Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Detection and Characterisation of The ‘A’ Variant of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHDVa, GI.1a) Over a Decade (2013–2023) in Italy","authors":"Vittoria Di Giovanni,&nbsp;Moira Bazzucchi,&nbsp;Lorenzo Capucci,&nbsp;Antonio Lavazza,&nbsp;Patrizia Cavadini","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8762378","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8762378","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the 1980s, highly pathogenic and hepatotropic <i>Lagovirus</i> species have significantly impacted rabbit populations, including Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV, genotype GI.1), its variant RHDVa (genotype GI.1a), and RHDV type 2 (RHDV2, genotype GI.2). Non-pathogenic <i>Lagovirus</i> strains such as Rabbit Calicivirus (RCV, genotypes GI.3 and GI.4), which mainly replicate in the gastrointestinal tract, have also been identified. Recombination between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, particularly at the junction between non-structural (NS) and structural genome regions, is a major driver of the emergence of new variant strains. In the context of the widespread and predominant circulation of RHDV2, we analysed 51 RHDVa strains collected from domestic rabbit farms across Italy between 2013 and 2023 to assess their genetic and antigenic variability. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using full and partial genome sequences, and antigenic characterisation was conducted using a panel of RHDVa-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Phylogenetic analysis showed no evidence of recombination involving the Italian RHDVa strains. Nucleotide and amino acid identities with the reference strain RHDVa_Pv97 ranged from 95% to 98% and 97%–99%, respectively, confirming high genetic stability. The antigenic study indicated overall stability, consistent with the genetic results, but the few mutants found allowed us to map at least two epitopes located on the outer loops of the VP60 protein, which constituted a large part of the virus surface. In particular, the substitution at position N414S leads to the loss of MAb 2B4 binding to the RHDV/Italy/FG2014_1 strain, and the N348S mutation, which is present in five strains, results in the acquisition of binding to the MAb 2A10. Despite the global predominance of RHDV2, RHDVa persists to be detected sporadically in various Italian regions, especially within commercial rabbit farms. Continuous molecular and antigenic monitoring of <i>Lagovirus</i> strains remains essential to detect potential co-circulation and recombination events that could lead to the emergence of novel strains with distinct genomic and antigenic traits.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13628161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149101737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Emerging Viral Zoonotic Diseases, 2016–2026","authors":"Pan Tao,&nbsp;Ying-an Zang,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Feng Cong,&nbsp;Ming Liao","doi":"10.1155/tbed/9884191","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/9884191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Emerging viral zoonoses—infections caused by viruses that cross the species barrier from animal reservoirs into human populations—account for the majority of emerging infectious disease (EID) events and now constitute a defining threat to global health security. Over the past decade the tempo of these spillovers has increased, propelled by land-use change, agricultural intensification, wildlife trade, and climate change, while reverse zoonosis—the transmission of human pathogens back into animal populations—has created novel animal reservoirs capable of seeding future outbreaks. Against this backdrop, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed epidemiological evidence on emerging viral zoonoses from January 2016 through June 2026, searching five bibliographic databases and synthesizing 312 included studies. Annual high-consequence spillover events increased by 4.98% (95% CI 3.22%–6.76%), and the decade saw five Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) declarations, alongside other high-consequence spillovers such as the 2026 Bundibugyo virus outbreak (case fatality rate [CFR] 30.9%) and the expansion of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza into dairy cattle. Bat-origin viruses exhibited the highest pooled CFR (29.86%), whereas primate-origin viruses demonstrated greater transmissibility, supporting a virulence–transmissibility trade-off. Land-use change emerged as the dominant anthropogenic driver, increasing zoonotic host diversity by 18%–72%. White-tailed deer SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence reached 32.7% (95% CI 21.4%–46.1%), with confirmed deer-to-human spillback. Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) collectively reduced the effective reproduction number by up to 82%, and prevention-oriented One Health strategies yielded returns exceeding 1100% on investment. Viral zoonoses are accelerating under anthropogenic pressure, and upstream prevention with integrated One Health surveillance represents the most cost-effective pandemic preparedness strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624538/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sociodemographic and Dog-Management Factors Associated With Free-Roaming Dogs in Nigeria and Sierra Leone","authors":"Philip P. Mshelbwala,&nbsp;J. Scott Weese,&nbsp;Tasneem Imam,&nbsp;Harish K. Tiwari,&nbsp;Roland Suluku,&nbsp;Charles E. Rupprecht","doi":"10.1155/tbed/8621173","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/8621173","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Free-roaming dogs (FRDs) pose a persistent challenge to canine rabies elimination in low- and middle-income countries, as conventional vaccination strategies often struggle to reach this population, which increases the risk of dog bites, rabies virus exposure and traffic accidents and complicates rabies control efforts. We conducted cross-sectional surveys in Nigeria and Sierra Leone and fitted country-specific probabilistic models to identify factors associated with FRD ownership. The proportion of FRDs was higher in Sierra Leone (78.7%; 95% CI: 77.1–80.3) than in Nigeria (58.5%; 95% CI: 58.2–61.2). In both countries, significant interactions between locality (urban versus rural), education level, access to veterinary services and dog vaccination status influenced FRD ownership. The probability of FRD ownership was higher among respondents with no formal education, particularly those living in rural areas with no access, or uncertain access, to veterinary services. In Nigeria, FRD ownership increased with household poverty. In Sierra Leone, it was highest in low-density rural areas, declined sharply with increasing population density and decreased with distance from roads. The interaction between literacy and primary education was associated with reduced FRD ownership, although neither variable was significant when considered independently. In both countries, owners with good rabies knowledge and owners of indigenous, rather than mixed-breed, dogs were more likely to own FRDs. Spatial variation in FRD ownership was evident in both countries. In Nigeria, dog owners in Kaduna and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) were less likely to own FRDs than those in Anambra and Enugu. In Sierra Leone, the probability of FRD ownership was substantially higher in northern than in southern regions. Based on human-to-dog ratios of 2.77:1 in Nigeria and 2.75:1 in Sierra Leone, we estimated dog populations of ~11.7–12.7 million and 666,000, respectively. These findings highlight the need for targeted public education on responsible dog ownership and effective dog management, alongside community-level interventions in rural and other high-risk areas to reduce FRD populations. The resulting population estimates provide valuable evidence for planning and implementing mass canine rabies vaccination programs in both countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13624544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Exposure in Feral Pig Populations in North Queensland, Australia","authors":"Andrew M. Adamu,&nbsp;Cadhla Firth,&nbsp;Bruce Gummow,&nbsp;Andrew J. Hoskins,&nbsp;Roslyn I. Hickson,&nbsp;Antonio Di Rubbo,&nbsp;Kalpana Agnihotri,&nbsp;David T. Williams,&nbsp;Paul F. Horwood","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7087198","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7087198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several animal species, including horses and pigs, can be infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Feral pigs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) are considered an effective amplifying host for JEV in natural habitats. In this study, 265 dried blood spots were collected from feral pigs in four selected North Queensland local government areas, and antibodies against JEV were detected using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The results showed that 26.4% (70/265) of the feral pigs had antibodies specific to JEV. We found a significant difference in the seroprevalence of JEV in the Wet Tropics (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), compared to the Dry Tropics region of North Queensland. The results indicate that feral pigs in North Queensland have been exposed to JEV, suggesting that they may play an important role as an amplifying host. These findings may inform the planning of mitigation measures through a multisectoral One Health approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617626/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outbreak of an Emerging Recombinant of Myxoma Virus ha-MYXV in European Brown Hares (Lepus europaeus) in Austria","authors":"Angelika Auer,&nbsp;Sarah Kugler,&nbsp;Melina Papadopoulos,&nbsp;Katharina Dimmel,&nbsp;Janina Steiner,&nbsp;Joachim Spergser,&nbsp;Julia Reichl,&nbsp;Anna-Margarita Schötta,&nbsp;Hans-Peter Fuehrer,&nbsp;Georg Gerhard Duscher,&nbsp;Till Rümenapf,&nbsp;Anna Kübber-Heiss","doi":"10.1155/tbed/7125710","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/7125710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Myxomatosis, caused by the myxoma virus (MYXV), is a severe disease primarily affecting European rabbits (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>), with very high case fatality rates. Historically, MYXV was introduced to Europe and Australia in the 1950s to control rabbit populations, becoming endemic and undergoing genetic adaptations. In 2018, a novel recombinant variant, hare-adapted MYXV (ha-MYXV), emerged in Spain, causing significant declines in Iberian hare (<i>Lepus granatensis</i>) populations. This study reports the first outbreak of ha-MYXV in Austria, severely affecting European brown hares (<i>Lepus europaeus</i>) and wild rabbits during 2025. Between March and November 2025, 272 hare and 12 rabbit carcasses were submitted for investigation. Pathological examinations revealed characteristic swelling and inflammation around the eyes, nose, and genital tract, accompanied by histological epithelial changes consistent with a poxvirus infection in 235 European brown hares and 10 wild rabbits from 89 municipalities in Austria. PCR analysis and cytopathic effects (CPEs) observed in rabbit kidney 13 (RK13) cell culture confirmed the presence of MYXV. Sequencing further identified a typical 2.8 kb M009L gene insertion, definitively linking the outbreak to the highly pathogenic ha-MYXV variant. The outbreak spread across Vienna, Lower Austria, and Burgenland, with hunters reporting hundreds of additional unsubmitted cases. The emergence of ha-MYXV in Austria highlights the virus’s geographic expansion, possibly facilitated by human-mediated transport of infected animals or vectors. The outbreak also underscores the potential indirect One Health risks posed by coinfections with zoonotic bacteria in affected hares and emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance, genomic analysis, more targeted screening of potential vectors, and cross-border collaboration to monitor the evolution and spread of ha-MYXV, mitigate its impact on wildlife populations, and address associated public health concerns.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617394/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenesis and Host Response to A3B4 and A3B2 Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Strains in Chickens","authors":"Anna Pikuła,&nbsp;Anna Lisowska,&nbsp;Justyna Opolska,&nbsp;Piotr Kubiś","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6522916","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/6522916","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, the identification of novel reassortants of infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus (IBDV) was reported. Interestingly, these strains competed with the previously dominant A3B2 lineage, becoming the prevalent lineage in Poland and disseminating to other countries in Europe. However, the specific virulence properties that facilitate their spreading were not elucidated. In this study, we compared the pathogenesis of the A3B4 Bug/03 and A3B2 75/11 IBDV strains in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, integrating viral replication dynamics, tissue tropism, immunosuppressive effects and host transcriptional responses. Both strains replicated efficiently in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, with peak viral loads in the bursa of Fabricius. While the A3B2 75/11 strain exhibited higher viral RNA levels at early time points, the A3B4 Bug/03 strain persisted longer in multiple tissues. Notably, the A3B4 Bug/03 strain induced earlier bursal atrophy despite comparable viral loads at 4 dpi, and was associated with heterogeneous growth performance, reflecting uneven flock development. Transcriptomic analysis revealed distinct host response profiles between strains. Infection with the A3B4 virus was characterised by the enrichment of metabolic and translational pathways, indicating cellular adaptation and metabolic reprogramming. In contrast, the A3B2 75/11 strain triggered a strong activation of immune and inflammatory pathways, including cytokine and chemokine signalling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IBDV pathogenicity is not solely determined by viral replication, but is critically shaped by host response mechanisms. The ability of A3B4 strains to modulate host pathways and persist in infected birds likely contributes to their epidemiological success and facilitates their continued spread in poultry populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seroprevalence of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in New York State From 2022 Through 2025","authors":"Elisha Frye,&nbsp;Patrick Connelly,&nbsp;Krysten Schuler,&nbsp;Jennifer Powers,&nbsp;Melissa Aprea,&nbsp;Diego G. Diel","doi":"10.1155/tbed/5552390","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/5552390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus (EHDV) is a vector-borne virus transmitted by <i>Culicoides</i> midges that infects domestic and wild ruminants. EHDV causes high mortality in white-tailed deer (WTD) and oral lesions mimicking foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle. Small ruminants (e.g., domestic sheep, domestic goats) seroconvert but do not typically develop disease. In 2021, ~2100 WTD deaths were attributed to EHD in New York (NY) State. That same year, an EHD outbreak at a NY dairy resulted in a foreign animal disease (FAD) investigation to rule out FMD, and EHDV was detected in a captive bison herd in NY. In response to the EHD outbreak affecting wildlife, agricultural, and exhibition animals, serum samples from cattle, sheep, and goats submitted to the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health Diagnostic Center (AHDC) were tested for EHDV antibodies. The samples tested in our surveillance study included samples collected during and after <i>Culicoides</i> vector activity (July–January) over three seasons from 2022 to 2025. A total of 5698 samples comprising 4874 cattle and 824 small ruminants were tested using the agar gel immunodiffusion assay (AGID). Season 1 had 0.6% seroprevalence (10/1719), season 2 had 0.7% seroprevalence (15/2021), season 3 had 0.5% seroprevalence (9/1958) with an overall seroprevalence of 0.6%. Neutralizing antibody (NA) titers were determined on all AGID positive samples for EHDV serotypes 1, 2, and 6. There were 20 samples positive for EHDV serotype 2 (NA titers from 1:40 to ≥ 1:1280); 11 samples positive for EHDV serotype 6 (NA titers from 1:10 to 1:640); and three animals with cross-reaction amongst serotypes. Of the 34 positive samples, 31 were from cattle and 3 were from sheep. Nineteen samples were from counties with large numbers of WTD deaths attributed to EHDV in 2021 or counties with cases of EHDV in cattle. This data indicates that EHDV serotypes 2 and 6 subclinically infected a small number of domestic ruminants in NY from 2022 to 2025.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serosurveillance and Postvaccination Seromonitoring of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Small Ruminants in Central Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Firdyawukal Abuhay Tafere,&nbsp;Mastewal Birhan Atanaw,&nbsp;Enyiew Alemnew Alamerew,&nbsp;Melkie Dagnaw Fenta,&nbsp;Genetu Kassahun Berie,&nbsp;Kefale Ambachew Shiferaw,&nbsp;Bemrew Admassu Mengistu,&nbsp;Anmaw Shite Abat","doi":"10.1155/tbed/3319431","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/3319431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants caused by the PPR virus (PPRV). Despite Ethiopia’s goal of eradicating PPR by 2027 through a risk-based vaccination strategy, the disease remains endemic, with 554 outbreaks reported nationwide. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, between June 2024 and February 2025 to evaluate antibody responses in vaccinated small ruminants and estimate PPRV seroprevalence in unvaccinated flocks. A multistage cluster sampling design was used to select the study sites, while individual animals were selected using a haphazard sampling approach to approximate random sampling. A total of 600 serum samples were collected, including 300 from vaccinated and 300 from unvaccinated small ruminants; samples from vaccinated animals were obtained ~28 days postvaccination. All samples were tested for anti-PPRV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Overall individual-level seropositivity in the vaccinated population was 75%, comprising 75.73% in sheep and 72.1% in goats, serving as a proxy measure of flock immunity. In unvaccinated animals, PPRV seroprevalence was 14.33% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.6%–18.82%). Multivariable logistic regression identified age and flock size as the main risk factors influencing seropositivity. Adult animals were 2.89 times as likely to be seropositive as young animals (95% CI: 1.17–7.15; <i>p</i> = 0.022), and animals in medium-sized flocks were more likely to test positive than those in small flocks (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.11–4.63; <i>p</i> = 0.026). No significant differences were observed across districts, species, sex, production systems, newly introduced animals, or animal movement (<i>p</i>  &gt; 0.05). The observed seropositivity was slightly below the commonly used 80% population immunity target associated with reducing transmission under the PPR eradication framework. The detection of PPRV antibodies in unvaccinated animals indicates previous exposure to PPRV and highlights the need for strengthened surveillance to assess whether active virus circulation persists in the area. To achieve effective control and eventual eradication of PPR, intensified vaccination programs combined with active surveillance are needed. Furthermore, refining vaccination strategies in alignment with global and national eradication plans is essential to establish PPR-free zones in these districts.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149073033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Ethiopia (1957–2025): A Molecular Perspective on Serotype Persistence and Emergence","authors":"Daniel Gizaw,&nbsp;Fentahun Wondmnew,&nbsp;Fasil Aklilu,&nbsp;Getnet Abie Mokonnen,&nbsp;Nina Henning,&nbsp;Berhanu Admasu,&nbsp;Badi Maulidi,&nbsp;Wudu Temesgen,&nbsp;Jef. Hammond","doi":"10.1155/tbed/6349383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/tbed/6349383","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) represents a significant global economic burden and remains the primary constraint on Ethiopia’s livestock economy and international trade. This desk review synthesized 60 years of data (1957–2025) using a structured, multidatabase search across four domains: disease, genotype/lineage, geographic spread, and temporal context. Data were stratified into three periods: Period I (1957–1980), Period II (1981–2000), and Period III (2001–2025). Results indicate that Period I saw the identification of serotypes O, A, and C, though serotype C has not been detected after 1983. Period II was marked by the continued circulation of serotypes O and A, and the first emergence of Serotype SAT 2 near the Kenya–Ethiopia border, which temporarily disappeared until its major re-emergence in 2007. Period III is characterized by a significant intensification and modernization of FMD virus (FMDV) outbreak investigation that provided more granular data on viral activity in the country. The period saw four major endemic serotypes O, A, SAT 2, and SAT 1, SAT one being confirmed for the first time during this period, circulate simultaneously and covering the entire country. Molecular analyses revealed a heterogeneous landscape: serotype O is dominated the serotype distribution in the country by its O/EA-3 and O/EA-4 topotypes, while serotype A involving complex lineages (Africa G-I, G-IV, and G-VII) follows in serotype O and precedes serotype SAT 2 in distribution. Notably, serotype SAT 2 has historically comprised four topotypes (IV, VII, XIII, and XIV), with the recent dominance of the re-emergent SAT 2/XIV topotype. The global biosecurity threat posed by FMDV SAT 2 topotype XIV stems from its unprecedented transcontinental dissemination into immunologically naive regions, rather than inherent lethality. This expansion highlights the complex evolutionary dynamics of the virus and the vulnerability of current surveillance system. The global dissemination of emerging lineages, such as SAT 2 topotype XIV, underscores the complex evolutionary dynamics and environmental plasticity inherent across all FMDV serotypes. The rapid shift of these viruses into nonendemic territories highlights critical vulnerabilities in existing biosecurity. Ultimately, these dynamics necessitate a shift toward adaptive, multiserotype surveillance and integrated control frameworks to address the continuous antigenic evolution and geographical expansion of the virus. Advancing Ethiopia along the progressive control pathway (PCP-FMD) is critically contingent upon evaluating the protective efficacy of current trivalent vaccines against rapidly evolving field strains. Immediate intervention is required to address diverged genotypes that jeopardize both national herd health and international market access.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/6349383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virome Diversity and Zoonotic Risks of Haemaphysalis concinna Ticks in Northeastern China","authors":"Jiannan Liu,&nbsp;Qiqi Guo,&nbsp;Jixu Li,&nbsp;Zheng Gui,&nbsp;Ziyan Liu,&nbsp;Yuanning Ren,&nbsp;Yu Liu,&nbsp;Jingge Ma,&nbsp;Ning Liu,&nbsp;Jingfeng Yu,&nbsp;Lichao Sun,&nbsp;Zedong Wang","doi":"10.1155/tbed/2710973","DOIUrl":"10.1155/tbed/2710973","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Haemaphysalis concinna</i> is a prevalent tick vector in Northeastern China, exhibiting a broad host range and the capacity to transmit over 40 human pathogens. Although numerous virome studies have investigated this tick species in Northeastern China, individual-level viral prevalence, coinfection dynamics, and the host spectra of the harbored pathogenic viruses remain poorly characterized. In this study, we conducted metatranscriptomic sequencing combined with TaqMan-based real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) validation on individual ticks to systematically profile the RNA virome of 112 adult <i>H. concinna</i> collected across Northeastern China. A total of 13 RNA viruses spanning six families and one unclassified group were identified, including four confirmed human pathogens, Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Dabieshan tick virus (DBSTV), Songling virus (SGLV), and Wetland virus (WELV), alongside one potential human pathogen, Ji’an nairovirus (JANV). Individual-tick RT-qPCR assays revealed an overall viral positivity rate of 46.4%, with prevalence for specific viruses ranging from 0.9% to 13.4%. Notably, multiviral coinfections were detected in 10.7% of ticks (8.9% harboring two viruses and 1.8% harboring three), predominantly involving nairoviruses and rhabdoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses further confirmed that local viral strains clustered closely with endemic pathogenic lineages. Furthermore, literature-based host spectrum analysis demonstrated that these pathogenic viruses possess extensive vertebrate host ranges. Our findings highlight extensive viral diversity, high infection rates, and frequent coinfections in <i>H. concinna</i>, underscoring its pivotal role in maintaining and transmitting emerging tick-borne viruses and emphasizing the heightened risk of zoonotic spillover in Northeastern China.</p>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2026 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/tbed/2710973","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149035734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}