Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Immune Responsiveness Induced by Administration of Heat-Inactivated M. bovis and BCG Prior to Experimental Infection in African Buffalo","authors":"J. M. Hewlett,&nbsp;L. M. de Klerk Lorist,&nbsp;E. P. Mitchell,&nbsp;L. J. Nupen,&nbsp;I. A. Sevilla,&nbsp;C. Gortazar,&nbsp;V. P. M. G. Rutten,&nbsp;R. Juste,&nbsp;A. L. Michel","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9279622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/9279622","url":null,"abstract":"<p>African buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>) are the primary wildlife reservoir for bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Africa. Infected buffalo populations spread BTB to numerous species in conservation areas as well as to cattle at park boundaries. Quarantine requirements for BTB complicate wild animal metapopulation management. Considerable interest has arisen in the vaccination of cattle and indigenous wildlife species against BTB as an additional control strategy. This pilot trial aimed to evaluate cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in African buffalo immunised against BTB. Twenty-one sub-adult African buffalo were divided into four treatment groups, and received either Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG; 10⁶ CFU) intra-muscularly, a heat-inactivated <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> vaccine intra-muscularly (HIMB-IM; 10⁷ CFUs; followed by a boost after 4 months) or orally (HIMB-O; 10⁷–10⁸ CFU), or 1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) intra-muscularly (control group). 7 months after immunisation, all animals were intratracheally challenged with <i>M. bovis</i> (2 × 10⁵ CFU). Monthly Bovigam interferon-gamma (IFNγ) assays and <i>M. bovis</i>-specific ELISAs were conducted and in addition, comparative intra-dermal tuberculin testings (CITTs) were performed at study start and termination 5 months after experimental infection. Over the study period, each treatment group showed distinct cell-mediated responses which differed in strength and temporal dynamics. In the post-immunisation stage, HIMB-IM animals produced a strong increase in bovine–avian purified protein derivative (PPD) IFNγ release after booster immunisation while HIMB-O and BCG groups showed relatively fewer numbers of positive responses. The experimental infection triggered significant elevations in bovine–avian PPD IFNγ release in all treatment groups. All animals were converted to bovine reactors. Both HIMB groups showed stronger IFNγ responses compared to the BCG and control groups in the early post-infection period, suggesting superior immune priming. Antibody responses showed marked individual variation, episodic interference from non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species and low test sensitivity and specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/9279622","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Outer Membrane Proteins Confer Protection Against Tuberculosis","authors":"Huoming Li,&nbsp;Yanyan Jiang,&nbsp;Chenxi Shi,&nbsp;You Zuo,&nbsp;Hao Li","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5410388","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5410388","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> complex (MTBC), is a persistent global health crisis, remaining the world’s leading infectious killer. There were abundant outer membrane proteins (OMPs) distributed in the bacterial cell wall, while fewer proteins were identified and characterized as antigens that could induce protective antibodies against TB. The OMPs of BCG were extracted with the detergent N-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, and the extracted proteins were used to immunize mice to generate an antibody library. Subsequently, the library underwent HAT/HT screening, and five specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting OMPs with higher titers named 9C5, 14E9, 9F6, 7B10, and 6F4 were obtained. Among the five mAbs, 9C5, 14E9, and 9F6 could increase macrophage phagocytosis, inhibit the mycobacteria growth in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and enhance the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes in macrophages. Mice were immunized with the three antibodies before being challenged with <i>M. bovis</i>, among which two antibodies, 14E9 and 9C5, exhibited a preventive effect against TB infection. Furthermore, antibody 9C5 also showed a therapeutic effect, characterized by significant decreases in lung burden and ameliorated lung lesions. The antigens targeted by the two antibodies 9C5 and 14E9 were identified by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) combined with mass spectrometry (MS), and the results demonstrated that antibodies 9C5 and 14E9 recognize BCG_2760c and MPB83, respectively. This research promotes a better understanding of host protective humoral immunity by BCG vaccination and the roles of antibodies in TB vaccine design and development.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5410388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Biological Characteristics of a Novel Feline Calicivirus Strain Isolated From Zoo-Captive South China Tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis)","authors":"YuShan Ding,&nbsp;Niu Zhou,&nbsp;Hai Wang,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Liu,&nbsp;Fen Shan,&nbsp;Minting Liu,&nbsp;Yajiang Wu,&nbsp;Chen Wang,&nbsp;Mengna Lv,&nbsp;Wanqing Li,&nbsp;Zujin Chen,&nbsp;Heng Liu,&nbsp;Tianping Li,&nbsp;Shiming Peng,&nbsp;Xuanjiao Chen,&nbsp;Weijun Xie,&nbsp;Xinyi Cao,&nbsp;Wu Chen,&nbsp;Yongyi Shen","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4900253","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/4900253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common pathogen causing upper respiratory tract disease in domestic cats. Nonetheless, its threat and genetic features in endangered wild felids remain poorly understood. In this study, a novel FCV strain from a captive South China tiger (<i>Panthera tigris amoyensis</i>) was isolated, designated as FCV LYH1224. Viral RNA was detected in multiple tissues of the deceased tiger, including the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys, suggesting broad tissue tropism and FCV contributed substantially to the fatal outcome. In vitro growth kinetics showed that the virus replicates efficiently in Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that it was classified as genotype II (GII) and exhibited unique evolutionary lineages. Within GII, it clusters closely with the previously reported tiger-derived strain FCV-YH/16 but exhibits an independent branch in the VP1 gene tree, suggesting complex genetic variation among FCV strains from diverse wildlife origins. Sequence identity analysis indicated that FCV LYH1224 was genetically distant from vaccine strains F9 and 2280, with whole-genome nucleotide identity of 76.6% and 77.0%, respectively. Notably, the VP1-E region displayed the lowest identity, with nucleotide identity of 68.1% and 66.7%, respectively. Analysis of key amino acid residues revealed distinct substitutions within the neutralizing epitope (aa 445–451) and common mutations at virulence-related positions 452A and 492I, which were absent in reference strains, suggesting potential antigenic diversity and host-specific adaptations. This study provides a comprehensive genomic characterization of FCV strain in South China tigers, highlighting the genetic diversity and distinctive antigenic properties observed in this isolate compared with existing strains. The considerable genetic divergence from vaccine strains emphasizes the importance of ongoing surveillance and the inclusion of wildlife-derived strains in vaccine development strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/4900253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Strategies in Innate Immune Evasion: A Comparative Review of Three Alphaherpesvirus Subfamily Members—PRV, HSV-1, and VZV","authors":"Enping Liu,&nbsp;Jiayi Xue,&nbsp;Mengting He,&nbsp;Yumei Chen,&nbsp;Chao Liang,&nbsp;Jingming Zhou,&nbsp;Aiping Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6236477","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/6236477","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an important member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, shares high evolutionary homology with other members of the same subfamily, including human herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). However, significant differences exist among them in terms of host range, pathogenicity, and immune evasion strategies. This review systematically compares the roles of PRV, HSV type 1 (HSV-1), and VZV in modulating host innate immune responses, encompassing the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling, NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, apoptosis, and autophagy. By summarizing and comparing the interactions of these three viruses with the host innate immune response, this review aims to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the conserved and unique mechanisms of immune evasion among alphaherpesviruses, and to offer insights for the development of novel antiviral strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6236477","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenicity and Genomic Features of a DAdV-3 Strain Causing Severe Hepatitis in Muscovy Ducklings","authors":"Chunhua Zhu,&nbsp;Zhiwang Tang,&nbsp;Pei Yang,&nbsp;Longfei Chen,&nbsp;Guanghua Fu,&nbsp;Qizhang Liang,&nbsp;Zhen Chen,&nbsp;Cuiteng Chen,&nbsp;Yu Huang,&nbsp;Chunhe Wan","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7156678","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7156678","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past decade, there has been an increase in reports of duck adenovirus type 3 (DAdV-3) infections in Muscovy ducks across various provinces in China, with mortality rates reaching as high as 43%. The rising incidence of this disease has led to significant economic losses for the waterfowl farming industry in China. In this study, a DAdV-3 strain was isolated from a Muscovy duck farm in Fujian province, which we designated as the FJNP-2021 strain, and further explored its pathogenicity and genetic characteristics. Pathogenicity analysis demonstrated that this FJNP-2021 strain induces characteristic pathological changes in Muscovy ducklings, exhibiting a broad tissue tropism, with the liver exhibiting the most severe lesions. The ultrastructural analysis revealed significant accumulation of lipid droplets and structurally disordered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) surrounding mitochondria in the hepatocytes of Muscovy ducklings postinfection. Moreover, in vivo DAdV-3 infection significantly downregulated ferroptosis suppressive genes (<i>SLC7A11</i>, <i>GPX4</i>, and <i>FTH1</i>) while upregulating proferroptotic genes <i>TP53</i> and <i>CHAC1</i>. Our study provides dual ultrastructural morphology and molecular evidence that DAdV-3–induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder triggers ferroptosis, thereby exacerbating hepatocyte injury. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the complete genome sequence of the FJNP-2021 strain exhibited 92.3% identity with the representative strain GR from France, which was clustered in a different evolutionary lineage. Furthermore, the FJNP-2021 strain was grouped within the same lineage as domestic DAdV-3 strains, consistent with the genetic characteristics of the predominant epidemic strains of DAdV-3 in China. Notably, the Fiber1 genes of the Chinese DAdV-3 isolates formed two distinct subclades, and the Fiber1 gene of the FJNP-2021 strain clustered within the major subclade. In conclusion, this study analyzed the pathogenicity and genetic characteristics of all available DAdV-3 strains, enriching our understanding of the genomic diversity of Chinese isolates from 2014 to 2024 and providing a basis for further studies on DAdV-3 evolution and pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7156678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Self-Assembling β-Annulus Nanoparticle Vaccine Incorporating OX40L Confers Partial Protection Against NADC30-Like PRRSV in Piglets","authors":"Linxing Tian,&nbsp;Zhengdan Lin,&nbsp;Jiahui Ma,&nbsp;Zihui Hu,&nbsp;Nan Cao,&nbsp;Xinghua Chen,&nbsp;Mingxing Lu,&nbsp;Shudan Liu,&nbsp;Chao Zhang,&nbsp;Huanchun Chen,&nbsp;Xiangmin Li,&nbsp;Ping Qian","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2092704","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/2092704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) remains one of the most economically significant viral diseases affecting the global swine industry, and currently available commercial vaccines provide only limited protection against circulating PRRS virus (PRRSV) strains. Therefore, alternative vaccination strategies are urgently needed to enhance protection against PRRSV infection. In this study, selected antigenic regions derived from the PRRSV structural proteins GP3, GP4, GP5, and M were incorporated into a <i>β</i>-annulus peptide-based nanoparticle scaffold derived from tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), and the resulting construct was further fused with the immunostimulatory molecule OX40L. The resulting OX40L-<i>β</i>-MEs protein formed nanoscale particles and was evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in piglets. Immunization with the OX40L-<i>β</i>-MEs nanoparticle vaccine induced measurable PRRSV-specific humoral responses and cellular immune-related responses in piglets. Following the challenge with the NADC30-like PRRSV strain GX-3264, piglets in the OX40L-<i>β</i>-MEs group showed shorter fever duration, reduced serum viremia and lung viral loads, and milder pulmonary lesions compared with PBS controls. In summary, these findings demonstrate that the <i>β</i>-annulus-based nanoparticle formulation can induce measurable immune responses and provide partial protection against NADC30-like PRRSV challenge, supporting further evaluation of this strategy for PRRSV vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2092704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149134244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change and Socioeconomic Vulnerability: The Carpathian Basin as a Potential Hotspot in the Dissemination of Dirofilaria repens in Europe","authors":"Ágnes Csivincsik,&nbsp;Eszter Nagy,&nbsp;Izabella Zám,&nbsp;Tamás Tari,&nbsp;István Kucsera,&nbsp;Gábor Nagy,&nbsp;Tamás Sréter","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7095034","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7095034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Dirofilaria repens</i> is a zoonotic parasite expanding across Europe due to climate change. We hypothesised that in this process, the Carpathian Basin has a facilitating effect. Using 426 georeferenced European cases, the probability of infection occurrence was determined in relation to climatic factors, surface water availability, regional social deprivation, and stray dog population density. To analyse the potential impacts of ecological and social factors (deprivation and stray dog population density), the MaxEnt algorithm, and spatial Empirical Bayes smoothing and bivariate local indicators of spatial association (BiLISA) index calculation were employed, respectively. MaxEnt analysis revealed that the mean warmest month temperature (MWMT; 22.8–25.1°C), winter mean minimum temperature (&gt;−2.1°C), and summer precipitation (28.6–231 mm) have the strongest impact on the probability of the parasite’s occurrence in Europe. Social factors have significance in the eastern Balkans and the Carpathian Basin, but not in Western Europe. The Carpathian Basin appears to be a hotspot, similar to Mediterranean coastal areas. Furthermore, the Danube Valley acts as an ecological corridor for subtropical vector-borne parasites. Our findings confirm that summer warmth is the primary ecological driver of the parasite’s range expansion, which is facilitated by the Carpathian Basin due to climatic and socioeconomic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13643058/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brucellosis in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Evidence, Surveillance Gaps, and cgMLST-Based Insights Into Genetic Relatedness","authors":"Qiuju Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoan Cao,&nbsp;Linghui Yuan,&nbsp;Na Zhang,&nbsp;Zhenjun Li,&nbsp;Zhiguo Liu","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9792290","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9792290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brucellosis is an important zoonosis affecting public health and livestock production in Southeast Asia, but its regional epidemiology remains incompletely characterized. In this study, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for primary studies from the 11 Southeast Asian countries that reported serological findings, molecular detection, bacterial isolation, or <i>Brucella</i> species identification in human or animal populations. Publicly available PubMLST records were also analyzed using the 1764-locus <i>Brucella</i> core-genome multilocus sequence typing scheme. Across the eligible studies, reported crude seropositivity proportions ranged from 0.72% to 5.40% in humans and from 0.24% to 8.83% in animals. Molecular evidence included PCR positivity rates of 3.36% in goat vaginal swabs from Thailand and 39.2% in a selected mixed-livestock population from Indonesia, together with the identification of <i>Brucella melitensis</i>, <i>B. abortus</i>, and <i>B. suis</i> in several Southeast Asian countries. These findings provide epidemiological evidence of brucellosis in several countries. cgMLST analysis of the 24 available profiles from Malaysia and Thailand revealed close genetic relatedness among several isolates. Malaysian and Thai <i>B. melitensis</i> isolates differed by fewer than 11 alleles within the main cluster and by 41–81 alleles relative to isolates from India and the United Kingdom. Two Thai <i>B. abortus</i> isolates differed at only one locus and by 68–150 alleles from isolates from Bangladesh, India, and Bolivia, whereas five Malaysian <i>B. suis</i> isolates differed by 7–78 alleles, indicating limited genetic diversity within the Malaysian cluster. Additional genomic and epidemiological data are needed to determine whether genetically similar isolates are epidemiologically linked. Brucellosis appears endemic in parts of Southeast Asia, but important gaps in published data remain. Integrated One Health surveillance is needed to improve regional risk assessment and control.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13640528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Burden and Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Humans in the Middle East and North Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Tsegaye Shamebo,&nbsp;Aboma Zewude,&nbsp;Temesgen Mohammed,&nbsp;Nabeeha Abdelgaleel Hassan,&nbsp;Robert Barigye,&nbsp;Markos Tibbo,&nbsp;Ali Artaman,&nbsp;Gobena Ameni","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5876735","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5876735","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zoonotic tuberculosis (zTB) includes human tuberculosis caused by animal-associated <i>Mycobacterium</i> species, <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> (<i>M. bovis</i>) being the major cause of zTB. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the pooled burden of human <i>M. bovis</i> infection and describe the genetic diversity of <i>M. bovis</i> isolated from humans in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening of additional references. The literature used for this paper were published between 2000 and 2025. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of human <i>M. bovis</i> infection. Heterogeneity was assessed using the <i>I</i>² statistic, while sensitivity analysis and Egger’s regression test were used to assess the robustness of the findings and potential small-study effects, respectively. Totally, 27 studies from 10 MENA countries involving 6224 participants and 154 <i>M. bovis</i>–infected cases were included. The pooled prevalence of human <i>M. bovis</i> infection was 3% (95% CI: 2%–4%), with substantial heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 73.9%). The pooled prevalence was 4% in North Africa and 3% in the Middle East (<i>p</i> = 0.408). The individual study did not have an effect on the pooled prevalence as the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis did not change the pooled prevalence. The funnel plot showed some visual asymmetry, while Egger’s regression test did not provide statistical evidence of small-study effects (<i>p</i> = 0.852). The <i>M. bovis</i> isolated from humans in MENA region were classified under European 1 (Eu1) and European 2 (Eu2) clonal complexes. In conclusion, the review highlighted the significance of <i>M. bovis</i> infection in humans in the MENA region, although there is a shortage of epidemiological data from more than 50% of the countries of the region. The isolation of Eu1 and Eu2 <i>M. bovis</i> clonal complexes from human <i>M. bovis</i> isolates suggested the importation was infected from Europe, which further transmitted the strains to humans. Strengthening of a One Health approach–based surveillance and molecular epidemiological studies in all MENA countries would contribute to the control of <i>M. bovis</i> in animals and humans in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13639931/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ORF3 Depletion Attenuates SADS-CoV Virulence and Retains Partial Maternally Mediated Protection in Suckling Mice","authors":"Nian-Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Huang,&nbsp;Zhong-Li Zhang,&nbsp;Pan-Pan Zhao,&nbsp;Zhao-Yi Xu,&nbsp;Nian-Jin Zhang,&nbsp;Zhi-Gang Xie,&nbsp;Yong-Le Yang,&nbsp;Feng Cong,&nbsp;Yao-Wei Huang,&nbsp;Bin Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6713584","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/6713584","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an emerging enteric coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets. Its broad host range, tropism for human-origin cells, and limited vaccine availability underscore the importance of defining viral determinants of pathogenicity. The accessory protein ORF3 has been linked to CoV virulence, but its role in SADS-CoV infection in vivo and its impact on maternally transferred protection have not been fully established. Here, we used reverse genetics to generate rSADS-ΔORF3/GFP, a recombinant virus with ORF3 replaced by GFP, and compared it with parental rSADS-CoV in suckling BALB/c mice. ORF3 depletion markedly attenuated disease and reduced viral RNA burdens across tissues relative to parental rSADS-CoV. Because maternally derived immunity is critical to protection against swine enteric CoV infection in newborn animals, we further evaluated whether rSADS-ΔORF3/GFP, as a potential live attenuated vaccine (LAV), could elicit maternal protection transferred from inoculated dams to their offspring. Compared with parental rSADS-CoV, rSADS-ΔORF3/GFP induced lower maternal neutralizing antibody titers and provided less robust protection in challenged offspring. Nevertheless, offspring from rSADS-ΔORF3/GFP-inoculated dams showed improved survival, weight gain, milder intestinal pathology, and lower tissue viral RNA burdens than offspring from DMEM-inoculated dams, indicating retained protective immunogenicity. Together, these findings support a contribution of ORF3 to SADS-CoV virulence and demonstrate that ORF3 depletion yields an attenuated virus that retains partial maternally mediated protective efficacy. The residual immunogenicity of rSADS-ΔORF3/GFP, combined with its reduced virulence, supports its further evaluation as a LAV candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13629294/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}