Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A new approach in the treatment of ultrasound-guided synovial hypertrophy.","authors":"Emel Güler, Alper Doğanci","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5955","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Knee osteoarthritis (OA) causes pain and limited movement, negatively impacting daily life in older adults. Hypertrophy and changes in the synovial tissue significantly contribute to the pain. While intraarticular injections are common in OA treatment, specific therapies for hypertrophic tissue are rarely mentioned. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of local anesthetic and steroid injections in the knee's intraarticular space and hypertrophic synovial tissue.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Our retrospective study included patients with grade 3 or 4 knee OA diagnosed with ultrasound-guided suprapatellar effusion and synovial hypertrophy. Pain was assessed using a numerical rating pain scale (NRS) and functional capacity was evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) Index. Effusion was first drained from the suprapatellar region using a 22-gauge spinal needle under ultrasound guidance, followed by lavage with 40 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution. A mixture of 10 mL (2 mL triamcinolone hexacetonide, 7 mL of prilocaine, and 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl) was injected intraarticularly, and 6 mL was injected into the hypertrophic synovial tissue. Patients were followed before the injection and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the injection.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of the WOMAC scores and NRS values at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the injection revealed statistically significant reductions (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was found between the duration of complaints and WOMAC scores or NRS values (p > 0.05). Ultrasound evaluation indicated regression of the synovial hypertrophy tissue.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This injection method, practiced in the treatment of synovial hypertrophy as one of the causes of pain in knee OA, reduced pain and significantly increased functional capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"178-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913489/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Navigating pregnancy with cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, risk stratification, and maternal-fetal outcomes.","authors":"Osman Türkmen, Serra Akar Inan","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5940","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pregnancy induces significant cardiovascular changes, including increases in heart rate, blood volume, and cardiac output, which may exacerbate existing heart conditions or unmask previously undiagnosed heart diseases. This review outlines the types of cardiovascular diseases that affect pregnant women, organized according to the modified World Health Organization risk classification. It covers key areas, including how pregnancy impacts the heart, common maternal and fetal complications, and effective management strategies. The review emphasizes the importance of preconception counseling, risk assessment, and continuous monitoring to ensure the best maternal and fetal outcomes. It also highlights practical guidelines for healthcare providers and discusses the latest research findings to improve clinical care for pregnant women with heart disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"24-42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of single-layer versus double-layer suturing of low transverse uterine incisions in cesarean section and follow-up of scars by ultrasound: a prospective randomized controlled study.","authors":"Erhan Demirdağ, Hazal Kutlucan, Anıl Doğukan Tutal, Bilge Pınar Çalişkan Keskinsoy, Gülşah Karakuyu, Recep Onur Karabacak","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5906","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Cesarean section (CS) is a widely performed operation worldwide but data about uterine closure are lacking. We aimed to evaluate scar niches and compare single-layer and double-layer uterine closure at 6 months following CS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This prospective randomized trial assessed 56 women undergoing single- or double-layer uterine closure. None of the patients had previous uterine surgery and all CS cases were elective. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed 6 months after CS to assess the uterine scars by measuring the width, depth, and length of the scar niche and residual myometrial thickness. An experienced sonographer was blinded to the uterine closure technique and the ultrasounds were conducted by practitioners unaware of the technique in the postoperative follow-up appointments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-eight women were assigned to the single-layer closure group (Group 1) and 28 were assigned to the double-layer closure group (Group 2). The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients and the width, depth and diameter of the niche were similar between the groups, as was residual myometrial thickness. There was no difference in uterine scar volume under the incision between the two groups. The duration of surgery was approximately 5 min longer (p = 0.048) and hemoglobin decrease was about 0.5 g/dL less (p = 0.039) in the double-layer group compared to the single-layer group. Postmenstrual spotting rates were similar between the groups. Group 1 had two and Group 2 had one spontaneous pregnancy within 6 months after CS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The single- and double-layer closure techniques do not produce different impacts on CS niche features at 6 months after delivery. Ultrasound might be an important noninvasive diagnostic tool for understanding CS scar remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 6","pages":"1244-1251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673617/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from pediatric to adult-oriented rheumatology care.","authors":"Seher Şener, Gözde Kübra Yardimci, Ezgi Deniz Batu, Levent Kiliç, Ümmüşen Kaya Akça, Müşerref Kasap Cüceoğlu, Zeynep Balik, Özge Başaran, Yelda Bilginer, Şule Apraş Bilgen, Seza Özen","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5900","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>The transition from pediatric to adult-oriented care for individuals with juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) poses significant challenges. This study aimed to assess the outcomes of transitioning patients with juvenile-onset SLE from pediatric to adult-oriented care.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Patients with juvenile-onset SLE were included in the study. They were transferred in face-to-face meetings where at least one pediatric rheumatologist and one adult rheumatologist were present (transition time: October-December 2020).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median (25th-75th percentile) age at diagnosis and the time of the first examination in an adult-oriented rheumatology department of the included 65 SLE patients were 14.3 (10.9-15.1) years and 19.2 (18.5-20.4) years, respectively (female/male ratio: 7.1). There was no difference in clinical findings related to SLE between the last pediatric care visit and the last adult-oriented care visit other than constitutional symptoms being more prevalent in adult-oriented care (p = 0.039). There was a higher rate of low medication adherence in the post- than pretransition period (p = 0.003). The number of patients admitted to the emergency department during follow-up in adult-oriented care was higher (p = 0.009). Additionally, patients were more likely to miss at least one scheduled appointment in the post- than pretransition period (p = 0.002).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We observed that patients with juvenile-onset SLE had more constitutional symptoms, lower medication compliance, higher rates of emergency department visits, and more missed appointments in the posttransition period despite a face-to-face structured transition process. We hope that future studies will offer solutions to the problems in transitional care.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 6","pages":"1198-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The difference between clinical significance and statistical significance: an important distinction for clinical research.","authors":"Sadi Elasan","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5925","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5925","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 6","pages":"1419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac effects and comorbidities of neurological diseases.","authors":"Bilgin Öztürk","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5928","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5928","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurological disorders encompass a complex and heterogeneous spectrum of diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system, each presenting unique challenges that extend well beyond primary neurological symptoms. These disorders profoundly impact cardiovascular health, prompting an intensified exploration into the intricate interconnections between the neurological and cardiovascular systems. This review synthesizes current insights and research on cardiovascular comorbidities associated with major neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The cardiovascular sequelae of these neurological disorders are multifactorial. For instance, strokes not only predispose individuals to arrhythmia and heart failure but also exacerbate preexisting cardiovascular risk factors. Similarly, epilepsy is associated with autonomic dysregulation and an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death, underscoring the necessity for vigilant cardiac monitoring in affected individuals. Parkinson's disease manifests with orthostatic hypotension and cardiac sympathetic denervation, significantly contributing to morbidity. Additionally, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease exhibit cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction and heightened cardiovascular risk, underscoring the need for proactive management strategies. Mechanistically, these conditions disrupt autonomic nervous system regulation, induce chronic inflammation, and may share genetic susceptibilities, each contributing to cardiovascular pathology. Effective management of these complexities requires an integrative approach that includes risk factor modification, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle interventions, and comprehensive patient education. Future research directions include identifying novel therapeutic targets, conducting large-scale clinical trials, and investigating genetic biomarkers to individualize treatment strategies. By addressing the multifaceted interactions between neurological disorders and cardiovascular health, healthcare providers can optimize patient care, reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 7","pages":"1428-1437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673671/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ascorbic acid exhibits more of a protective effect than estradiol against nephrotoxicity induced by malathion in rats: a histopathological and molecular docking study.","authors":"Mohammad Alhilal, Mahmoud Elsayed Mohamed Salem, Ahmed Ali Albakoush, Suzan Alhilal, Basant Farag, Sobhi M Gomha","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5974","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Despite the known harmful effects associated with malathion toxicity in various organs, it continues to be widely used for plant protection and insect control. This study is the first to compare the protective effects of estradiol and ascorbic acid against malathion-induced nephrotoxicity through histopathological assessment and molecular docking analyses.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study was conducted using 20 female albino rats that were distributed into sham, malathion, malathion + estradiol, and malathion + ascorbic acid groups. Nephrotoxicity was induced by daily treatment with malathion and the effects of estradiol and ascorbic on nephrotoxicity were evaluated. After 4 weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the kidneys were examined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Histopathology results were supported by molecular docking studies of estradiol and ascorbic acid against a target protein (PDB ID: 2YMX), the peptide inhibitor Fab408 inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The inhibition of AChE is the primary mechanism of the toxic effects of malathion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histopathological examination revealed a notable elevation (p < 0.001) in degeneration and necrosis within the tubular epithelium and interstitial nephritis in the malathion group compared to the sham group. Daily administration of estradiol and ascorbic acid resulted in a notable reduction (p = 0.0022) in the severity of these histopathological changes in the malathion + estradiol and malathion + ascorbic acid groups compared to the malathion group. Of these, the most significant decreases were observed in the malathion + ascorbic acid group. Docking studies of these compounds against the selected protein (PDB ID: 2YMX) revealed promising binding scores. Ascorbic acid exhibited the highest docking score (-6.44 kcal/mol), indicating a favorable binding interaction with this protein.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Estradiol and ascorbic acid exert protective effects against malathion-induced nephrotoxicity, whereas ascorbic acid showed superior efficacy compared to estradiol. This result was further supported by molecular docking studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"337-345"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913519/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthetic osteobiologics in spine surgery: a review.","authors":"Aydın Sinan Apaydin, Eli Johnson, Prince Antwi, Brett Rocos, Michael M Haglund, Christopher I Shaffrey, Peter Passias, Muhammad M Abd-El-Barr, Khoi Than","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5941","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteobiologics are increasingly used in orthopedics and spine surgery to facilitate bone healing and prevent nonunion. Synthetic osteobiologics are artificial materials crafted in laboratories that aim to replicate the natural composition and functionality of bone. Notable materials such as calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate are engineered to mirror the mineral aspect of bone. They mimic human bone functionality, exhibiting osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenic properties. These characteristics promote cell attachment, migration, recruitment, and differentiation. Consequently, synthetic osteobiologics (osteoconductive grafts) have been introduced in bone fracture repair. The main strength of synthetic osteobiologics in spine surgery lies in improving fusion rates and clinical outcomes. The commercial biologics landscape boasts an excess of 350 bone substitute materials, a number that continues to grow exponentially with the development of subtypes. However, the proliferation of these products, primarily driven by the medical device industry and nonacademic entities, has been accompanied by a significant dearth of supporting empirical data. This deficiency underscores the imperative need for rigorous scrutiny and research to establish a solid foundation for their utilization. Healthcare professionals require high-quality research in large prospective studies with satisfactory follow-up periods to interpret and compare the performance of osteobiologics. It is particularly imperative to study the added cost of using these materials in spine surgery. In the current review, we provide an overview of the currently available synthetic osteobiologics used in spine surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11913509/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High sacral slope, lumbar lordosis, and sacral slope-to-pelvic incidence ratio are associated with new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis.","authors":"Aysun Aksoy, Cemal Aydın Gündoğmuş, Mehmet Deniz Kesimer, Kemal Nas, İkram Eda Duman, Gazanfer Ekinci, Murat Bezer, Pamir Atagündüz","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5915","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Syndesmophyte formation appears to be site-specific in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and new bone formation seems to occur in regions of microtrauma that are prone to tensile forces. Pelvic and spinal parameters are unique for each individual. Pelvic tilt and sacral slope are important anatomical features that compensate in harmony in keeping the sagittal balance. After puberty, the sacral slope shapes the lumbar lordosis, whereas the pelvic incidence has an individual constant value. This study aimed to analyze the properties of pelvic parameters in AS patients with and without syndesmophyte formation in the spine after 15 years of disease duration.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Whole-spine radiographs and clinical data of 104 AS patients were analyzed according to radiographic damage in the spine. AS patients were grouped as those with and without syndesmophytes. Patients with complete bridging in at least one vertebral unit were excluded. Sacral slope, pelvic tilt, pelvic incidence, and lumbar lordosis were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean disease duration was 14.5 years and 60% of the AS patients were male. The groups were similar in terms of age, sex distribution, and disease duration. Although numerically higher in patients with syndesmophytes, the mean pelvic incidence of AS patients was not significantly different between groups (55.2 ± 13.6 vs. 57.2 ± 15.4). The sacral slope was higher in patients with lumbar syndesmophytes (p < 0.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The sacral slope was significantly higher in patients with syndesmophytes, which in turn resulted in increased lumbar lordosis. Our results imply that the individual shape of the spine affects the distribution of weight and tensile forces in AS, and some patients are possibly more prone to new bone formation due to altered repetitive microtrauma in the general genetic background of AS. Prospective studies addressing this cross-sectional observation may contribute to the development of new treatment strategies addressing mechanical load and may aid in decreasing the management costs of AS with the present biological therapies targeting new bone formation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 6","pages":"1319-1326"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673663/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the update for screening for retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary care center in Türkiye with retrospective cohorts.","authors":"Emine Kaya Güner, Duygu Inci Bozbiyik","doi":"10.55730/1300-0144.5912","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0144.5912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>In Türkiye, the recommendations for screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) were updated in 2021. We aimed to present detailed data on the infants included in the screening program according to the new criteria and evaluate whether these changes are of benefit in detecting severe ROP.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Our hospital's medical records of infants screened for ROP between July 2019 and July 2021 or between August 2021 and August 2023 were retrospectively examined. Gestational age (GA), birth weight, the sex of the infant, whether there was multiple pregnancy, ROP examination results, the most advanced ROP level and time, and ROP treatment needs and times were recorded. Cohort data from these two time periods before and after the update were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three hundred and fifty-seven infants screened before the updating of the guidelines and 336 infants screened after the update were included in the analysis. Between August 2021 and August 2023, more cases of ROP were detected (19.3% and 21.4% for the two cohorts, respectively), while a lower rate of treatment was required (3.9% and 2.1% for the cohorts, respectively). One of the infants treated after the update was included in the screening based on the new GA criterion. In both cohorts, no infant needed treatment before 32 weeks of postmenstrual age regardless of agreement with GA at birth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, one infant in need of treatment who was not included in the screening program according to the previous criteria was identified. The data we obtained support the necessity of increasing the upper limit for GA. Additionally, the 31st week seems safe for the beginning of examinations in extremely premature infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":23361,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences","volume":"54 6","pages":"1295-1301"},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11673661/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142903600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}