Transboundary and Emerging Diseases最新文献

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Biosecurity in Disease Prevention and Control in Livestock Farms in Africa","authors":"Ronald Vougat Ngom,&nbsp;Gaspard J. Ayissi,&nbsp;Adonis M. M. Akoussa,&nbsp;Andrea Laconi,&nbsp;Saleh M. Jajere,&nbsp;Henriette A. Zangue,&nbsp;Alessandra Piccirillo","doi":"10.1155/2024/8683715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8683715","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>In Africa, livestock production plays a crucial role for sustainable food security and economic growth. However, the development of this sector has been delayed by livestock diseases, one of the main constraints, which can cause important production and economic losses. To overcome these constraints, farmers extensively use antimicrobials, which in turn can lead to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), one of the main threats to global health and food security. Biosecurity has been identified as a key strategy to reduce livestock diseases. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted according to the Cochrane guideline, aimed at determining the efficacy of biosecurity in preventing and controlling infectious diseases in livestock farms in Africa. Of the 1408 records retrieved from five different databases, only 16 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were conducted in Egypt (31.2%), Nigeria (31.2%), Uganda (18.8%), Ethiopia (12.5%) and Tunisia (6.3%) and concerned poultry (62.4%), pigs (18.8%) and cattle (18.8%). Investigations focused mainly on avian influenza (AI) (15.0%) and coccidiosis (10.0%) in poultry and African swine fever (ASF) (10.0%) in pigs. In poultry farms, the results of the pairwise meta-analysis showed that biosecurity measures related to visitors and farmworkers could be effective at reducing the risk of introduction and spread of AI viruses (odds ratio [OR] = 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–0.82). Moreover, inadequate biosecurity seemed to be a factor promoting coccidiosis (OR = 4.20; 95% CI 2.4–7.4) and AI (OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.23–2.48). Prevention of ASF was significantly associated with the application of biosecurity measures related to animals’ transport, removal of carcasses and manure (OR = 0.33; 95% CI 0.12–0.88). Despite their importance, these findings cannot be translated to the entire African continent, since no studies were available for more than 90% of its countries. More research should be carried out to fill in the gaps identified by this review.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/8683715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Genomic Characteristics of a Novel Pathogenicity Type I Feline Coronavirus in Mainland China","authors":"Yuanhong Wang,&nbsp;Junna Wang,&nbsp;You Zhao,&nbsp;Yun Liu,&nbsp;Miao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoying Deng,&nbsp;Jie Zhu,&nbsp;Guoxin Li,&nbsp;Guangqing Liu","doi":"10.1155/2024/4162458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4162458","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus, which is widespread among feline populations, and can cause a fatal serious disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). According to the differences of antigen and genetic composition, FCoV consists of two genotypes, FCoV I and FCoV II. In this study, we have isolated and identified a FCoV I strain named HL2019. Based on the complete genome of HL2019, phylogenetic analysis showed that HL2019 strain formed in the cluster FCoV I which is more closed to human coronavirus 229E (HCoV 229E) and HCoV NL63, while the FCoV I stains is distantly related to FCoV II strains. Analyzing with RDP4 and Simplot software showed that the virus HL2019 is recombinant by the FCoV I China/ZJU1709 and FCoV I Netherlands/UU16 strains. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of HL2019 was evaluated in 9–12-month-old cats. Two of three challenged cats developed serious clinical signs and died at 28-day postchallenge (dpc). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that HL2019 has broad tissue tropism, especially in the duodenum with viral load up to 10⁴ copies/mg. In summary, our data show that we have successfully isolated a strain of FCoV I named HL2019 that is highly pathogenic to cats.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/4162458","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and In Vivo Characterization of the High Pathogenicity H7N6 Avian Influenza Virus That Emerged in South African Poultry in 2023","authors":"Celia Abolnik,&nbsp;Thandeka Precious Phiri,&nbsp;Christine Strydom,&nbsp;Zehaad Ismail,&nbsp;Frances Jordaan,&nbsp;Kaila Wannenburg,&nbsp;Shahn P. R. Bisschop","doi":"10.1155/2024/8878789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8878789","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>A high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H7N6 virus emerged in South African poultry in 2023 and later spread to Mozambique, the first documented emergence of H7 HPAI in the African continent. A total of 6.82 million birds succumbed to the disease or were culled, representing about 20% of the South African egg-laying flock and almost 30% of the broiler breeder flock. The complete genomes of 68 outbreak viruses were sequenced and analyzed, tracing the phylogenetic origins of the ancestral H7N6 virus to a reassortment of various subtypes that circulated in southern African wild birds. Molecular clock analysis determined that the virus emerged in the first week of May 2023, probably in a smallholder chicken flock, before spreading to commercial farms, where the disease was first reported in early June. The multibasic hemagglutinin protein cleavage site (HA₀) was derived from a nonhomologous recombination event with chicken 28S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA). Few genetic markers associated with an increased risk to humans were present in the translated viral proteins. The intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) value of the index case isolate was 1.67, reflecting that 50% of the specific pathogen-free chickens died within 4 days of infection. Surviving birds showing mostly mild clinical signs and recovered by day 10 postinfection. Prior to death, chickens shed the virus primarily through the respiratory route, with lower amounts shed from the cloaca, but in the survivors, the virus was still being shed from the cloaca on day 10. Fomites were the likely source of disease spread between farms, and the amount of H7N6 HPAI virus per gram of feces was calculated at ~383,193 (5.58 log₁₀) egg infectious dose 50 (EID₅₀) equivalents, chicken feather follicles contained on average 739,712.43 (5.87 log₁₀) EID₅₀ equivalents, and 20 µg of feather dust contained 14,976.96 (4.175 log₁₀) EID₅₀ equivalents.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/8878789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of Vector-Borne Zoonotic Diseases in South Korea: Uncovering Novel Pathogen Carriers Among Rodents and Mites Nationwide","authors":"Beoul Kim,&nbsp;You-Jeong Lee,&nbsp;Hee Il Lee,&nbsp;Dongmi Kwak,&nbsp;Min-Goo Seo","doi":"10.1155/2024/5544660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5544660","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Wild rodents and their ectoparasites are known reservoirs for various zoonotic pathogens, highlighting the need for detailed studies into their roles in disease transmission. Our research investigated the spatial distribution of rodents and their ectoparasites to better understand the epidemiology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases (VBZDs), including severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), Lyme disease, Q fever, and scrub typhus. We analyzed samples from 540 rodents and 6785 mites, detecting the presence of <i>Borrelia</i> spp., the causative agent of Lyme disease, in 0.9% of rodents and SFTS virus (SFTSV) in 1.0%. In mites, <i>Borrelia</i> spp. and <i>Orientia tsutsugamushi</i>, the bacteria causing scrub typhus, were detected in 0.3% of samples each. Phylogenetic analysis identified the SFTSV sequence as type B3, the <i>Borrelia</i> spp. sequence as <i>B. afzelii</i>, and the <i>O. tsutsugamushi</i> sequence as Karp-related. Notably, SFTSV was detected for the first time in mites in South Korea, and <i>B. afzelii</i> was found in mites for the first time globally. These findings emphasize the critical need for continuous analysis of VBZDs to anticipate future trends and develop a comprehensive monitoring system. Further research into the rodent and mite populations in South Korea is essential to fully assess the potential risks of VBZDs.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/5544660","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Genetic Investigation of Avian Coronaviruses in Migratory Ducks From South Korea","authors":"Yunhee Gim,&nbsp;Song Hwi Jeong,&nbsp;Young Ju Lee,&nbsp;Guehwan Jang,&nbsp;Changhee Lee","doi":"10.1155/2024/9502737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9502737","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Coronaviruses (CoVs) belonging to the <i>Gamma-CoV</i> and <i>Delta-CoV</i> genera are widespread in poultry and wildfowl. Migratory birds, particularly duck species, serve as hosts for CoVs and play a pivotal role in transmitting the viruses to other species, including mammals. Despite the potential risks to animals and humans, there remains a narrow knowledge of the genetic and epidemiological properties of CoVs in wild birds. The current research aimed to detect and characterize CoVs present in migratory duck species (<i>Anas acuta</i>, <i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>, and <i>Anas poecilorhyncha</i>) from South Korea. Employing two rounds of pan-CoV real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) assays amplifying the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) portion common to all known CoVs, we screened 2120 duck fecal samples collected during 2022–2023. The results indicated the presence of CoVs in 4.2% (91/2120) of samples from migratory ducks. Nucleotide sequencing of the RdRp gene revealed that all identified CoVs were clustered within the <i>Gamma-CoV</i> genus. Further phylogenetic analysis suggested that South Korean gamma-CoVs belong to the <i>Igacovirus</i> subgenus and share similarities with those found worldwide, highlighting the critical role of migratory ducks in introducing and exporting avian CoVs. We discovered two clade VII igacovirus strains in wild ducks closely related to those in pigeons, implying potential cross infection between these avian species. Overall, our study underscores the importance of active surveillance and monitoring of avian CoVs in wild birds as a preemptive response against the forthcoming emergence of new CoV species that can threaten both animal and human health.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/9502737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herd-Level Modeling of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Transmission in Cattle Herds in Southern Chile: Linking Within and Between-Herd Dynamics","authors":"Oscar Alocilla-Velásquez,&nbsp;Gustavo Monti,&nbsp;Helmut Saatkamp,&nbsp;Monique Mourits,&nbsp;Ann Lindberg,&nbsp;Stefan Widgren","doi":"10.1155/2024/4734277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4734277","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) represents a serious threat to the cattle sector in Chile, indicating the need for a regionally defined control program. <i>Ex-ante</i> evaluations of program options using simulation modeling have proven to be a successful approach in providing decision-makers with relevant supporting insights in that respect. Given the complexity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection dynamics, simulation of BVD spread in a metapopulation requires detailed consideration of both within and between herd transmission dynamics. The aims of the study are (i) to investigate the dynamics of BVDV transmission in cattle herds in southern Chile by linking a within-herd transmission model (WHM) that accounts for the BVDV’s unique characteristics with a between-herd model (BHM) that meets the demands for further regional control strategy evaluation; (ii) to suggest and discuss criteria for evaluation of the model approach and plausibility for later research and for support decision-making. This resulted in bringing forth a modeling rationale for complex disease spread simulation in metapopulations. BHM simulations under this approach show outcomes that agree with BVDV’s known situation in Chile; dairy herds prevalence at endemic equilibrium reaches and maintains 75%, which agrees with estimations of BVDV active infection in dairy herds in southern Chile (77%). For the entire herd population, the infection always reaches endemic levels with a large proportion of infected herds (median = 60%), where herd prevalence was higher in the dairy herd class than in the remaining categories. Transmission probability variation affects the new infections picked, prevalence at endemic levels, and the velocity in which the infection spreads between herds. The fact that the presented approach was able to model a complex infection dynamic such BVDV, with sufficient confidence, provides evidence that this approach can be used to explore mitigation strategies to control BVDV in southern Chilean herds.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/4734277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Characteristics of Five Different Lineage of Korean PRRSV-2 Isolates (NADC30-Like, VR2332-Like, LKA, LKB, and LKC)","authors":"Chang-Gi Jeong,&nbsp;Seung-Chai Kim,&nbsp;Simin Lee,&nbsp;Hwan-Ju Kim,&nbsp;Sameer ul Salam Mattoo,&nbsp;Salik Nazki,&nbsp;Amina Khatun,&nbsp;Go-Eun Shin,&nbsp;Myeon-Sik Yang,&nbsp;Hye-Young Jeoung,&nbsp;Kyoung-Ki Lee,&nbsp;Jae-Ku Oem,&nbsp;Sang-Myeong Lee,&nbsp;Bumseok Kim,&nbsp;Gayeon Won,&nbsp;Won-Il Kim","doi":"10.1155/2024/1618472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1618472","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a significant pathogen in the worldwide swine industry. The virus shows high genetic variation coupled with a broad range of virulence in pigs. Although multiple lineages of the virus have been prevalent throughout in Korea, the characteristics of lineage-wise pathogenicity are largely unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze and compare the pathogenicity of 11 representative Korean PRRSV-2 isolates selected from PRRSV-2 lineages circulating in Korea, NADC30-like, VR2332-like, and three nation-specific lineages (lineage KOR A (LKA), lineage KOR B (LKB), and lineage KOR C (LKC)), which have been continuously prevalent in the nation. Eleven groups of pigs were experimentally infected with one Korean PRRSV-2 isolate through four consecutive animal experiments. Body weight and body temperature were recorded during each 4-week challenge experiment period, and virological, serological, and histopathological tests were performed on the collected samples. The data from the animal experiments were integrated into two indicators—excretion and clinical signs—through correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Meta-analysis was used to compare PRRSV-2 isolates using each indicator. Based on these analyses, while L1C viruses used in this study (JB15-N-P31-GB and JB15-N-PJ73-GN, similar to NADC30-like strains) exhibited low or moderate levels of excretion and clinical signs, lineage 5 (L5) or modified live vaccine (MLV)-variant strains exhibited high levels of excretion compared to other PRRSV-2 isolates. However, the L5 variants all caused mild clinical signs, except for JB15-N-PJ4-GN, which showed the 4th highest clinical sign indicator. Among the Korean lineages (LKA, LKB, and LKC), two LKB strains (GGYC45 and JB15-N-PJ10-GN) were the most virulent as they showed the highest mortality after the challenge. On the other hand, the LKA and LKC viruses displayed lower excretion indicators than L5 strains, but they had higher-ranked clinical sign indicators than low-virulence L5 MLV variants. In conclusion, PRRSV prevalent in Korea has diverse excretion and clinical characteristics, and certain lineage is highly pathogenic. These results will offer useful insights to prevent spread of PRRSV and improve the efficacy of vaccines in the future.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1618472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First WGS Characterization of Streptococcus suis Isolated From a Case of Human Meningitis in Southern Italy","authors":"Giovanna Fusco,&nbsp;Saveria Dodaro,&nbsp;Maria Vittoria Mauro,&nbsp;Francesca Greco,&nbsp;Lorella Barca,&nbsp;Rubina Paradiso,&nbsp;Antonio Limone,&nbsp;Maria Garzi Cosentino,&nbsp;Agata Campione,&nbsp;Giovanna De Luca,&nbsp;Bianca Cecere,&nbsp;Sonia Greco,&nbsp;Valeria Vangeli,&nbsp;Esterina De Carlo,&nbsp;Giorgia Borriello,&nbsp;Antonio Mastroianni","doi":"10.1155/2024/4529326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4529326","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>This study is the first report in Italy on the molecular characterization by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of a <i>Streptococcus suis</i> strain isolated from a human case of meningitis in Italy. The characterized <i>S. suis</i> strain was classified as a serotype 2 (SS2), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence type ST1. The strain exhibited the presence of several virulence genes and resistance to penicillin, tetracycline and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin. Finally, we found a frameshift mutation in the gene <i>mrp</i> determining the translation of two truncated forms of the corresponding muramidase-release protein. These results highlight the importance of complete genomic data to understand the pathogenesis and epidemiology of this bacterium, capable to pose serious risks to human health.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/4529326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142525346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pediatric Respiratory Pathogens Circulate in Children and Adults in Communities Near Susceptible Wild Great Ape Populations in Uganda","authors":"Patrick Tusiime,&nbsp;Taylor Weary,&nbsp;Tressa Pappas,&nbsp;Shamilah Tuhaise,&nbsp;John Walter Akankwasa,&nbsp;Daniel Sempebwa,&nbsp;Emily Otali,&nbsp;Caroline Asiimwe,&nbsp;Matthew R. McLennan,&nbsp;Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka,&nbsp;Elizabeth Ross,&nbsp;James Gern,&nbsp;Tony Goldberg","doi":"10.1155/2024/1771163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1771163","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>Respiratory infections are a leading cause of death in developing countries. Infants and young children are especially susceptible to disease because they lack immunity, whereas adults who have acquired immunity can be infected asymptomatically. Great ape species, all of which are endangered, are similarly susceptible to respiratory illnesses caused by human respiratory pathogens. We obtained 432 nasopharyngeal swab samples (127 from adults and 305 from children) in a cross-sectional study that took place between February and October 2022 at four sites in Western Uganda (Budongo Central Forest Reserve, Bulindi Town Council, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, and Kibale National Park) where the participants live in communities where interaction with apes is frequent. Prior research at Kibale has shown that locally circulating human respiratory pathogens have led to multiple lethal outbreaks in wild eastern chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii</i>). We used a multiplex PCR panel to characterize respiratory pathogens, with the goal of assessing whether respiratory illnesses in the chimpanzees of Budongo and Bulindi and the mountain gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>) of Bwindi might have originated in local children and been introduced to the apes via asymptomatic adult carriers. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was twice as high in Bwindi (44.0%) as it was in Budongo (24.0%) and Bulindi (20.8%), while the prevalence was intermediate at Kibale (34.4%). Rates of respiratory pathogen detection were higher but statistically indistinguishable in children compared to adults at Budongo and Bulindi, and children were 15.0 times more likely than adults to have positive detections at Kibale. At Bwindi, however, the pattern was reversed, with adults 2.6 times more likely than children to have positive detections. Rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, human parainfluenza virus 3, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus OC43, all of which have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease outbreaks in great ape populations across sub-Saharan Africa, accounted for three quarters (73.6%) of detected pathogens. Our data support the idea that human respiratory pathogens that can infect great apes occur at high frequencies in human populations in Western Uganda that live close to and interact with wild apes that have suffered from lethal outbreaks caused by these same pathogens. Reducing respiratory infections in local children, thereby reducing both carriage of those infections into the forest by people and ape exposure to these pathogens when they enter human spaces, should decrease the risk of respiratory disease outbreaks in apes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/1771163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Novel 2.3.4.4b H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in 2023 Posing a Potential Risk to Human Health","authors":"Yuting Xu,&nbsp;Jie Hu,&nbsp;Chenyao Zhao,&nbsp;Yue Yuan,&nbsp;Zijing Gao,&nbsp;Zhenghuan Wang,&nbsp;Kirill Sharshov,&nbsp;Guimei He","doi":"10.1155/2024/4900097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4900097","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 <p>The highly pathogenic avian influenza 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses have been a cause for concern recently, as they have been responsible for continuous outbreaks since 2021. In China, the H5N6 subtype has been predominantly circulating in domestic poultry but has rarely been detected in wild birds over the past 3 years. In December 2023, novel reassortant 2.3.4.4b H5N6 viruses were resurgent in wild birds and domestic ducks in Eastern Asia. The viruses were reassorted with those of currently prevalent 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses of wild bird origin worldwide, as well as the H5N6 viruses that caused human infections in 2022 and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, such as the H9N2 virus, which also contributed internal gene to the novel H5N6 viruses. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, we inferred that this recombination process occurred in migratory breeding sites in early 2023. Given the rapid transmission and high mutation capacity of currently circulating H5N1 viruses, as well as the strong pathogenicity of H5N6 viruses to humans, the novel recombinant viruses may continue to evolve and pose new threats to human health. Therefore, continuous surveillance of H5N6 viruses in wild birds and domestic poultry should be strengthened.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":234,"journal":{"name":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases","volume":"2024 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2024/4900097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142524919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}