Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Development of a UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Quantitative Analysis of Aflatoxin B₁ in <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>.","authors":"Yuanfang Liu, Cuiping Zeng, Ying-Ying Li, Jiayu Guo, Jinming Xu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090473","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination in <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> poses a serious threat to the safety of traditional Chinese medicinal products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of AFB₁ in <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>. Method optimization included selection of chromatographic columns, mobile phase composition, and mass spectrometric parameters. Sample pretreatment was also optimized to reduce matrix interference and enhance extraction efficiency. The method showed excellent linearity (R² > 0.999) in the range of 0.1-10.0 µg/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 µg/kg and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.10 µg/kg. Precision and recovery studies demonstrated good repeatability and accuracy, with intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 5.2% and recoveries ranging from 88.7% to 103.4%. Application of the method to six commercial <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i> samples revealed detectable AFB₁ in two samples, though all levels were below national safety limits. This method provides a robust tool for routine monitoring of AFB₁ in herbal medicines and supports the establishment of quality control systems for <i>Scutellaria baicalensis</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474191/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulation of <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. PSC001 on the Artificial Rumen Environment Contaminated by Zearalenone.","authors":"Yiming Han, Xinfeng Li, Xiaoli Ren, Chao Song, Zhaojie Zhang, Yufeng Gao, Dongmei Shi, Hongyu Deng, Heping Huangfu, Jinming Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090471","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, the RUSITEC system was used to study the regulation of rumen-derived <i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. PSC001 (PSC001) on the rumen environment contaminated by Zearalenone (ZEN). The rumen fluid of dairy cows was selected as the fermentation broth, and four experimental groups were set up: control group (CON), <i>Pseudomonas</i> group (PS), ZEN pollution group (ZEN), and PS and ZEN co-treatment group (PS + ZEN). The NH₃-N, microbial protein (MCP), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) in the rumen fermentation broth were measured after culturing, and the changes in microbial community structure in rumen fluid were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After adding PSC001, the concentration of propionic acid, valeric acid, and butyric acid increased, and the acetate to propionate ratio and concentration of isovaleric acid decreased. ZEN exposure can lead to an abnormal increase in NH₃-N, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid content and a decrease in MCP content. The content of NH₃-N, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid decreased and the content of MCP increased in the PS + ZEN combined treatment group. The addition of PSC001 and ZEN significantly or extremely significantly increased the abundance of 18 genera and significantly or extremely significantly decreased the relative abundance of 5 genera in rumen fluid, respectively. It is worth noting that with the addition of both at the same time, the abundance of four genera in the PS + ZEN group was significantly or extremely significantly increased among the five genera with decreased abundance in the ZEN group. Among the 18 genera with increased abundance in the ZEN group, 10 genera in the PS + ZEN group decreased significantly or extremely significantly. In summary, the addition of PSC001 alleviated the negative impact of ZEN on the internal environment of rumen fermentation, and it also had a positive regulatory effect on rumen fermentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macula Densa Alleviates Shiga Toxin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury via CCN1-Mediated Renal Tubular Repair.","authors":"Hongzhi Wan, Yuhui Wang, Jiahui Chen, Hongqi Liu, Jiamei Li, Qisheng Su, Hui Peng, Xiaotao Duan, Bo Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090470","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090470","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Shiga toxins (Stx), produced by Shiga toxin-producing <i>Escherichia coli</i>, preferentially attack renal tissue and frequently induce acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal failure. To prevent irreversible damage, the injured renal tissue, particularly renal tubular epithelium, mounts a remodeling and regeneration response to repair itself. However, how such intrinsic renal repair processes are initiated and coordinated in infected renal tubular regions remains elusive. Herein, we reported that macula densa apparatus, in addition to its conventional role as a salt sensor in nephron, can function as an endogenous sensor for exogenous toxins (e.g., Stx). We demonstrated that macula densa cells orchestrate a rapid repair niche by initiating transcriptional activation of repair and regeneration factors in both Stx-injured murine models and human kidney organoids. Mechanistically, we showed that in response to Stx exposure, macula densa cells release a specific repair factor CCN1, which effectively promotes the regeneration of toxin-injured renal tubular epithelium and facilitates renal tubular repair through integrin-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, we demonstrated that treatment with recombinant CCN1 can greatly ameliorate the structural damage and significantly restore the proximal tubular reabsorption capacity in Stx-infected kidney organoids. Our finding highlights a novel role of macula densa apparatus in toxin-induced renal injury, and paves a new avenue for treatment of AKI-associated renal diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenanthrene Amplifies Microcystin-Induced Toxicity in the Submerged Macrophyte <i>Vallisneria natans</i>.","authors":"Xiang Wan, Yi Zhang, Yucong Li, Fei Yang, Liqiang Xie","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090472","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and phenanthrene (Phen), which commonly co-occur in eutrophic waters, have been extensively studied as individual contaminants, but their combined ecotoxicological effects on submerged macrophytes remain unclear. In this study, we examined the individual and combined toxicity of MC-LR (2, 10, 50, 250, and 1000 μg/L) and Phen (0.2, 1, 5, 25, and 100 μg/L) on the submerged macrophyte <i>Vallisneria natans</i> over a 7-day exposure. Key toxicity biomarkers, including growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and antioxidant responses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and malondialdehyde), were evaluated. The results showed that high concentrations of each contaminant alone (MC-LR ≥ 1000 μg/L; Phen ≥ 100 μg/L) significantly inhibited growth and reduced photosynthetic efficiency. In contrast, synergistic toxicity was observed at much lower combined concentrations (≥50 + 5 μg/L), with effects substantially exceeding those of individual exposures. Co-exposure intensified antioxidant activity, but it was insufficient to mitigate oxidative damage. Notably, Phen at concentrations above 25 μg/L significantly enhanced the bioaccumulation of MC-LR in <i>V. natans</i>. These findings demonstrate that environmentally relevant mixtures of MC-LR and Phen induce remarkable toxicity even at concentrations where individual compounds show negligible effects. The results highlight that co-existing cyanotoxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may present greater ecological risks than predicted from single-contaminant assessments, underscoring the need to update current ecological risk frameworks for the accurate evaluation of complex pollution scenarios in freshwater systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474153/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chlorogenic Acid and VX765 Alleviate Deoxynivalenol-Induced Enterohepatic Injury and Lipid Metabolism Disorders by Improving Intestinal Microecology.","authors":"Tao Wen, Sirui Li, Huijun Guo, Jinbo Wang, Xinru Zhang, Chunyang Wang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090467","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Widespread contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals and feed threatens global food safety. This study investigated the effects of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and VX765 on DON-induced enterohepatic injury. A total of 48 female mice were divided into four groups: control (normal saline), DON (1 mg/kg.bw), CGA (100 mg/kg.bw CGA + 1 mg/kg.bw DON), and VX765 (100 mg/kg.bw VX765 + 1 mg/kg.bw DON). After 28-day gavage period, the results showed that CGA and VX765 reduced DON-induced intestinal barrier damage. Metabolomics data revealed that CGA and VX765 restored cecal microbiota structure and alleviated DON-induced hepatic injury and lipid metabolic disorders by reshaping intestinal microbiota. Retrograde endocannabinoid signaling was identified as a critical pathway for cecal microbial metabolism and hepatic lipid regulation mediated by CGA and VX765. Additionally, CGA and VX765 reversed the upregulation of <i>IMPA</i>, <i>CDS2</i>, <i>DGKA</i>, <i>NDUFS8</i>, and <i>MAPK1</i> mRNA and protein expression levels induced by DON via the microbiota-gut-liver axis.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic and Phytotoxic Profile of Phytopathogens in Main Extensive Crops of Argentina.","authors":"Francisco José Sautua, Maria Chiara Zonno, Pierluigi Reveglia, Maria Letizia Ciavatta, Marianna Carbone, Lucia Lecce, María Cecilia Pérez-Pizá, Gaetano Corso, Marcelo Anibal Carmona, Antonio Evidente","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090466","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytopathogenic fungi represent a significant biotic stress affecting global agriculture, often causing severe diseases and, in some cases, leading to plant death. They have been isolated from economically important crops, including cereals, legumes, and fruits. Among the compounds produced by fungi, phytotoxins play a key role in disease development by interfering with host physiological processes. In this study, organic extracts from <i>Cercospora kikuchii</i>, <i>Cercospora nicotianae</i>, <i>Cercospora sojina</i>, <i>Diaporthe longicolla</i>, <i>Septoria glycines</i>, <i>Pyrenophora teres</i>, and <i>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</i>, isolated from three major Argentine crops, were first screened for the in vitro production of phytotoxic metabolites. Subsequently, selected metabolites were dereplicated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The phytotoxins identified varied according to the fungal species and extraction conditions. Cercosporin, putaminoxin, scytalone, and isosclerone were identified. These findings underscore the need for further chemical investigation to comprehensively characterize the metabolome of these phytopathogens and clarify their roles in plant-pathogen interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioorganic Chemistry, Toxinology, and Pharmaceutical Uses of <i>Datura</i> Metabolites and Derivatives.","authors":"Amin Mahmood Thawabteh, Saleh Sulaiman, Ilaf Omar Alabed, Laura Scrano, Donia Karaman, Rafik Karaman, Sabino A Bufo","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090469","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Datura</i> species have been recognized for their potent pharmacological properties, producing a diverse array of tropane and non-tropane alkaloids with significant clinical and toxicological relevance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biosynthesis, pharmacology, and therapeutic applications of 43 compounds isolated from <i>Datura</i>, with emphasis on both major constituents-such as atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine-and minor alkaloids, including anisodamine, apoatropine, and datumetine. These alkaloids were classified into four significant categories, drawing on recent advances in plant biochemistry and analytical chemistry. The analysis is based on 204 peer-reviewed scientific publications from the past decade (2015-2025), highlighting both traditional ethnobotanical knowledge and recent pharmacological advances. The review details their enzymatic pathways, mechanisms of action at muscarinic and other receptor systems, pharmacokinetics, and dose-dependent toxicological profiles. Particular attention is given to lesser-studied derivatives and metabolites with emerging therapeutic potential, as well as their role in metabolic engineering, drug discovery, and forensic analysis. Notably, datum tine is highlighted for its unique NMDA receptor modulatory effects and neurotoxic potential, while tropine and hygrine serve as critical biosynthetic intermediates and analytical markers. By integrating biochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological insights, this work provides a comprehensive framework for future exploration of <i>Datura</i> alkaloids as both therapeutic agents and research tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Assessment of Fungi Contamination and Mycotoxins Levels Across the Rice Processing Chain.","authors":"Carolina Sousa Monteiro, Eugénia Pinto, Rosalía López-Ruiz, Jesús Marín-Sáez, Antonia Garrido Frenich, Miguel A Faria, Sara C Cunha","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090468","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins throughout the rice processing chain, from paddy rice to final white rice, in two rice varieties (variety I and variety II). A total of 75 fungal isolates were identified, belonging to the genera <i>Penicillium</i>, <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Fusarium</i>, and <i>Talaromyces</i>. Variety I exhibited a higher prevalence of <i>Penicillium</i> and <i>Alternaria</i>, whereas Variety II was dominated mainly by <i>Alternaria</i>, accounting for 63% of all isolates. Multi-mycotoxin screening of 22 mycotoxins revealed contamination by tenuazonic acid (TeA), zearalenone (ZEN), and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), with TeA concentrations exceeding 4000 µg/kg in whitened rice of variety II. Cluster analysis showed paddy and brown rice grouping together due to higher fungal loads and toxin levels, whereas whitened and final white rice clustered separately, reflecting reduced fungal counts but persistence of TeA, 15-AcDON, ZEN, and citrinin (CIT). The co-clustering of <i>Alternaria</i> with TeA and ZEN indicates strong field-related contamination. Although processing significantly decreased fungal loads, residual toxins persisted, emphasizing that rice polishing does not fully mitigate mycotoxin risks. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive surveillance and integrated management practices across the rice supply chain to minimize potential health hazards associated with fungal contaminants and their toxic metabolites.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Community Succession and Potential Parasitic Interactions During Two <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> Blooms in Aotearoa New Zealand.","authors":"Laura Biessy, Lincoln Mackenzie, Kirsty F Smith","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090465","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090465","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by the dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i>, are increasingly frequent in the Marlborough Sounds, an important aquaculture region in Aotearoa New Zealand. <i>Alexandrium pacificum</i> produces paralytic shellfish toxins and blooms cause significant economic and ecological disruptions through contamination of edible shellfish. High-throughput sequencing of prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities was used to investigate community dynamics during bloom events across two consecutive summers. Distinct successional shifts were observed, with prokaryotic communities dominated by Rhodobacterales and Flavobacteriales during blooms, and increased abundance of the SAR11 clade (Pelagibacterales) post-bloom. Eukaryotic diversity was dominated by <i>Alexandrium</i> species (Gonyaulacales) during the bloom, and subsequently shifted towards Syndiniales, Gymnodiniales, and Peridiniales as blooms collapsed. Significant correlations indicated potential ecological roles for these taxa in bloom regulation, particularly Syndiniales, which could indicate parasitic interactions. Depth profiles revealed consistent microbial composition throughout the water column, validating depth-integrated sampling strategies for community studies. This research describes changes in the composition of microbial communities during two <i>A. pacificum</i> blooms, suggesting that species interactions (e.g., via parasitism) may play a role shaping bloom dynamics. Further studies incorporating environmental parameters, especially nutrient dynamics linked to anthropogenic activities, are necessary to better understand the drivers of blooms in this important aquaculture region.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity-Driven Screening of Amphibian Skin Secretions for Inflammatory Modulation in Joint Diseases.","authors":"Douglas Souza Oliveira, César Alexandre, Miryam Paola Alvarez-Flores, Isadora Maria Villas-Boas, Hugo Vigerelli, Isabel de Fátima Correia Batista, Michelle Cristiane Bufalo, Nancy Starobinas, Flávio Lichtenstein, Rafael Marques-Porto, Marcus Buri, Viviane Portas-Lopes, Pedro Luiz Mailho-Fontana, Marta Maria Antoniazzi, Denise Vilarinho Tambourgi, Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi, Catarina Teixeira, Carlos Jared, Olga Martinez Ibañez","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090464","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study explores the direct effects of amphibian skin secretions on human cells involved in joint diseases, aiming to identify species with potential for inflammatory modulation. Secretions were obtained from sixteen species distributed across Brazilian biomes and one European species. Following biochemical characterization, human chondrocytes, synoviocytes, and macrophages were treated with secretions for 24 h. The cytotoxicity and modulation of the IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-1β release were assessed. Synoviocytes showed the greatest resistance to cytotoxic effects, though sensitivity varied by species. Secretions from <i>Trachycephalus mesophaeus</i>, <i>Pipa carvalhoi</i>, and <i>Phyllomedusa bahiana</i> exhibited the highest cytotoxicity. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, <i>P. carvalhoi</i> and <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i> strongly induced IL-6 and IL-8 in chondrocytes and synoviocytes, with <i>P. carvalhoi</i> also stimulating IL-1β and TNF-α release in macrophages. Among Bufonidae species, particularly <i>Rhinella jimi</i> and <i>Bufo bufo</i>, were potent inducers of TNF-α and IL-1β in macrophages. Secretions lacking pro-inflammatory effects were further tested for anti-inflammatory activity. <i>P. bahiana</i> reduced TNF-α production in stimulated macrophages and IL-6 in synoviocytes, while <i>Siphonops annulatus</i> and <i>T. mesophaeus</i> reduced LPS-induced TNF-α in macrophages. Our data underscore the rich biodiversity of amphibians, supporting the bioprospecting of their cutaneous secretions. These data reveal substantial potential for uncovering bioactive compounds with pharmacological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}