Herd Immunity: The Indirect Immune Effects of the M. bovis-BoHV-1 Combined Vaccine","authors":"Sen Zhang,&nbsp;Guoxing Liu,&nbsp;Jianguo Chen,&nbsp;Aizhen Guo,&nbsp;Yingyu Chen","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3903930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/3903930","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a complex illness driven by the interplay of various bacteria and viruses, often resulting in co-infection. It stands as one of the most significant and costly challenges in the cattle industry. The development of vaccines targeting BRD pathogens has garnered substantial attention, particularly for their ability to induce indirect immune protection in unvaccinated animals through the immune effects of vaccinated individuals. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the indirect immune effect of our developed attenuated and marker <i>Mycoplasma bovis</i>-BoHV-1 combined vaccine. Our results demonstrated that the combined vaccine effectively activates the innate immune response in animals cohabitating with immunized individuals. This was evidenced by a significant increase in serum lysozyme levels, blood lymphocyte counts, and elevated cytokine levels. Furthermore, these cohabitating animals exhibited effective activation of the humoral immune response, as indicated by the elevated levels of specific antibodies against various pathogens. Notably, <i>M. bovis</i> serum ELISA antibodies and BoHV-1 neutralizing antibodies in all calves from the co-housing group turned positive by the second week, exceeding the threshold values of 41% and 1:8, respectively. In addition, serum levels of total IgA and IgG antibodies were significantly elevated compared to the blank control group. In conclusion, the attenuated and marker <i>M. bovis</i>-BoHV-1 combined vaccine we developed shows a notable indirect immune effect, which is essential for controlling the spread of infection and enhancing calf survival. This study greatly facilitated the sustainable growth of the cattle industry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/3903930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143865891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Update on Foot-and-Mouth Disease in North-Western Syria: Circulating Serotypes and Post-Vaccination Monitoring","authors":"Tiziana Trogu,&nbsp;Giancarlo Ferrari,&nbsp;Ayham Abdulkader,&nbsp;Mario Younan,&nbsp;Jaffan Dayub,&nbsp;Efrem A. Foglia,&nbsp;Shahin Baiomy,&nbsp;Cornelis van Maanen,&nbsp;Hashim Abdelbaky Mansour,&nbsp;Ausama A. Yousif,&nbsp;Emad Bennour,&nbsp;Nussieba A. Osman,&nbsp;Mohammad Khalifeh,&nbsp;Fabrizio Rosso,&nbsp;Santina Grazioli","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8865069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8865069","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Information on the circulation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Western Syria is very limited. It is known that the country is affected by a prolonged humanitarian crisis that may certainly have contributed to such lack of information and the latest available data date back to 2002. Since 2021, there has been a significant increase in reporting of FMD clinical cases in dairy cattle in the region that led to implementing a vaccination campaign, using a tetravalent vaccine and targeting 35 subdistricts in the governorates of Aleppo and Idleb. Sampling for postvaccination monitoring was carried out, on average, around 2 months from the date of vaccination. Sera from 886 animals were collected and tested through ELISA tests to detect antibodies against FMD virus nonstructural proteins (NSPs) and structural proteins (SPs). Results revealed the presence of antibodies in 22.6% of the animals, directed towards viral NSP, indicating a previous infection. This was likely due to a rather recent exposure, considering the comparable NSP antibody prevalences among different age groups. Serological analyses revealed a good antibody response to Asia1 serotype following vaccination but an insufficient antibody response to serotypes A and O. Multiple logistic regression of the serological titers obtained for the different serotypes showed a significant association between high titers detected for serotype O and positivity towards the NSP of the virus. This result suggests the recent circulation of serotype O in the area under consideration.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8865069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imported Schistosomiasis in Southwestern Europe: Wide Variation of Pure and Hybrid Genotypes Infecting Sub-Saharan Migrants","authors":"Alejandra De Elias-Escribano,&nbsp;Patricio Artigas,&nbsp;Joaquin Salas-Coronas,&nbsp;María Pilar Luzon-Garcia,&nbsp;Marta Reguera-Gomez,&nbsp;Raquel Sanchez-Marques,&nbsp;Fernando Salvador,&nbsp;Jerôme Boissier,&nbsp;Santiago Mas-Coma,&nbsp;Maria Dolores Bargues","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6614509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6614509","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Mitochondrial <i>cox</i>1 and nuclear ribosomal ITSs are commonly combined to distinguish <i>Schistosoma</i> species and identify hybrids in endemic countries but very rarely applied to patients diagnosed in Europe despite the increasing arrival of migrants in southwestern Europe. To assess whether those migrants are carriers of pure or hybrid schistosomes, a complete genetic characterization of <i>Schistosoma</i> entering Spain is performed. A total of 759 eggs (from urine + stools) from 58 patients from 8 African countries were individually processed to describe their mito-nuclear signature by <i>cox</i>1 rapid diagnostic multiplex one-step polymerase chain reaction (RD-PCR) and ITS-2/18S sequencing and haplotype identification by means of the complete ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA and <i>cox</i>1 sequencing. Combined nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers in sub-Saharan migrants residing in Spain are described for the first time. Twenty-two (40.74%) patients were simultaneously carrying pure and hybrid eggs in their urine. S<i>chistosoma haematobium</i> × <i>S. bovis</i> (68.18%) and <i>S. haematobium</i> × <i>S. curassoni</i> (31.82%) hybrid combinations were the most frequent. Six (one pure and five hybrid) and two (pure) mito-nuclear signatures, in urine and stools, respectively, and 12 nuclear and 61 mitochondrial imported haplotypes were found. This study highlights the genetic complexity of pure and hybrid schistosomes that enter Spain, and consequently Europe, and contributes to the following: correlate the geographical origin of patients with pure and/or hybrid genetic types; detect the presence of hybrids “at distance” (hybrids in migrants from Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania are first time detected); correlate molecular haplotypes with pathologies, clinical pictures, and treatment responses; and, importantly, warn about possible sources of autochthonous transmission.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6614509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functions of Posttranslational Modifications in Toxoplasma gondii and Their Potential as Drug Targets","authors":"Chenghuan Li,&nbsp;Xing-Quan Zhu,&nbsp;Qijun Chen","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8359440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8359440","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p><i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite. Currently, the effective drugs for the treatment of toxoplasmosis are mainly pyrimethamine and sulfonamide, but these drugs have high toxicity and side effects, so the search for new and effective drug targets is urgent. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are certain chemical groups that are covalently coupled to specific amino acids within a protein. Studies have shown that <i>T. gondii</i> expresses a variety of proteins that require PTMs to regulate the parasite’s response to extracellular stimuli and life cycle transitions at different developmental stages. In this review, we summarize and analyze the 14 PTMs that have been found in <i>T. gondii</i> proteins to date and their roles in <i>T. gondii</i> growth and development. In addition, we discuss the potential crosstalk between <i>T. gondii</i> PTMs at different stages and summarize the results of studies on inhibitors that target PTM regulatory factors. The aim is to further analyze the functions of PTMs in the development and pathogenesis of <i>T. gondii</i> and to lay the foundation for the search for new anti-<i>T. gondii</i> drug targets.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8359440","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Challenges in the Development and Delivery of Antiprotozoal Agents Against Trichomoniasis","authors":"Anna Jaromin,&nbsp;Agnieszka Zagórska,&nbsp;Josué de Moraes,&nbsp;Ben J. Boyd","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1051460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/1051460","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted parasitic infection caused by <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>, represents a significant public health concern with transboundary implications. In males, trichomoniasis is often asymptomatic, whereas in females, the infection is a common cause of vaginal discharge. It is connected with multiple adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, damaging the health of millions of humans. This review describes the current treatment of <i>T. vaginalis</i> infection, including metronidazole (and its mechanism of action), tinidazole, and secnidazole. Here, we highlight the challenges to managing trichomoniasis, including mild or severe side effects of the drug and/or drug resistance. Furthermore, the review focuses also on drug repurposing and current promising drug targets. To emphasize the impact of nanocarriers on drug efficacy, we consolidated the published data on the activity of various drug delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and others against <i>T. vaginalis</i> as well as <i>Trichomonas gallinae</i> and <i>Trichomonas foetus</i>. The present work explores the recent advances in the quest for antiprotozoal agents against trichomoniasis while delving into the challenges that persist in this endeavor.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/1051460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}