Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Advancing Enzyme-Based Detoxification Prediction with ToxZyme: An Ensemble Machine Learning Approach.","authors":"Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada, Shumaila Shahid, Mohsina Akhter, Muhammad Faisal, Reham A Abd El Rahman, Muhammad Imran, Yangyong Lv, Dongqing Wei, Yuansen Hu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aaccurate prediction of enzymes with environment detoxification functions is crucial, not only to achieve a better understanding of bioremediation strategies, but also to alleviate environmental pollution. In the present study, a novel machine learning model was introduced which classifies enzymes by their toxin degradation ability. In this model, two different sets of data were used which include enzymes that can catalyze the toxin degradation as a positive dataset and non-toxin-degrading enzymes as a negative dataset. Further, a comparison of multiple classifiers was performed to find the best model and a Random Forest (RF) classifier was selected due to its strong performance. To enhance the accuracy, we combined RF with a Deep Neural Network (DNN), forming an ensemble model which effectively integrated both techniques. This combination achieved 95% precision, surpassing individual models. Our ensemble model not only ensures high prediction accuracy but also reliably differentiates toxin-degrading enzymes from non-degrading ones. This study highlights the power of combining classical machine learning with deep learning to advance prediction. Our model represents a significant step in enzyme classification and serves as a valuable resource for environmental biotechnology, food nutrition, and health applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanodots, and Cell-Penetrating Peptides to Freshwater Cyanobacteria.","authors":"Anna K Antrim, Ilana N Tseytlin, Emily G Cooley, P U Ashvin Iresh Fernando, Natalie D Barker, Erik M Alberts, Johanna Jernberg, Gilbert K Kosgei, Ping Gong","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Synthetic non-metallic nanoparticles (NMNPs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been explored to treat harmful algal blooms. However, their strain-specific algicidal activities have been rarely investigated. Here we determined their acute toxicity to nine freshwater cyanobacterial strains belonging to seven genera, including <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> UTEX 2386, <i>M. aeruginosa</i> UTEX 2385, <i>M. aeruginosa</i> LE3, <i>Anabaena cylindrica</i> PCC 7122, <i>Aphanizomenon</i> sp. NZ, <i>Planktothrix agardhii</i> SB 1810, <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. PCC 6803, <i>Lyngbya</i> sp. CCAP 1446/10, and <i>Microcoleus autumnale</i> CAWBG635 ATX. We prepared in-house three batches of CNDs using glucose (CND-G) or chloroform and methanol (CND-C/M) as the substrate and one batch of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs). We also ordered a commercially synthesized CPP called γ-Zein-CADY. The axenic laboratory culture of each cyanobacterial strain was exposed to an NMNP at two dosage levels (high and low, with high = 2 × low) for 48 h, followed by measurement of five endpoints. The endpoints were optical density (OD) at 680 nm (OD₆₈₀) for chlorophyll-a estimation, OD at 750 nm (OD₇₅₀) for cell density, instantaneous pigment fluorescence emission (FE) after being excited with 450 nm blue light (FE₄₅₀) for chlorophyll-a or 620 nm red light (FE₆₂₀) for phycocyanin, and quantum yield (QY) for photosynthesis efficiency of photosystem II. The results indicate that the acute toxicity was strain-, NMNP type-, dosage-, and endpoint-dependent. The two benthic strains <i>Microcoleus autumnale</i> and <i>Lyngbya</i> sp. were more resistant to NMNP treatment than the other seven free-floating strains. SWCNTs and fraction A14 of CND-G were more toxic than CND-G and CND-C/M. The CPP was the least toxic. The high dose generally caused more severe impairment than the low dose. OD₇₅₀ and OD₆₈₀ were more sensitive than FE₄₅₀ and FE₆₂₀. QY was the least sensitive endpoint. The strain dependence of toxicity suggested the potential application of these NMNPs as a target-specific tool for mitigating harmful cyanobacterial blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031272/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143983017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity Assessment of (4<i>Z</i>)-Lachnophyllum and (4<i>Z</i>,8<i>Z</i>)-Matricaria Lactones: Implications for Environmental Safety of Bioherbicides.","authors":"Edith Guadalupe Padilla Suarez, Jesús G Zorrilla, Marisa Spampinato, Teresa Pannullo, Francesca Esposito, Mónica Fernández-Aparicio, Giovanni Libralato, Antonietta Siciliano, Marco Masi, Alessio Cimmino","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>(4<i>Z</i>,8<i>Z</i>)-Matricaria lactone (MAT) and (4<i>Z</i>)-lachnophyllum lactone (LAC) are natural acetylenic furanones with bioherbicidal potential. This study evaluates their possibilities and ecotoxicological impact on aquatic (<i>Aliivibrio fischeri</i>, <i>Raphidocelis subcapitata</i>, and <i>Daphnia magna</i>) and terrestrial (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, <i>Lepidum sativum</i>) model organisms. MAT exhibited rapid degradation, with 90% decomposition within 24 h and over 98% by day 16, while LAC was more stable, degrading by only 8.5% in 24 h and 67% by day 16. Despite its rapid breakdown, MAT exhibited higher acute toxicity to <i>A. fischeri</i> (EC₁₀ = 0.063 mg L^-1; EC₅₀ = 0.642 mg L^-1) compared to LAC (EC₁₀ = 0.524 mg L^-1; EC₅₀ = 8.078 mg L^-1). Toxicity patterns in <i>R. subcapitata</i> differed, with MAT promoting slightly higher growth compared to the control, suggesting hormetic effects (EC₁₀ = 3.417 mg L^-1; EC₅₀ = 4.520 mg L^-1), while LAC inhibited growth concentration (EC₁₀ = 0.304 mg L^-1; EC₅₀ = 9.880 mg L^-1). Both compounds immobilized <i>D. magna</i>, with LAC showing greater delayed toxicity (EC₅₀ = 1.728 mg L^-1 vs. MAT EC₅₀ = 2.239 mg L^-1). Furthermore, for <i>L. sativum</i>, there were no effects on the germination, but effects were observed in the lengths of the shoots (LAC EC₅₀ = 85.89 mg L^-1 vs. MAT EC₅₀ = 82.30 mg L^-1). In contrast, <i>C. elegans</i> showed no mortality, suggesting lower terrestrial toxicity. These findings suggest that MAT and LAC may pose risks to aquatic ecosystems through runoff or leaching, necessitating further studies on their degradation products, soil microbiota, and non-target terrestrial organisms. Comparative analyses with conventional herbicides highlight MAT and LAC as selective, lower-impact alternatives. Future research should focus on their effects on terrestrial organisms, the ecological safety of degradation products, and large-scale bioassays to ensure their sustainability in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031237/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion-Channel-Targeting Scorpion Recombinant Toxin as Novel Therapeutic Agent for Breast Cancer.","authors":"Natalia Mata de Los Rios, Argel Gastelum-Arellanez, Herlinda Clement, Karely Álvarez-Cruz, Diana Romero-Terrazas, Carolina Alvarado-González, Luis Carlos Hinojos-Gallardo, Gerardo Corzo, Gerardo Pável Espino-Solis","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, with limited therapeutic efficacy due to treatment resistance and adverse effects. Emerging evidence suggests that ion channels play crucial roles in tumor progression, regulating proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and metastasis. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) and sodium (Nav) channels have been implicated in oncogenic signaling pathways. Scorpion venom peptides, known for their selective ion-channel-blocking properties, have demonstrated promising antineoplastic activity. This study explores the potential therapeutic applications of bioactive fractions derived from <i>Chihuahuanus coahuilae</i>, in breast cancer cell lines. Through chromatographic separation, mass spectrometry, and functional assays, we assess their effects on cell viability, proliferation, and ion channel modulation. Our preliminary data suggest that these venom-derived peptides interfere with cancer cell homeostasis by altering ion fluxes, promoting apoptosis, and inhibiting metastatic traits. These findings support the therapeutic potential of ion-channel-targeting peptides as selective anticancer agents. Further investigations into their molecular mechanisms may pave the way for novel, targeted therapies with improved efficacy and specificity for breast cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aflatoxin M1 Determination in Whole Milk with Immersible Silicon Photonic Immunosensor.","authors":"Dimitra Kourti, Michailia Angelopoulou, Eleni Makarona, Anastasios Economou, Panagiota Petrou, Konstantinos Misiakos, Sotirios Kakabakos","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) appears in the milk of animals that have consumed feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1. AFM1 presence in milk is regulated by the European Commission, which has set the maximum allowable limits for adult and infant consumption to 50 and 25 pg/mL, respectively. Here, a rapid and sensitive method for detecting AFM1 in milk based on an immersible silicon photonic chip is presented. The chip features two U-shaped silicon nitride waveguides formed as Mach-Zehnder interferometers. One interferometer is functionalized with AFM1-bovine serum albumin conjugate and the other with BSA to serve as a blank. The chip is connected to a broad-band white LED and a spectrophotometer by a bifurcated optical fiber and an assay is performed by immersing the chip in a mixture of milk with the anti-AFM1 antibody. Then, the chip is sequentially immersed in biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and streptavidin solutions for signal enhancement. The assay is completed in 20 min and the detection limit for AFM1 in undiluted milk is 20 pg/mL. Given its analytical performance and the absence of pumps and fluidics that lead to a compact instrument design, the proposed immunosensor is ideal for the on-site detection of AFM1 in milk samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Release of Cytokines in the Peritoneal Fluid of C57BL/6 Mice After <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> and <i>Bothrops atrox</i> Venom Injection.","authors":"Adriana da Silva Fernandes Ribas, Kemily Stephanie de Godoi, Sávio Stefanini Sant'Anna, Marisa Maria Teixeira da Rocha, Wilmar Dias da Silva","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The release of cytokines in the peritoneal fluid after stimulation with <i>Bothrops atrox</i> and <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> venoms is a crucial process in the inflammatory response triggered by these venoms. The toxins present in the venoms of snakes from the <i>Bothrops</i> genus induce a complex inflammatory response, which includes the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, chemokines like GM-CSF, MCP-1, and the mast cell degranulation marker MCPT-1. These cytokines play a central role in amplifying inflammation, recruiting leukocytes, and increasing vascular permeability, resulting in edema, pain, and tissue damage at the inoculation site. Peritoneal fluid is commonly used in experimental studies to investigate local inflammatory responses, allowing for the evaluation of the dynamics of inflammatory molecule release. In this study, we used female C57BL/6 mice and observed that <i>Bothrops atrox</i> venom induced a significantly more intense inflammatory response compared to <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> venom. Specifically, <i>Bothrops atrox</i> venom led to a higher release of TNF-α and an increase in MCP-1 levels in peritoneal fluid when compared to <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> venom. These changes resulted in a more pronounced inflammatory condition, with increased leukocyte recruitment in the <i>Bothrops atrox</i> group. Understanding the cytokine profile released in response to these venoms can provide important insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in snakebite accidents and contribute to the development of more effective treatments, such as antivenoms and inflammation modulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12030769/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144015627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Hair and Scalp Disorders: Current Evidence and Clinical Applications.","authors":"Sofia M Perez, Sarah A AlSalman, Betty Nguyen, Antonella Tosti","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is well-recognized throughout dermatology for its cosmetic indications and growing therapeutic value. Recent studies have trialed BoNT in the treatment of hair and scalp disorders, many of which lack long-term effective treatments and significantly impact quality of life. In this review, we summarize the current clinical literature on this topic to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy, safety, and clinical value of BoNT in treating hair and scalp conditions. A literature search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus identified 40 articles reporting the use of 25-200 units of BoNT-A or B in 689 patients with hair loss (79.5%), scalp seborrheic dermatitis/hyperseborrhea (10%), craniofacial hyperhidrosis (9%), folliculitis decalvans/dissecting folliculitis (0.86%), scalp pain (0.43%), or linear scleroderma (0.29%). Most studies on BoNT therapy for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) reported mild or non-significant hair growth; however, considerable variability in outcome measures complicates the ability to draw definitive conclusions or justify the use of BoNT over established AGA therapies. BoNT-A and B showed consistent efficacy in treating craniofacial hyperhidrosis with minimal side effects. Additional scalp conditions may benefit from BoNT therapy, but the evidence is limited, and larger, controlled studies are needed to better understand BoNT's clinical value in these conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomonitoring Pilot Surveys of Zearalenone in Breastmilk and the Urine of Children in Central Portugal.","authors":"Sofia Duarte, Inês Duarte, Myrella Duarte, Ana Paiva, Ricardo Cabeças, Liliana J G Silva, André M P T Pereira, Celeste Lino, Angelina Pena","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin that acts primarily as an endocrine disruptor. Biomonitoring studies are needed to assess exposure and risk, particularly among vulnerable groups. This study reports two pilot biomonitoring surveys of ZEA in 38 lactating mothers and 42 children (5-12 years old). Both were associated with a questionnaire to collect data on the sociodemographics and eating habits of the participants. About 76% of urine samples were contaminated (188.12 ± 235.99 ng/mL), with the hazard quotient reaching 2.36 in the worst-case scenario for younger children. Of the analyzed breastmilk samples, 55.26% were contaminated (158.26 ± 77.50). A statistically significant association between ZEA contamination of breastmilk and the maternal consumption of wholemeal bread, cereal flakes, sausages, smoked meat and pork was found, suggesting that these foods are determinants of higher exposure. The hazard quotient in the worst-case scenario for breastfed babies under 16 weeks was estimated as 0.61. Results confirm frequent exposure to this endocrine disruptor among these two vulnerable groups in central Portugal, showing the need for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Approaches in Mycotoxins Research: Detection, Prevention and Mode of Action.","authors":"Ana Juan-García, Daniela Jakšić","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17040161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, pose significant risks to food safety and public health [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031305/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of a Newly Developed Botulinum Toxin A (MBA-P01) in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe Glabellar Lines: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Multi-Center, Phase III Study with a Subgroup Analysis on Patients with COVID-19.","authors":"Hye Sung Han, Won-Serk Kim, Yangwon Lee, Chong-Hyun Won, Wooshun Lee, Sun Young Choi, Beom Joon Kim","doi":"10.3390/toxins17040160","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17040160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MBA-P01 is a newly developed botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) product designed to provide similar clinical effects as OnabotulinumtoxinA (ONA-BoNT-A), thereby providing an alternative treatment option for glabellar lines. It is another holotoxin preparation containing BoNT-A1. This randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multi-center, Phase III clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MBA-P01 compared with OnabotulinumtoxinA (ONA-BoNT-A). In total, 318 participants were enrolled and received 20 units of MBA-P01 or ONA-BoNT-A on the forehead and glabella. At the 4-week assessment, the primary endpoint revealed no significant difference in the improvement rate of glabellar wrinkles between the two groups, confirming the non-inferiority of MBA-P01 to ONA-BoNT-A. Furthermore, some evaluation variables showed higher improvement rates for MBA-P01 than for ONA-BoNT-A. Adverse reactions and other safety analysis results were considered acceptable. Interestingly, a subgroup analysis of patients with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) showed that the duration of BoNT-A treatment was shorter among those who contracted COVID-19 after BoNT-A treatment compared with those who have not. The limitations of this study include the predominance of female participants and the exclusive enrollment of Korean patients. MBA-P01 is expected to be clinically useful in terms of the efficient and safe reduction of glabellar wrinkles, which will provide patients with additional treatment options.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12031167/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144061885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}