Translational Vision Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"The Future of Retinitis Pigmentosa Research: Unlocking the Potential of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Therapy.","authors":"Qinling Jiang, Lin Mou","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.14.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 4","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143804359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Predictive and Explanatory Power of the Contrast Theory of Myopia.","authors":"Jay Neitz, Maureen Neitz","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.11","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association of Social Determinants of Health on Monitoring for Disease Progression Among Patients With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.","authors":"Kunal Kanwar, Rithambara Ramachandran, Joshua D Stein, Chris A Andrews, Azraa S Chaudhury, Maryam Ige, Xueqing Zhou, Shikha Marwah, Yang Li, Charlesnika T Evans, Abel N Kho, Paul J Bryar, Dustin D French","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.15","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To examine the association of race, ethnicity, and other social determinants of health (SDH) on receipt of optic nerve (ON) evaluation in accordance with National Quality Forum (NQF) and the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) guideline-based metrics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a retrospective cohort study consisting of 13,582 patients with POAG receiving care across 12 tertiary care health. The odds of receiving ≥1 ON evaluations to monitor for glaucoma progression over 45 months of follow-up was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>White patients (61%) with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) had more guideline recommended ON evaluations during the 45-month follow-up period, compared with Asian American (52%) and Black (53%) patients (P < 0.001 for both). More non-Hispanic patients with POAG (58%) had ON evaluations in all 3 time periods compared with persons of Latinx ethnicity (52%) (P = 0.045). The odds of undergoing ON evaluations were 17% lower for Black patients compared with White patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.83; confidence interval [CI], 0.74-0.94), 56% lower for patients living in isolated rural communities (OR = 0.44; CI, 0.25-0.77) compared to urban areas, and 9% lower for patients residing in more impoverished communities (OR = 0.91; CI, 0.86-0.96).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Racial and ethnic minorities and those residing in lesser affluent or rural communities are less likely to receive monitoring for POAG progression in accordance with NQF and AAO guidelines.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>This study aimed to determine the association between SDH and receiving POAG testing according to clinical practice guidelines, with a goal of identifying factors contributing to disparities in care. This should facilitate development of targeted clinical interventions for vulnerable patients with POAG while factoring technology, economic sustainability, and policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918092/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143626009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Peripheral Defocus Designed Spectacle Lenses Might Increase Astigmatism in Myopic Children.","authors":"Wenyan Xu, Xiaoman Li, Jianing Zhang, Hongyi Li, Xuewen Ding, Xiaoyue Hu, Xinyue Quan, Yue Su, Fan Lu, Jie Chen","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.8","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study aims to explore the impact of wearing peripheral defocus spectacle lenses (PDSL) on cylindrical refractive error (CYL) in myopic children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 1057 myopic children and divided the participants into three groups: the HAL group (spectacle lens with highly aspherical lenslets), the MPV group (spectacle lens based on manipulating peripheral vision), and a control group (without myopia control interventions). The study analyzed the effect of wearing PDSL on changes in spherical equivalent refraction, CYL, and corneal astigmatism (CA). The mediating effect between changes in spherical refractive errors (SPH) and CYL was also investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the control group (0.05 ± 0.33 D), the annual CYL progression was faster in the HAL group (-0.15 ± 0.33 D, P < 0.001) and the MPV group (-0.09 ± 0.27 D, P = 0.019). More children in the HAL group had an annual CYL progression ≥0.50 D (HAL: 23.6%, Control: 16.2%, P = 0.012). The annual CYL and CA progression were consistent within the PDSL groups (HAL: P = 0.677, MPV: P = 0.683). The total effect of CYL progression in the HAL group was primarily due to direct induction from wearing HAL and indirect induction through the SPH control effect.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The application of PDSL could cause increase in astigmatism in myopic children, which could mainly be contributed to cornea astigmatism change.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>PDSL may passively affect the anterior ocular biomechanics during myopia control, leading to an increase in astigmatism.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomaly Detection in Retinal OCT Images With Deep Learning-Based Knowledge Distillation.","authors":"Guilherme Aresta, Teresa Araújo, Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, Hrvoje Bogunovic","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.26","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to develop a robust and general purpose artificial intelligence (AI) system that allows the identification of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) volumes with pathomorphological manifestations not present in normal eyes in screening programs and large retrospective studies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An unsupervised anomaly detection deep learning approach for the screening of retinal OCTs with any pathomorphological manifestations via Teacher-Student knowledge distillation is developed. The system is trained with only normal cases without any additional manual labeling. At test time, it scores how anomalous a sample is and produces localized anomaly maps with regions of interest in a B-scan. Fovea-centered OCT scans acquired with Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering) were considered. A total of 3358 patients were used for development and testing. The detection performance was evaluated in a large data cohort with different pathologies including diabetic macular edema (DME) and the multiple stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and on external public datasets with various disease biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The volume-wise anomaly detection receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) was 0.94 ± 0.05 in the test set. Pathological B-scan detection on external datasets varied between 0.81 and 0.87 AUC. Qualitatively, the derived anomaly maps pointed toward diagnostically relevant regions. The behavior of the system across the datasets was similar and consistent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Anomaly detection constitutes a valid complement to supervised systems aimed at improving the success of vision preservation and eye care, and is an important step toward more efficient and generalizable screening tools.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>Deep learning approaches can enable an automated and objective screening of a wide range of pathological retinal conditions that deviate from normal appearance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11954540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143721609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Aqueous Humor Viscosity in an Experimental Rabbit Model With Corneal Neovascularization.","authors":"Dong Eun Kim, Do Young Park, Jong Chul Han","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.9","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This study investigated the relationship between aqueous humor (AH) viscosity and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in a corneal neovascularization (CNV) model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ten female New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups (n = 5 each). CNV was induced by alkaline burns on the right corneas of group B, whereas group A underwent a sham procedure. After 14 days, at least 150 µL of AH was extracted from both eyes. VEGF-A concentration was measured using ELISA, and AH viscosity was determined using a viscometer. Correlations between VEGF-A concentration, total protein concentration, and AH viscosity were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>VEGF-A concentration was significantly elevated in CNV-induced eyes than in noninduced eyes (6029.06 ± 7116.50 pg/mL vs. 115.63 ± 33.19 pg/mL, P < 0.01). Total protein concentration was also elevated in CNV-induced eyes (11.66 ± 9.86 mg/mL) than in noninduced eyes (0.69 ± 0.06 mg/mL, P < 0.01), and correlated positively with VEGF-A (r = 0.84, P < 0.01). AH viscosity was significantly increased in CNV-induced eyes (1.82 ± 1.28 mPa-s) compared to noninduced eyes (1.05 ± 0.01 mPa-s, P < 0.01) and correlated strongly with VEGF-A concentration in CNV-induced eyes (r = 1.00, p = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>AH viscosity positively correlated with VEGF-A concentration, particularly in CNV-induced eyes with elevated VEGF-A levels.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>The correlation between VEGF-A levels and AH viscosity in an experimental model of corneal neovascularization suggests that AH viscosity could serve as a biomarker for predicting IOP or surgical outcomes in conditions like neovascular glaucoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918026/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Performance of Stress-Strain Index Versions 1 and 2 in Normal and Keratoconus Patients.","authors":"Nan-Ji Lu, Marta Jiménez-García, Ahmed Elsheikh, Ahmed Makarem, Carina Koppen, Jos J Rozema","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.23","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of the Stress-Strain Index versions 1 and 2 (SSI and SSI2) in healthy patients and patients with keratoconus (KC).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty-two healthy and 104 KC eyes were examined using Scheimpflug-based tomography and air-puff tonometry (Pentacam and Corvis). Correlations between both versions of SSI and age, thinnest pachymetry, and tomographic parameters were assessed. To discriminate KC eyes from healthy eyes, receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) for both versions of SSI and compared with a Delong test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both versions of SSI showed statistical differences between the healthy group and the group of patients with KC (all P < 0.001). In the healthy group, significant correlations were found between both versions of SSI and age, K1, K2, and Kmax, between SSI and average relational thickness (ART) Max (R2 = 0.23) and between SSI2 and Belin A (R2 = 0.08). In the KC group, significant correlations were found between both versions of SSI and all tomographic parameters (all P < 0.01, except for SSI2 with age P = 0.346); the R2 values in SSI2 were consistently higher than in SSI. AUC for SSI and SSI2 when comparing normal and KC eyes was 0.772 and 0.740, respectively (P = 0.468).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both versions of SSI correlated with tomographic parameters describing KC severity, but correlations were higher for SSI2 and were not affected by age. Both versions demonstrated the same diagnostic ability for KC.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>Both versions of SSI are not interchangeable, SSI2 may be preferred to depict the corneal stiffness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11951061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143711455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retinal Microvascular Biomarker Assessment With Automated Algorithm and Semiautomated Software in the Montrachet Dataset.","authors":"Pétra Eid, Abderrahmane Bourredjem, Atif Anwer, Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, Pearse Andrew Keane, Yukun Zhou, Siegfried Wagner, Fabrice Meriaudeau, Louis Arnould","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.13","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To compare automated and semiautomated methods for the measurement of retinal microvascular biomarkers: the automated retinal vascular morphology (AutoMorph) algorithm and the Singapore \"I\" Vessel Assessment (SIVA) software.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Analysis of retinal fundus photographs centered on optic discs from the population-based Montrachet Study of adults aged 75 years and older. Comparison and agreement evaluation with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between SIVA and AutoMorph measures of the central retinal venular and arteriolar equivalent, arteriolar-venular ratio, and fractal dimension.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 1069 fundus photographs were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 80.04 ± 3.94 years. After the image quality grading process with an optimal threshold, the lowest rejection rate was 51.17% for the AutoMorph analysis (n = 522). The measure of agreement between SIVA and AutoMorph retinal microvascular biomarkers showed a good correlation for vascular complexity (ICC, 0.77-0.47), a poor correlation for vascular calibers (ICC, 0.36-0.23), and no correlation for vascular tortuosity. Significant associations between retinal biomarkers and systemic variables (age, history of stroke, and systolic blood pressure) were consistent between SIVA and AutoMorph.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this dataset, AutoMorph presented a substantial rejection rate. SIVA and AutoMorph provided well-correlated measurements of vascular complexity and caliber with consistent clinical associations. Further comparisons are needed before a transition is made from semiautomated to automated algorithms for the analysis of retinal microvascular biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>Open source software needs to be compared with former semiautomated software for retinal microvascular biomarkers assessment before transition in daily clinic and collaborative research.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual Deficits in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Without Retinopathy: From Retinal Structure to Higher-Level Visual Functions.","authors":"Sha Luo, Lin Xia, Yue Wang, Yong Tang, Jiong Dong, Rong Liu, Lixia Feng","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.10","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate deficits at varying levels of visual system in diabetes without clinical retinopathy (NoDR) and to explore the optimal method for detecting early diabetic visual disorders among functional and retinal structural assessments included.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study examined eyes by the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts, visual psychophysical tests, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Visual psychophysical metrics included grating acuity (GA), and contrast sensitivity to first-order motion stimuli (1stM), second-order contrast-modulated stationary stimuli (2ndS), and second-order motion stimuli (2ndM). Generalized linear mixed effect (GLME) models were applied to assess group effects and linear relationships between measurements. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was utilized to identify the optimal classifier for detecting NoDR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-three eyes of 33 patients with NoDR and 40 eyes of 27 healthy controls were included. The NoDR group showed significant reductions in various visual functions, including ETDRS acuity, GA, 2ndS, and 2ndM (P values < 0.001), and microvascular changes in foveal vascular density (FD-300), the acircularity index (AI) of the foveal avascular zone, and the parafoveal superficial capillary plexus density (P values < 0.05). GLME models revealed these retinal variations were not significantly correlated with early diabetic visual function abnormalities. ROC analysis demonstrated the integration of GA and FD-300 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.911) is the most effective classifier for detecting early diabetic visual dysfunctions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In addition to retinal defects, both low- and higher-order visual function disorders along the visual pathway exist in patients with NoDR. Combining functional and structural measurements may provide more accurate assessments for detecting early diabetic visual disorders.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>Sophisticated visual psychophysical measurements, including grating acuity and second-order function, could be applied for detecting early diabetic visual disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11918064/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Riboflavin Stromal Delivery Using Microchannel-Assisted Iontophoresis for Corneal Crosslinking.","authors":"Rohan Joshi, Samantha Bradford, Shangbang Luo, Emily Farrah, Yilu Xie, Donald J Brown, Tibor Juhasz, James V Jester","doi":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.18","DOIUrl":"10.1167/tvst.14.3.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to determine if iontophoresis of riboflavin (Rf) combined with femtosecond generated epithelial microchannels (MCs) could shorten the time required for Rf stromal delivery and subsequent crosslinking (CXL).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighty-four ex vivo rabbit eyes were divided into three groups: group 1 = iontophoresis alone; group 2 = iontophoresis with MC; and group 3 = MC alone. Iontophoresis was performed using a small electric current with varying current and time. MCs were generated using a 1030 nm femtosecond (FS) laser to machine the corneal epithelial surface in a 6 mm diameter region. Ex vivo eyes were treated with topical iso-osmolar Rf solution, and stromal Rf concentration was determined spectrophotometrically by eluting Rf from trephined stromal buttons. In vivo, six rabbits underwent iontophoresis or iontophoresis + MC followed by ultraviolet-A crosslinking (UVA CXL) and imaged for collagen autofluorescence (CAF) signal to determine CXL efficacy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ex vivo iontophoresis achieved a threefold increase in stromal Rf concentration when combined with MC for 5 to 10 minutes (equivalent to MC alone for 30 minutes compared to iontophoresis alone). In vivo, iontophoresis + MC resulted in a significantly higher (4-fold) CAF intensity than iontophoresis alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>MCs and low current iontophoresis produce a significantly higher stromal Rf concentration than iontophoresis alone and equivalent to MC alone at greatly reduced Rf treatment time. Additionally, the combined treatment results in a four-fold increase in CAF intensity over iontophoresis alone.</p><p><strong>Translational relevance: </strong>A combined treatment of iontophoresis and MC significantly enhances stromal Rf concentration resulting in increased CXL while significantly reducing procedure time.</p>","PeriodicalId":23322,"journal":{"name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","volume":"14 3","pages":"18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11927301/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143658787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}