Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Biomarkers of Fumonisin Exposure in Pigs Fed the Maximum Recommended Level in Europe.","authors":"Elodie Lassallette, Alix Pierron, Didier Tardieu, Solène Reymondaud, Marie Gallissot, Maria Angeles Rodriguez, Pi Nyvall Collén, Olivier Roy, Philippe Guerre","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020069","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated biomarkers of fumonisin exposure in pigs fed diets contaminated with fumonisins at the European Union's maximum recommended level. Pigs were assigned to either a fumonisin (FB) diet or a fumonisin plus AlgoClay (FB + AC) diet for durations of 4, 9, and 14 days. At 14 days, the plasma Sa1P:So1P ratio increased in pigs fed the FB diet, while the Sa:So ratio remained unchanged. In the liver, FB1 was detected at four days of exposure, with the concentration tending to increase through day 14. The Sa:So and C22-24:C16 ratios of 18:1-, 18:2-, and m18:1-ceramides were elevated at 9 and 14 days, respectively. In the kidneys, FB1 was only detectable at 14 days, and the Sa:So and C22-24:C16 ratios of 18:1-ceramides were increased. In both the liver and kidneys, the increase in the C22-24:C16 ratio was attributed to a reduction of C16 ceramides. In the lungs, no FB1 was detected; however, the Sa:So and Sa1P:So1P ratios increased, and C16 ceramide concentrations decreased at 14 days. Feeding the pigs the FB + AC diet resulted in a reduction of the FB1 tissue-to-feed ratio in the liver and kidneys but did not affect the Sa:So or Sa1P:So1P ratios. Interestingly, the decreases in C16 ceramides observed in the FB diet group were no longer detectable in the FB + AC group. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of the relationship between FB1 tissue concentrations and sphingolipid changes, suggesting that a comprehensive analysis of multiple biomarkers is required to fully understand fumonisin's effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biocontrol Activity of New Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates Against Fusaria and <i>Fusarium</i> Mycotoxins.","authors":"S Vipin Krishnan, P A Anaswara, K Madhavan Nampoothiri, Szilvia Kovács, Cintia Adácsi, Pál Szarvas, Szabina Király, István Pócsi, Tünde Pusztahelyi","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020068","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As significant fungal pathogens of crops, Fusaria species contaminate various food and feed commodities. Some of the <i>Fusarium</i> spp. secondary metabolites (e.g., trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins) are widely known toxic molecules (mycotoxins) with chronic and acute effects on humans and animals. The growing demand for safer, pesticide-free food drives us to increase biological control during crop growing. Recent research suggests that lactic acid bacteria (LABs) as biocontrol are the best choice for extenuating <i>Fusarium</i> mycotoxins. Newly isolated LABs were tested as antifungal agents against <i>Fusarium verticillioides</i>, <i>F. graminearum</i>, and <i>F. oxysporum</i>. The characterized and genetically identified LABs belonged to <i>Limosilactobacillus fermentum</i> (SD4) and <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> (FCW4 and CB2) species. All tested LABs and their cell-free culture supernatants showed antagonism on the MRS solid medium. The antifungal activity was also demonstrated on surface-sterilized wheat and peanuts. The germination test of corn kernels proved that the LAB strains SD4 and FCW4 significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) enhanced root and shoot development in plantlets while simultaneously suppressing the outgrowth of <i>F. verticillioides</i>. Small-scale corn silage fermentation revealed the significant effects of SD4 supplementation (decreased zearalenone, lower mold count, and total reduction of deoxynivalenol) within the mixed populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distinct Impact of Processing on Cross-Order Cry1I Insecticidal Activity.","authors":"Dafne Toledo, Yolanda Bel, Stefanie Menezes de Moura, Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes, Maria Fatima Grossi de Sa, Aida Robles-Fort, Baltasar Escriche","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020067","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The insecticidal Cry proteins from <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> are used in biopesticides or transgenic crops for pest control. The Cry1I protein family has unique characteristics of being produced during the vegetative rather than sporulation phase, its protoxins forming dimers in solution, and exhibiting dual toxicity against lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. The Cry1Ia protoxin undergoes sequential proteolysis from the N- and C-terminal ends, producing intermediate forms with insecticidal activity, while in some cases, the fully processed toxin is inactive. We investigated the oligomerization and toxicity of Cry1Ia intermediate forms generated through trypsinization (T-Int) and larval gut fluid (GF-Int) treatments, as well as the fully trypsinized protein (toxin). Heterologously expressed intermediate forms assembled into oligomers and showed similar toxicity to Cry1Ia protoxin against <i>Ostrinia nubilalis</i> (European corn borer) larvae, while the toxin form was ~30 times less toxic. In contrast, bioassays with <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> (Colorado potato beetle) larvae did not show significant differences in toxicity among Cry1Ia protoxin, T-Int, GF-Int, and fully processed toxin. These results suggest that the Cry1I mode of action differs by insect order, with N-terminal cleavage affecting toxicity against lepidopteran but not coleopteran larvae. This knowledge is essential for designing pest control strategies using Cry1I insecticidal proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Anthelmintic Activity of Stonefish (<i>Synanceia</i> spp.) Ichthyocrinotoxins and Their Potential as Novel Therapeutics.","authors":"Danica Lennox-Bulow, Jamie Seymour, Alex Loukas, Michael Smout","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020066","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitic gastrointestinal worms (i.e., helminths) remain a significant global health and economic burden. The increasing inefficacy of current anthelmintic drugs against parasitic diseases necessitates the discovery of novel therapeutic options. This study investigated the anthelmintic properties and therapeutic potential of stonefish ichthyocrinotoxins (i.e., secreted skin toxins). xWORM (xCELLigence Worm Real-Time Motility Assay) was used to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of ichthyocrinotoxins from two stonefish species, <i>Synanceia horrida</i> (Estuarine Stonefish) and <i>Synanceia verrucosa</i> (Reef Stonefish), against the infective third-stage larvae of <i>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</i> (Rodent Hookworm). Both toxins demonstrated potent anthelmintic effects, with <i>S. horrida</i> ichthyocrinotoxin exhibiting greater potency (IC₅₀ = 196.0 µg/mL) compared to ichthyocrinotoxin from <i>S. verrucosa</i> (IC₅₀ = 329.7 µg/mL). Fractionation revealed that the anthelmintic activity of <i>S. verrucosa</i> is likely driven by synergistic interactions between the large (>3 kDa) and small (<3 kDa) components. In contrast, the small components isolated from <i>S. horrida</i> ichthyocrinotoxin were responsible for the majority of the observed activity, making them a more attractive therapeutic candidate. Furthermore, despite the cytotoxicity of crude <i>S. horrida</i> ichthyocrinotoxin against human skin and bile duct cell lines, the isolated small components exhibited potent anthelmintic effects (IC₅₀ = 70.5 µg/mL) with negligible cytotoxicity (<10% decrease in survival at 100 µg/mL). While further research is necessary to fully characterise these compounds and assess their clinical suitability, this study highlights the potential of stonefish ichthyocrinotoxins as a novel source of anthelmintic therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Secretome of Brain Endothelial Cells Exposed to the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Monocrotaline Induces Astrocyte Reactivity and Is Neurotoxic.","authors":"Letícia Oliveira Santos, Julita Maria Pereira Borges, Juliana Lago Leite, Mauricio Moraes Victor, Adriana Lopes da Silva, Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos, Victor Diógenes Amaral da Silva, Ravena Pereira do Nascimento, Silvia Lima Costa","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020065","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monocrotaline (MCT) has well-characterized hepatotoxic and pneumotoxic effects attributed to its active pyrrole metabolites. Studies have previously shown that astrocytes and neurons are targets of MCT, and that toxicity is attributed to astrocyte P450 metabolism to reactive metabolites. However, little is known about MCT toxicity and metabolism by brain endothelial cells (BECs), cells that, together with astrocytes, are specialized in xenobiotic metabolism and neuroprotection. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the toxicity of MCT in BECs, and the effects on astrocyte reactivity and neuronal viability in vitro. MCT was purified from <i>Crotalaria retusa</i> seeds. BECs, obtained from the brain of adult Wistar rats, were treated with MCT (1-500 µM), and cell viability and morphology were analyzed after 24-72 h of treatment. Astrocyte/neuron co-cultures were prepared from the cortex of neonatal and embryonic Wistar rats, and the cultures were exposed to conditioned medium (secretome) derived from BECs previously treated with MCT (100-500 µM, SBECM100/500). MCT was not toxic to BECs at the concentrations used and induced a concentration-dependent increase in cell dehydrogenase after 72 h of treatment, suggesting resistance to damage and drug metabolism. However, exposure of astrocyte/neuron co-cultures to the SBECM for 24 h induced changes in the cell morphology, vacuolization, and overexpression of GFAP in astrocytes, characterizing astrogliosis, and neurotoxicity with a reduction in the length of neurites labeled for β-III-tubulin, effects that were MCT concentration-dependent. These results support the hypothesis that MCT neurotoxicity may be due to products of its metabolism by components of the BBB such as BECs and astrocytes, which may be responsible for the brain lesions and symptoms observed after intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860515/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxic Cyanopeptides Monitoring in Thermal Spring Water by Capillary Electrophoresis Tandem Mass Spectrometry.","authors":"Rocío Carmona-Molero, Laura Carbonell-Rozas, Ana M García-Campaña, Monsalud Del Olmo-Iruela, Francisco J Lara","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020063","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020063","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cyanobacteria are an ancient group of prokaryotes capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. Recently, thermal crises symptoms in hot springs have been associated with acute cyanopeptides poisoning. The aim of this work is to develop a fast, easy and reliable method to monitor the presence of toxic cyanopeptides in geothermal waters. The analytical method based on capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (CZE-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 cyanopeptides in less than 7.5 min. A basic 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 10.2 was selected as the background electrolyte, positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) was employed for all compounds, and a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) protocol with acetonitrile as an extraction solvent and MgSO₄ as an auxiliary salting-out agent was optimized as sample treatment. Six natural hot springs in the province of Granada (Andalucía, Spain) were sampled at the beginning of the summer season (June) and at the end (September). Biomass collected at two sample points (Santa Fe and Zújar) contained cyanobacteria cells from the genera <i>Phormidium</i>, <i>Leptolyngbya,</i> and <i>Spirulina</i>. Nevertheless, cyanotoxins covered by this work were not found in any of the water samples analyzed. The greenness and transferability of the method was evaluated highlighting its sustainability and applicability.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860162/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurotoxins Acting on TRPV1-Building a Molecular Template for the Study of Pain and Thermal Dysfunctions.","authors":"Florian Beignon, Margaux Notais, Sylvie Diochot, Anne Baron, Ziad Fajloun, Hélène Tricoire-Leignel, Guy Lenaers, César Mattei","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020064","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels are ubiquitous proteins involved in a wide range of physiological functions. Some of them are expressed in nociceptors and play a major role in the transduction of painful stimuli of mechanical, thermal, or chemical origin. They have been described in both human and rodent systems. Among them, TRPV1 is a polymodal channel permeable to cations, with a highly conserved sequence throughout species and a homotetrameric structure. It is sensitive to temperature above 43 °C and to pH below 6 and involved in various functions such as thermoregulation, metabolism, and inflammatory pain. Several <i>TRPV1</i> mutations have been associated with human channelopathies related to pain sensitivity or thermoregulation. TRPV1 is expressed in a large part of the peripheral and central nervous system, most notably in sensory C and Aδ fibers innervating the skin and internal organs. In this review, we discuss how the transduction of nociceptive messages is activated or impaired by natural compounds and peptides targeting TRPV1. From a pharmacological point of view, capsaicin-the spicy ingredient of chilli pepper-was the first agonist described to activate TRPV1, followed by numerous other natural molecules such as neurotoxins present in plants, microorganisms, and venomous animals. Paralleling their adaptive protective benefit and allowing venomous species to cause acute pain to repel or neutralize opponents, these toxins are very useful for characterizing sensory functions. They also provide crucial tools for understanding TRPV1 functions from a structural and pharmacological point of view as this channel has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in pain management. Therefore, the pharmacological characterization of TRPV1 using natural toxins is of key importance in the field of pain physiology and thermal regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Causative Agents of a Paretic Syndrome in Waterbirds in Southern Portugal.","authors":"María V Mena Casero, Andrew D Turner, Begoña Ben-Gigirey, Ryan P Alexander, Karl J Dean, Robert G Hatfield, Benjamin H Maskrey, Christelle Mazuet, Kobey Karamendin, Rafael Mateo","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020062","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paretic and paralyzing syndromes affecting wild birds are widely described in the literature, with outbreaks showing an increase in frequency and intensity worldwide during recent years. In the Iberian Peninsula, a paretic clinical picture without known etiology affecting mostly gulls has been reported during the last few decades. This paretic syndrome (PS) affects waterbirds and is characterized by a set of signs of ascendent flaccid paralysis, dyspnea, and diarrhea at different levels of severity. This study presents the first macro-analysis of some potential etiological PS agents in wild birds in southern Portugal. Other possible etiologies of PS related to nutritional deficiencies and environmental pollutants were not studied but are also discussed here. A total of 571 samples, belonging to 377 individuals with (<i>n</i> = 336) and without (<i>n</i> = 41) PS signs, have been tested for seven different toxins groups (botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), domoic acid (DA), anatoxin-a (ATX-a), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), tetrodotoxins (TTXs), and microcystins (MCs)) and three viral infections (gull adenovirus (GA), Newcastle disease virus (NVD), and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)). Of all the birds tested for botulinum neurotoxin, those with PS signs were positive (100%) and those without PS signs were negative (0%), confirming an association between PS and botulism. Some samples were positive for PSTs and MCs, but the prevalence in birds with PS signs was not significantly higher (2.5% and 5.3%, respectively) than in birds without signs (5.4% and 5.4%, respectively). Two birds without PS signs were positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. The presence of the rest of the toxins and viruses was negative for all the samples tested. Our results support the relevant contribution of botulinum neurotoxin in the PS outbreaks observed in several species of aquatic birds in the last decades in southern Portugal, suggesting it could be one of the main causes of mortality in waterbirds.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consensus on the Cosmetic Use of a Novel Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A Product (NEWLUX^®) for Facial Expression Muscles: 2024 Guidelines and Discussions by Korean Experts.","authors":"Nark-Kyoung Rho, Gee Young Bae, Moon Seop Choi, Woon-Kyong Chung, Hoon-Young Kim, Hyoung Moon Kim, Hong-Ki Lee, Yong Woo Lee, Wook Oh, Wu-Chul Song","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020061","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTA) is widely used in aesthetic facial rejuvenation medicine. The exponential growth in using BoNTA for cosmetic purposes in Korea necessitates an update to the existing practice guidelines, building upon the consensus established by Korean experts in 2013.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>This work aims to provide an updated Korean consensus guideline for the safe and effective use of a novel BoNTA product (NEWLUX) for facial expression muscles.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A panel of ten Korean experts in dermatology, plastic surgery, aesthetic medicine, and clinical anatomy convened in February 2024. They reviewed prior guidelines, including the 2013 Korean consensus, and shared their expertise on dosage, injection techniques, and potential complications associated with the use of the novel BoNTA product for facial expression muscles. The recommendations aimed to guide the best practices of the average aesthetic healthcare professional.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The panel reached a consensus on various aspects of using the BoNTA product, including recommended injection sites, dosages, and techniques for different aesthetic conditions caused by facial expression muscles. The resulting guideline emphasizes safety and efficacy, with recommendations based on the collective experience of the expert panel.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This updated consensus guideline provides practical recommendations from Korean experts on the use of the novel BoNTA product for facial expression muscles. The guidelines will ensure safe and effective treatments while reflecting the latest advancements in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11861028/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Concentrations Measured in Alaskan Arctic Clams Using ELISA and HPLC Methods.","authors":"Patrick Charapata, Emily K Bowers, Donnie Ransom Hardison, Steve Kibler, Donald M Anderson, Evangeline Fachon, Kathi A Lefebvre","doi":"10.3390/toxins17020060","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17020060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clams are efficient vectors of potent algal neurotoxins, a suite of saxitoxin (STX) congeners collectively called paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), to higher trophic levels. The Alaskan Arctic is a region facing an expanding threat from PSTs due to ocean warming, yet little is known about PSTs in clams from this region. Quantifying total toxicity in bivalves requires analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are an efficient but only semi-quantitative method for measuring clam toxicity. PSTs (STX eq.) were measured in split clam samples (<i>n</i> = 16) from the Alaskan Arctic using ELISA and HPLC methods to develop a preliminary linear model for conservatively estimating total toxicity in clams from ELISA toxin values (R²_adj = 0.95, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Profiles of PST congeners and total toxicity using HPLC were also assessed in additional clams (<i>n</i> = 36 additional, <i>n</i> = 52 total). Clams contained mostly potent PST congeners, and over half of the clams had PST concentrations above the seafood regulatory limit. These data will help assess the exposure risks of PSTs in Arctic marine food webs, as harmful algal bloom activity is predicted to increase as the Arctic continues to warm.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11860261/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143493646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}