Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"An Emerging DTMUV Variant Remains Restricted in Mammals but Acquires Olfactory Route-Mediated Neuroinvasion Following Limited Adaptive Mutations","authors":"Qing Yang,&nbsp;Ting Zhou,&nbsp;Zhengzheng Li,&nbsp;Kang Yang,&nbsp;Chenyang Song,&nbsp;Qingqing Du,&nbsp;Yingqi Zhu,&nbsp;Guijun Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/4857491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/4857491","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has caused widespread outbreaks in poultry and has exhibited an expanding host range among avian species, accompanied by ongoing genetic variation and adaptation. As many mosquito-borne flaviviruses can infect mammals and cross species barriers, it remains unclear whether recently emerged DTMUV variants have acquired similar potential. To address this, we assessed whether the circulating variant AQ-19 can establish infection in mammals via peripheral routes. Despite its enhanced virulence in avian species, this variant failed to establish infection in mice following peripheral inoculation, indicating that a substantial barrier still restricts cross-species transmission to mammals. We next investigated whether additional adaptive changes are required for DTMUV to overcome this barrier. Through serial intracranial passage in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, we generated a mouse-adapted strain (F13) that exhibited markedly enhanced virulence and, notably, acquired the ability to invade the central nervous system (CNS) via intranasal (i.n.) inoculation, resulting in lethal infection. This neuroinvasive phenotype was strictly route-dependent, as infection remained ineffective via intraperitoneal (i.p.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. We found that the adapted virus invades the CNS via the olfactory route and disseminates broadly, exhibiting strong neurotropism and inducing severe neural damage. Functional disruption of the olfactory epithelium using ZnSO₄ significantly delayed disease onset and reduced viral burden in the brain, supporting its role as a major route for nasal-to-brain transmission. Importantly, genomic analysis identified only four nonsynonymous amino acid substitutions in the adapted strain, suggesting that a limited number of mutations may be sufficient to confer enhanced neurovirulence and enable neuroinvasion in a mammalian host. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the emerging DTMUV variant AQ-19 remains restricted in mammals, whereas limited adaptive changes acquired during experimental mouse adaptation are associated with the acquisition of neuroinvasive capacity, providing new insights into the evolutionary potential of DTMUV for mammalian adaptation.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/4857491","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genomic and Clinicopathological Characterization of a Reassortant HPAI H5N1 (Clade 2.3.4.4b) in an Endangered Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) in South Korea, 2026","authors":"Chang-Gi Jeong,&nbsp;Seongwon Hwang,&nbsp;Taeyeong Jung,&nbsp;Su-Beom Chae,&nbsp;Tae-Nam Kim,&nbsp;Nchimunya Siamulonga,&nbsp;Serin Sim,&nbsp;Geonwoo Baek,&nbsp;Jun-Soo Park,&nbsp;Won-Il Kim,&nbsp;Jae-Ik Han,&nbsp;Sang-Ik Oh,&nbsp;Jae-Ku Oem","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2623621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/2623621","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) continue to circulate widely in East Asia and undergo frequent reassortment in wild birds. Raptors are regarded as spillover hosts that may be exposed through predation or scavenging, yet integrated clinicopathologic and genomic investigations in cinereous vultures remain limited. Here, we describe a fatal H5N1 HPAIV infection in a cinereous vulture (<i>Aegypius monachus</i>) found in South Korea on January 17, 2026. On presentation, the cinereous vulture showed severe neurologic dysfunction, including inability to stand, right-sided head tilt with pathologic nystagmus, reduced oculocephalic and palpebral reflexes, and intermittent bilateral leg tremors. The cinereous vulture died within 2 days after rescue, and a complete necropsy was performed. Hematologic and biochemical testing revealed marked heterophil predominance, severe lymphopenia, mild monocytosis, and globulin values near the upper end of the reference interval. An oropharyngeal swab tested positive for influenza A virus, and a virus isolate, designated A/Cinereous_Vulture/Korea/26-JBN47/2026(H5N1), was recovered in embryonated chicken eggs. Histopathology showed nonsuppurative encephalitis and necrotizing myocarditis, and influenza A nucleoprotein was detected immunohistochemically in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Tissue real-time RT-PCR showed the lowest cycle threshold value in the brain. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that 26-JBN47 belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b and contained a polybasic HA cleavage site (PLREKRRKR/GLF). Segment-level phylogenetic analysis revealed a reassortant genome constellation comprising a maintained H5N1 backbone in HA, NA, and M; low PAIV (LPAIV)-associated but H5N1-incorporated PA and NP segments; flyway-associated PB2 and NS segments; and a PB1 segment phylogenetically linked to regional LPAIV lineages. Molecular marker analysis identified multiple substitutions previously reported to be associated with receptor-binding properties, polymerase-related fitness, virulence, and host-response modulation, whereas canonical PB2 mammalian-adaptive markers were absent. These findings show that 26-JBN47 was a reassortant clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV associated with systemic disease and clinicopathological findings consistent with neurotropic and cardiotropic infection in a cinereous vulture. They also support the potential value of scavenging raptors as sentinels of local or regional HPAIV circulation involving reassortant viruses in East Asia.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2623621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Butyrate Strengthens Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Attenuates Streptococcus suis SC19-Induced Meningitis: Involvement of the Gut-Brain Axis","authors":"Wangyuan Yao,&nbsp;Meili Chen,&nbsp;Huachun Pan,&nbsp;Md. F. Kulyar,&nbsp;Jialu Zhang,&nbsp;Hongkai Ren,&nbsp;Qingqing Luo,&nbsp;Hongdou Liu,&nbsp;Qinghua Wang,&nbsp;Xuyuan Wang,&nbsp;Rendong Fang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5502623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/5502623","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Streptococcus suis</i> serotype 2 (<i>SS2</i>) is a major zoonotic pathogen that causes severe meningitis and high mortality in both humans and swine. Growing evidence shows that metabolites generated along the gut-brain axis regulate neuroinflammation. In this study, we demonstrate that oral administration of sodium butyrate (NaB) (300 or 600 mg/kg/day) for 28 days lowered mortality and lessened neuropathological signs in mice infected with <i>SS2</i> (<i>SC19</i> strain). Butyrate prophylaxis was associated with lower bacterial loads in the blood and brain tissue, preserved expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-5, and Occludin) in the brain, and maintained blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that <i>SC19</i> infection significantly diminished the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota, notably depleting key short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacterial taxa. Butyrate intervention restored microbial homeostasis and enriched SCFA-producing communities. Mechanistically, butyrate was associated with upregulated expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream antioxidant effectors (heme oxygenase 1 [HO-1] and NQO1), while inhibiting phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) in human cortical microvessels endothelial cells/D3 (hCMEC/D3) cells. Critically, these protective effects were abrogated upon pharmacological inhibition of Nrf2, indicating the critical role of Nrf2 in butyrate-mediated attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Our findings highlight the prophylactic potential of modulating the gut-brain axis as a novel strategy to mitigate central nervous system (CNS) infections associated with foodborne pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5502623","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148784022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resolving the Phylogenetic Placement of the FSfaCV/PCV5-Related Viruses Within the Genus Macochavirus","authors":"Wenqiang Wang,&nbsp;Liping Jiang,&nbsp;Tingting Niu,&nbsp;Miaojie Zhang,&nbsp;Lulu Chen,&nbsp;Xiaoye Jia,&nbsp;Lin Yuan,&nbsp;Kegong Tian,&nbsp;Xiangdong Li","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8481347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/8481347","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from diarrheic pigs in China identified 10 complete circular single-stranded DNA viral genomes previously designated as putative porcine circovirus 5 (PCV5)–like viruses. Genome characterization revealed a typical cressdnavirus organization with bidirectionally oriented Rep and Cap genes. Phylogenetic analyses based on complete genomes and encoded proteins showed that these viruses do not cluster with members of Circoviridae but instead form a distinct lineage within the family Pecoviridae, closely related to the genus <i>Macochavirus</i>. Sequence identity, genetic distance, and nucleotide diversity analyses supported their classification as a coherent viral group. Comparative analyses indicated greater sequence divergence in the Rep region than in the Cap region. These findings support reclassification of putative PCV5 as a porcine-associated lineage within the genus <i>Macochavirus</i>, designated porcine <i>Macochavirus</i> (PMV), thereby resolving their long-standing taxonomic ambiguity and expanding the recognized diversity of cressdnaviruses within the family Pecoviridae.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8481347","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Lytic Bacteriophage vB_Kp_H122 Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae of K57 Capsular Type","authors":"Cuilong Fan,&nbsp;Qiu Xu,&nbsp;Stefan Schwarz,&nbsp;Yaowei Liu,&nbsp;Susu Du,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Lu,&nbsp;Yuxuan Yuan,&nbsp;Longhua Lin,&nbsp;Shuangyu Xie,&nbsp;Fang Xie,&nbsp;Wanjiang Zhang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8429457","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8429457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> is an important zoonotic opportunistic pathogen. Of particular concern is the emergence of multidrug-resistant hypervirulent <i>K. pneumoniae</i> (MDR-hvKP), which represents a serious public health threat. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has emerged as a promising solution to combat antibiotic-resistant <i>K. pneumoniae</i> infections. Here, we characterize a novel lytic phage, vB_Kp_H122, that specifically targets K57 capsular-type MDR-hvKP. vB_Kp_H122 exhibited the characteristic morphology of a siphovirus and demonstrated efficient infection kinetics, with an optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 and a latent period of ~5 min. It also demonstrated considerable stability across a pH range of 4–11 and at temperatures from 4°C to 50°C, as well as potent activity against <i>K. pneumoniae</i> biofilms. The phage has a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 46,077 bp with a G + C content of 47.61% and belongs to a novel species within the genus <i>Roufvirus</i>. Its genome contained no identifiable genes associated with lysogeny, virulence, or antibiotic resistance, supporting its therapeutic safety. In a mouse infection model, a single dose of vB_Kp_H122 at 2 × 10⁶ PFU significantly reduced bacterial loads in organs, alleviated pathological damage, and provided complete protection against lethal challenge with K57 MDR-hvKP. These findings suggest that vB_Kp_H122 may have potential as an antibacterial candidate against K57 MDR-hvKP isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8429457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Host Protein Prohibitin-2 Interacting With Cryptosporidium parvum Cyclophilin 23","authors":"Mengfei Xu,&nbsp;Qi Feng,&nbsp;Xichen Zhang,&nbsp;Qi Zhao,&nbsp;Qile Yu,&nbsp;Jianhua Li,&nbsp;Pengtao Gong,&nbsp;Xiaocen Wang,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Xu Zhang,&nbsp;Nan Zhang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8933271","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8933271","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> is a prevalent protozoan pathogen responsible for moderate to severe diarrhea in humans and animals, posing a significant threat to global public health. Host–parasite interactions play a crucial role in the infection process of <i>C. parvum</i>. Cyclophilin 23 (CpCyP23), a secreted protein of <i>C. parvum</i>, is implicated in parasite development and pathogenicity. As a secretory protein, its function often relies on interactions with host cell proteins. However, it remains unclear whether CpCyP23 has host interaction partners and what specific roles such interactions play during infection. In this study, using CpCyP23 as bait, we screened for potential interacting proteins in HCT-8 cells through pull-down assays combined with mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The interaction was subsequently confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays. Immunofluorescence (IF) was employed to determine subcellular localization. Furthermore, after confirming the altered expression of the interacting protein during parasite infection, we analyzed its impact on parasite infection using small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and overexpression techniques, coupled with parasite infection assays. The results identified the host cell protein Prohibitin-2 (PHB2) as an interacting partner of CpCyP23. Co-IP and BiFC assays validated their interaction, and IF revealed their colocalization in the cytoplasm of HCT-8 cells. The mRNA level of PHB2 was significantly upregulated at 3 and 12 h postinfection (hpi) with <i>C. parvum</i>. Functional experiments further demonstrated that the expression level of PHB2 positively correlates with the infection burden of <i>C. parvum</i>. In summary, this study reveals an interaction between the host cell protein PHB2 and CpCyP23 and identifies PHB2 expression level as a key host factor significantly influencing <i>C. parvum</i> infection. These findings provide experimental evidence and a potential target for elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of <i>C. parvum</i> and developing novel anti-infection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8933271","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole-Genome Characterization of Rodent Coronaviruses (RCoVs) in Thailand, 2024–2025","authors":"Chanakarn Nasamran,&nbsp;Supassama Chaiyawong,&nbsp;Supanat Boonyapisitsopa,&nbsp;Napawan Bunpapong,&nbsp;Kamonpan Charoenkul,&nbsp;Alongkorn Amonsin","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7053968","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7053968","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rodents are recognized as important reservoirs of coronaviruses, contributing to viral diversity and potential zoonotic emergence. However, data on rodent coronaviruses (RCoVs) in Thailand remained limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, genetic characteristics, and phylogenetic relationships of RCoVs circulating in rodent populations across Thailand. A total of 435 rodents were captured in 26 provinces across five geographic regions of Thailand between January 2024 and April 2025. Paired oral and rectal swabs (<i>n</i> = 870) from 435 rodents were collected and screened for RCoVs using one-step RT-PCR targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. RCoVs were detected in 2.07% (9/435) of rodents or 1.15% (10/870) of swab samples, with higher detection in rectal swabs than oral swabs. All positive specimens were found exclusively in <i>Bandicota indica</i>. Of 10 positive swab samples, 5 were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and the rest to RdRp gene sequencing (<i>n</i> = 5). Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses were performed to determine genetic relationships and potential host adaptation. Our results showed that all Thai RCoVs belonged to the genus <i>Betacoronavirus</i>, subgenus <i>Embecovirus</i>, species <i>Betacoronavirus muris</i>, and exhibited conserved genomic organization and clustering with previously reported RCoVs from Asia. Thai RCoVs showed high nucleotide identity (up to ~97%) with RCoVs from China, Thailand, and Vietnam, indicating regional circulation and shared evolutionary origins. Analysis of the spike (S) protein revealed conserved receptor-binding motifs associated with 9-O-acetylated sialic acid binding, alongside variability in key functional regions, including the S1/S2 cleavage site, suggesting adaptive evolution. In summary, this study demonstrated a low frequency of detection of genetically diverse RCoVs in three provinces of Thailand. RCoV genomic diversity and variability in S proteins warranted further investigation and underscored the importance of maintaining ongoing One Health surveillance to improve early detection and mitigate potential emerging coronavirus threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/7053968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148719590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transboundary Spread and Ecological Drivers of HPAI H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b During the 2022–2023 Outbreak in Chile: An Integrated Genomic and Spatial Epidemiology Framework","authors":"Franco Vega-Macaya,&nbsp;Constanza Díaz-Gavidia,&nbsp;Fernanda Sánchez-Rodríguez,&nbsp;Soledad Ruiz,&nbsp;Claudia Ávila,&nbsp;Mauro Arancibia,&nbsp;Joaquín Atavales,&nbsp;Paula Fierro,&nbsp;Antonia Albornoz,&nbsp;Magdalena Johow,&nbsp;Christian Mathieu,&nbsp;Paulina Suárez,&nbsp;Catalina Badía,&nbsp;Alexza Pezoa,&nbsp;Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm,&nbsp;Carolina Aguayo","doi":"10.1155/tbed/1266281","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/1266281","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 2022–2023 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Chile caused extensive mortality in wild birds, domestic poultry, and marine mammals, highlighting the rapid transboundary spread of this emerging pathogen in South America. However, the evolutionary and ecological processes shaping viral dissemination within Chile have remained insufficiently characterized. Here, we integrated whole-genome sequencing, Bayesian phylogeographic analyses, and ecological modeling to reconstruct introduction routes, diversification patterns, and environmental drivers of H5N1 circulation in Chile. All analyzed genomes belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.2. Phylogenetic analyses revealed multiple Chilean subclusters, including a lineage characterized by PB2 F323L and D740N substitutions and a single virus carrying the previously mammalian-associated PB2 D701N mutation. Phylogeographic inference identified strongly supported viral movements across South America, with Argentina acting as a major regional connector. Key diffusion pathways linked Peru to Chile and revealed extensive connectivity among Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands, delineating three interacting transboundary transfer systems along the Pacific Coast, the Southern Cone, and the Southwest Atlantic. Within Chile, viral population structure reflected ecological segregation. Northern lineages were predominantly associated with coastal and raptor species, whereas southern lineages were mainly linked to freshwater birds. Ecological modeling showed that H5N1 detection probability in wild birds increased with temperature and relative humidity and decreased with human population density, with freshwater species exhibiting the highest infection probability. Together, these results demonstrate how integrating genomic and ecological data provides an integrated framework for risk-based surveillance and early warning, enabling the identification of high-risk host groups, environments, and transboundary corridors critical for anticipating and mitigating the regional spread of emerging avian influenza viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/1266281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemic Patterns of Foot and Mouth Disease in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic","authors":"Ingrid Petersen,&nbsp;James R. Young,&nbsp;Syseng Khounsy,&nbsp;Phouvong Phommachanh,&nbsp;Peter Christensen,&nbsp;Watthana Theppangna,&nbsp;Tom Hughes,&nbsp;Stuart D. Blacksell,&nbsp;Michael P. Ward","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8673395","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8673395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Smallholder livestock farming underpins food security and rural livelihoods in Lao PDR, yet the sector is threatened by endemic infectious diseases such as foot and mouth disease (FMD). Despite significant vaccination campaigns, FMD continues to circulate widely, driven by systemic challenges including limited resources, under-reporting and unregulated animal movement. Previous studies have reported high prevalence and potential hotspots, but data remain fragmented and often exclude domestic pigs, a species that may play an important role in transmission dynamics. This study utilised abattoir-based surveillance and spatial analysis to estimate FMD antibody seroprevalence in cattle, buffalo and pigs across Laos, identify geographic hotspots and assess animal-level risk factors to inform more targeted and sustainable control strategies. This retrospective observational analysis used samples collected through the LACATH4 project (July 2021–May 2024). Blood samples were obtained from animals presented for slaughter and processed at the Veterinary One Health Reference Laboratory (VOHRL) in Vientiane. All sera were tested for FMD non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies using the ID Screen FMD NSP Competition ELISA to distinguish between infection-induced antibodies and vaccination responses. Overall, FMD antibody seroprevalence was 43% in cattle (<i>n</i> = 4587), 52% in buffalo (<i>n</i> = 3647) and 3% in pigs (<i>n</i> = 4759). Temporal patterns showed declining cattle seropositivity after 2021, increasing buffalo seropositivity in later years and a sharp rise among pigs in 2023. Female cattle and buffalo had higher odds of seropositivity than males, and pigs aged 7–12 months were more likely to test positive than younger animals. Vaccinated buffalo were more frequently seropositive, likely reflecting targeted vaccination in high-risk areas. Spatial analysis identified species-specific hotspots, consistent with FMD’s endemic status in Laos. As abattoir-based samples represent a subset of the livestock population and may be biased toward specific age and sex groups, these results should be interpreted with caution. However, they provide insight into patterns of FMD exposure over time and space among animals entering slaughter channels. FMD in Laos remains endemic with species-specific dynamics and localised hotspots, necessitating targeted surveillance and control strategies. This underscores the need for targeted vaccination and improved, population-level surveillance strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/8673395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Regional Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases in the Greater Mekong Subregion of Southeast Asia: Four Decades of Diagnostics, Surveillance, Field Epidemiology, and Policy Translation","authors":"Stuart D. Blacksell,&nbsp;Peter A. Windsor,&nbsp;James R. Young,&nbsp;Syseng Khounsy,&nbsp;Phouvong Phommachanh,&nbsp;Russell D. Bush,&nbsp;Harish Tiwari,&nbsp;Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont,&nbsp;Nina Matsumoto,&nbsp;Sothyra Tum,&nbsp;James V. Conlan,&nbsp;Somjai Kamolsiripichaiporn,&nbsp;Jaison B. Kolenchery,&nbsp;Laurence J. Gleeson,&nbsp;Michael P. Ward","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5796839","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5796839","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transboundary animal and emerging infectious diseases (TADs, EIDs) threaten livestock health and production, food security, and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Southeast Asia (SEA). Outbreaks of TADs, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), classical swine fever (CSF), African swine fever (ASF), and lumpy skin disease (LSD), highlight ongoing risks associated with informal animal movement and cross-border trade. We reviewed four decades of research from Thailand, Lao PDR, and Cambodia in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) to track the evolution of diagnostics, surveillance, and policies for these diseases. Incremental investments in laboratory diagnostics, epidemiology, abattoir surveillance, and field health measures were integrated into disease control strategies by adaptation to resource-limited, endemic settings and shaped by regional collaboration, notably through the SEA, China and Mongolia FMD (SEACFMD) campaign. Key achievements include establishing disease prevalence baselines, improving understanding of virus dynamics, identifying local disease risk factors, identifying veterinary service gaps, and rapidly increasing diagnostic and response capacity during outbreaks. Evidence from the studies reviewed suggests that integrating diagnostics with field surveillance, socioeconomic information, and regional coordination can provide actionable insights for disease control, although implementation and effectiveness have varied between diseases, countries, and time periods. This narrative review suggests that sustainable control requires long-term adaptive development of diagnostics, surveillance, and policy translation while recognising persistent heterogeneity in veterinary capacity, surveillance coverage, and biosecurity across the region. This review is based on a narrative synthesis of published literature, institutional reports, and programme experience.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/5796839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}