Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Aflatoxin B1: Challenges and Strategies for the Intestinal Microbiota and Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals.","authors":"Hyunjun Choi, Yesid Garavito-Duarte, Alexa R Gormley, Sung Woo Kim","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010043","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this review is to investigate the impacts of aflatoxins, particularly aflatoxin B1 (AFB₁), on intestinal microbiota, intestinal health, and growth performance in monogastric animals, primarily chickens and pigs, as well as dietary interventions to mitigate these effects. Aflatoxin B1 contamination in feeds disrupts intestinal microbiota, induces immune responses and oxidative damage, increases antioxidant activity, and impairs jejunal cell viability, barrier function, and morphology in the small intestine. These changes compromise nutrient digestion and reduce growth performance in animals. The negative impact of AFB₁ on the % change in average daily gain (ΔADG) of chickens and pigs was estimated based on meta-analysis: ΔADG (%)_chicken = -0.13 × AFB₁ intake per body weight (ng/g·d) and ΔADG (%)_pig = -0.74 × AFB₁ intake per body weight (µg/kg·d), indicating that increasing AFB₁ contamination linearly reduces the growth of animals. To mitigate the harmful impacts of AFB₁, various dietary strategies have been effective. Mycotoxin-detoxifying agents include mycotoxin-adsorbing agents, such as clay and yeast cell wall compounds, binding to AFB₁ and mycotoxin-biotransforming agents, such as specific strains of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> and mycotoxin-degrading enzyme, degrading AFB₁ into non-toxic metabolites such as aflatoxin D1. Multiple mycotoxin-detoxifying agents are often combined and used together to improve the intestinal health and growth of chickens and pigs fed AFB₁-contaminated feeds. In summary, AFB₁ negatively impacts intestinal microbiota, induces immune responses and oxidative stress, disrupts intestinal morphology, and impairs nutrient digestion in the small intestine, leading to reduced growth performance. Supplementing multi-component mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in feeds could effectively adsorb and degrade AFB₁ co-contaminated with other mycotoxins prior to its absorption in the small intestine, preventing its negative impacts on the intestinal health and growth performance of chickens and pigs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768593/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated Nematocyst Types in Tentacle of Venomous Box Jellyfish, <i>Chironex indrasaksajiae</i>_{(Sucharitakul, 2017)} and <i>Chiropsoides buitendijki</i>_{(Horst, 1907)} (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) in Thai Waters.","authors":"Thippawan Yasanga, Klintean Wunnapuk, Rochana Phuackchantuck, Lakkana Thaikruea, Thunyaporn Achalawitkun, Purinat Rungraung, Sineenart Santidherakul","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010044","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The multiple-tentacle box jellyfish, <i>Chironex indrasaksajiae</i> (Sucharitakul, 2017) and <i>Chiropsoides buitendijki</i> (Horst, 1907), are venomous species found in Thai waters. They are responsible for numerous envenomations through their stinging organelles, nematocysts. These specialized microscopic structures discharge venom, yet detailed knowledge of their types and morphology in these species remains limited. This study updates the characterization of nematocyst types and features in <i>C. indrasaksajiae</i> and <i>C. buitendijki</i> using light and scanning electron microscopy for detailed examination. Four distinct nematocyst types were identified: banana-shaped microbasic p-mastigophores, oval-shaped microbasic p-rhopaloids, sub-spherical microbasic p-rhopaloids, and rod-shaped isorhizas. In <i>C. indrasaksajiae</i>, banana-shaped microbasic p-mastigophores exhibited significant intraspecific variability, ranging from 30.26 µm to 102.56 µm in length and 6.42 µm to 17.01 µm in width. Conversely, <i>C. buitendijki</i> showed a narrower size range, 72.17 µm to 98.37 µm in length and 10.73 µm to 16.48 µm in width, based on multiple individuals. The size ranges for the other nematocyst types were consistent across both species. This study enhances the understanding of nematocyst morphology in these box jellyfish, providing a foundation for further research on venom delivery mechanisms and improved management of jellyfish envenomations in Thai waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The First Large Identification of 3ANX and NX Producing Isolates of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> in Manitoba, Western Canada.","authors":"Maria Antonia Henriquez, Srinivas Sura, Sean Walkowiak, David Kaminski, Anne Kirk, Mark W Sumarah, Parthasarathy Santhanam, Nina Kepeshchuk, Jules Carlson, E RoTimi Ojo, Pam de Rocquigny, Holly Derksen","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010045","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fusarium head blight, caused by <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, continues to be one of the most important and devastating fungal diseases on cereal grains including wheat, barley, and oat crops. <i>F. graminearum</i> produces toxic secondary metabolites that include trichothecene type A and type B mycotoxins. There are many variants of these toxins that are produced, and in the early 2010s, a novel type A trichothecene mycotoxin known as 3ANX (7-α hydroxy,15-deacetylcalonectrin) and its deacetylated product NX (7-α hydroxy, 3,15-dideacetylcalonectrin) were identified in Minnesota, USA. In the current study, a total of 31,500 wheat spikes over a period of 6 years (2015-2020) within Manitoba, Canada, were screened for the <i>F. graminearum</i> pathogen, which accounted for 72.8% (2015), 98.3% (2016), 71.9% (2017), 74.4% (2018), 92.6% (2019), and 66.1% (2020) of isolations. A total of 303 <i>F. graminearum</i> isolates, confirmed through sequencing of the ribosomal intergenic spacer, were further investigated for variation in the gene <i>Tri1</i>, which was previously associated with the production of the NX toxin, as well as the accumulation of mycotoxins. A subset of these isolates, consisting of 73 isolates, which tested positive or negative for the NX-<i>Tri1</i>-F/R assay in this study, were cultured in vitro using rice media. Mycotoxins were quantified in these samples using mass spectrometry. Using the same rice culture, genomic DNA was isolated, and the <i>Tri1</i> coding sequence along with its flanking regions (upstream and downstream of the <i>Tri1</i> gene) was amplified and sequenced. Deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulated in 96% of the cultures from these isolates, while 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol (3ADON) and 3ANX mycotoxins accumulated in 66% and 63%, respectively. Nivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and NX mycotoxins were detected in 62%, 36%, and 19% of samples, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between 3ADON and 3ANX (r² = 0.87), as well as between DON and 3ANX (r² = 0.89). This study highlights the first large identification of 3ANX- and NX-producing isolates of <i>F. graminearum</i> in Western Canada. In addition, it is the first identification of 15ADON chemotypes producing 3ANX in Western Canada and the first identification of 3ANX and NX-producing isolates in Manitoba, collected from wheat samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769337/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustacean Zooplankton Ingestion of Potentially Toxic <i>Microcystis</i>: In Situ Estimation Using <i>mcyE</i> Gene Gut Content Detection in a Large Temperate Eutrophic Lake.","authors":"Helen Agasild, Margarita Esmeralda Gonzales Ferraz, Madli Saat, Priit Zingel, Kai Piirsoo, Kätlin Blank, Veljo Kisand, Tiina Nõges, Kristel Panksep","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010042","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grazing by zooplankton can regulate bloom-forming cyanobacteria but can also transfer toxin-producing cells, as well as toxic metabolites, to the food web. While laboratory investigations have provided extensive knowledge on zooplankton and toxic cyanobacteria interactions, information on zooplankton feeding on toxin-producing cyanobacteria in natural water bodies remains scarce. In this study, we quantified <i>Microcystis</i>-specific <i>mcyE</i> synthase genes from the gut contents of various cladoceran and copepod taxa to assess the in situ crustacean community and taxon-specific ingestion of potentially toxic <i>Microcystis</i> in Lake Peipsi, a large eutrophic lake in Estonia, Northern Europe. <i>Microcystis</i> cells with <i>mcyE</i> genes were found in all crustaceans examined. However, some species, such as the cyclopoid copepod <i>Mesocyclops leuckarti</i>, were more efficient in ingesting potentially toxic <i>Microcystis</i> than other co-occurring cladocerans (<i>Daphnia</i> spp., <i>Bosmina</i> spp., <i>Chydorus sphaericus</i>) and copepods (<i>Eudiaptomus gracilis</i>). The amount of toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> cells grazed by crustacean population changed temporarily, and copepods were the predominant consumers of toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> during several months of the 5-month study period. Crustacean ingestion of toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> was not related to <i>Microcystis</i> biomass or <i>mcyE</i> gene copy numbers in the environment but was instead related to the abundance of major crustacean grazers. Our findings emphasize the close interaction between crustacean zooplankton and toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i>, indicating that some species may play a more significant role in linking toxic cells within the food web than others.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delphi Consensus on the Management of Spanish Patients with Post-Stroke Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain Treated with Botulinum Toxin A: Result Study.","authors":"Carlos Cordero-García, Irene de Torres, Jacobo Formigo-Couceiro, Lluis Guirao, Mª Dolores Romero-Torres, Sergio Otero-Villaverde, Alberto Herrera, Cristina Santa, Antonio Mena-Rodriguez","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010040","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study aimed to identify expert opinions and obtain recommendations on the management of post-stroke hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) and treatment with botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A). A multicenter Delphi study was conducted using an online survey designed by a committee of experts with at least 10 years of experience in post-stroke HSP management with BoNT-A in Spain. Forty-seven panelists (specialists with at least 5 years of experience in post-stroke HSP management with BoNT-A) rated their level of agreement in two rounds based on acceptance by ≥66.7% of them. In round 1, 245 statements on three dimensions were evaluated (diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of the HSP patients treated with BoNT-A). A total of 159 statements (70.9%) were finally accepted after round 2. Experts recommended BoNT-A as soon as spasticity affects daily activities. They considered ultrasound as the preferred guided technique. Experts recommended regular assessments using validated scales and patient-reported outcomes to evaluate treatment goals and safety. In case of lack of response, experts suggested increasing the dose or number of treated muscles or considering alternative treatments. These consensus-based recommendations offer clinicians an approach to the management of post-stroke HSP with BoNT-A, supporting informed decision making.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769552/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Distribution and Dietary Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins in Raw Milk and Dairy Feedstuff Samples from Different Climate Zones in China.","authors":"Xueli Yang, Bolin Liu, Lei Zhang, Xiaodan Wang, Jian Xie, Jiang Liang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010041","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to explore the contamination of aflatoxins by investigating the spatial distribution of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in cow feedstuff and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in raw milk, and the potential health risks of AFM1 in milk and dairy products. Feedstuff and raw milk were collected from 160 pastures in three climate zones of China from October to November 2020. The results indicated the level of AFB1 and AFM1 ranged from 51.1 to 74.1 ng/kg and 3.0 to 7.0 ng/kg, respectively. Spatial analysis indicated the contamination was mostly concentrated in the temperate monsoon climate zone. On average, the estimated dietary exposure to AFM1 from milk and dairy products for Chinese consumers ranged from 0.0138 to 0.0281 ng/kg bw/day, with the MOE values below 10,000, and liver cancer risk of 0.00004-0.00009 cases/100,000 persons/year. For different groups, the average exposure to AFM1 was highest in the temperate monsoon climate zone and for toddlers.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769556/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fusarium Head Blight in Argentina, a Profile of Produced Mycotoxins and a Biocontrol Strategy in Barley During Micro-Malting Process.","authors":"María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon, Marianela Bossa, Lorenzo Antonio Rosales Cavaglieri, Juan Manuel Palazzini, Michael Sulyok, Sofía Noemí Chulze, María Laura Chiotta","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010039","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L.) is the second winter crop in Argentina. In the national market, grains are mainly destined to produce malt for beer manufacture. <i>Fusarium</i> species are common, causing Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in barley, which generates yield and quality losses, as well as mycotoxin occurrence. The aims of this study were to determine (a) the incidence of the main species causing FHB in different locations of the barley-growing region of Argentina, (b) their ability to produce mycotoxins, and (c) the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) natural occurrence in grains at the harvest stage. Additionally, a strain of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> was studied as a biocontrol agent in order to control <i>F. graminearum</i> sensu stricto and mycotoxin accumulation during the malting process, with the final objective being to reduce DON contamination in the beer manufacture chain. <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> ss was the most prevalent species causing FHB, with <i>Fusarium poae</i> being less distributed. Both species produced several mycotoxins, including NX-2 and NX-3, which is the first report of their production by strains isolated from barley in Argentina. Deoxynivalenol contamination was found in 95% of barley grains during the 2016 harvest season (mean: 0.4 mg/kg), while NIV contamination was present in 29% of samples (mean: 0.49 mg/kg). In the 2017 harvest season, 53.6% of grains were contaminated with DON (mean: 0.42 mg/kg), and 21% with NIV (mean: 0.8 mg/kg). Quantification of <i>F. graminearum</i> ss by real-time PCR during the micro-malting process showed that application of the biocontrol agent before the germination stage was the most effective treatment, with a 45% reduction in fungal DNA levels. Reduction in DON contamination (69.3-100%) in artificially infected grains with <i>F. graminearum</i> ss, was also observed. The present work contributes to the knowledge of FHB in Argentina and to the development of a strategy to control this disease and mycotoxin contamination in barley, promoting at the same time food security.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768820/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study of Combined Onabotulinumtoxin A and Hyaluronic Acid Filler for the Treatment of Enlarged Facial Pores.","authors":"Vasanop Vachiramon, Sonphet Chirasuthat, Suphagan Boonpethkaew, Nawara Sakpuwadol, Tanat Yongpisarn, Natthachat Jurairattanaporn","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010038","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Enlarged facial pores are a common cosmetic concern caused by excessive sebum production, visible hair shafts, and a reduction in skin elasticity, leading to a decrease in skin quality and overall appearance. Various treatment modalities have been explored to address this issue. This study focuses on the efficacy and safety of combining Onabotulinumtoxin A (OnaBoNT-A) and hyaluronic acid filler (HA filler) to target enlarged facial pores in Asians.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of OnaBoNT-A monotherapy in combination with HA filler for the treatment of enlarged facial pores. This study was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, split-face, controlled trial that enrolled 32 subjects with visibly enlarged pores on both cheeks. One side of the face received intradermal injections of OnaBoNT-A, while the other side received OnaBoNT-A in combination with intradermal hyaluronic acid filler injection. The outcomes were measured by pore volume, visual assessment, pain score, improvement score, and side effects at various time intervals up to 24 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study investigated the effects of onaBoNT-A monotherapy or in combination with HA filler on facial pore size and skin roughness. The results showed that both sides exhibited a reduction in pore volume and skin roughness over time, but the side treated with onaBoNT-A monotherapy had a slightly better improvement than the combination side at the 6-month follow-up. Subjects with histories of facial oiliness were more likely to respond to onaBoNT-A monotherapy, while those without histories of facial oiliness were more likely to respond to the side treated with combined treatment. The most common adverse events were erythema, bruising, and edema, which were more frequent on the combination side. Additionally, 18 subjects (56.25%) experienced a palpable lump on the combination side, which resolved in most cases within a few months.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>BoNT-A and HA dermal filler had a role in reducing pore size. Nonetheless, individuals with enlarged pores who exhibited beneficial effects to botulinum toxin injection typically had a background of facial oiliness. Adverse incidents like dermal edema and palpable nodules were observed, underscoring the significance of meticulous patient selection and accurate injection technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11768511/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Methods for Aflatoxin B1 Monitoring in Selected Food Crops Within Decentralized Agricultural Systems.","authors":"Haadia Tanveer, Hannah Glesener, Blake Su, Brooke Bolsinger, Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown, Lee E Voth-Gaeddert","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010037","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of food crops pose severe public health risks, particularly in decentralized agricultural systems common in low-resource settings. Effective monitoring tools are critical for mitigating exposure, but their adoption is limited by barriers such as cost, infrastructure, and technical expertise. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate common AFB1 detection methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral-flow assays (LFA), validated via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), focusing on their suitability for possible applications in decentralized, low-resource settings; and (2) to conduct a barriers-to-use assessment for commonly available AFB1 detection methods and their applicability in low-resource settings. Among four ELISA kits, the AgraQuant Aflatoxin B1 2/50 ELISA Kit demonstrated the highest accuracy and precision, reliably quantifying AFB1 in maize and tortillas across 5-150 ppb with minimal cross-reactivity. For LFA, a smartphone-based algorithm achieved a high presence/absence accuracy rate of 84% but struggled with concentration prediction. The barriers-to-use analysis highlighted the practicality of low-cost tools like moisture readers for field screening but underscored their qualitative limitations. Advanced methods like HPLC and LC-MS offer greater precision but remain impractical due to their high costs and infrastructure requirements, suggesting a potential role for adapted ELISA or LFA methods as confirmatory approaches. These findings support the development of multi-tiered frameworks integrating affordable field tools with regional or centralized confirmatory testing. Addressing systemic barriers through capacity building, partnerships, and improved logistics will enhance AFB1 monitoring in decentralized systems, protecting public health in vulnerable communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venoms and Extracellular Vesicles: A New Frontier in Venom Biology.","authors":"Auwal A Bala, Naoual Oukkache, Elda E Sanchez, Montamas Suntravat, Jacob A Galan","doi":"10.3390/toxins17010036","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17010036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticle-sized vesicles secreted by nearly all cell types under normal physiological conditions. In toxicological research, EVs have emerged as a crucial link between public health and multi-omics approaches, offering insights into cellular responses to disease-causing injury agents such as environmental and biological toxins, contaminants, and drugs. Notably, EVs present a unique opportunity to deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of envenomation by natural toxins. Recent advancements in isolating and purifying EV cargo, mass spectrometry techniques, and bioinformatics have positioned EVs as potential biomarkers that could elucidate biological signaling pathways and provide valuable information on the relationship between venomous toxins, their mechanisms of action, and the effectiveness of antivenoms. Additionally, EVs hold promise as proxies for various aspects of envenomation, including the toxin dosage, biological characterization, injury progression, and prognosis during therapeutic interventions. These aspects can be explored through multi-omics technology applied to EV contents from the plasma, saliva, or urine samples of envenomated individuals, offering a comprehensive integrative approach to understanding and managing envenomation cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11769160/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143034218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}