Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay for Rapid Detection of AflatoxinB₁ in Yellow Rice Wine.","authors":"Mengjie Zhu, Dun Wang, Du Wang, Jing Dong, Xue Wang, Qi Zhang, Man Xiao","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050248","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yellow rice wine is susceptible to aflatoxinB₁ (AFB₁) contamination, yet existing detection technologies suffer from limitations such as high false-positive rates, cumbersome operational protocols, or elevated costs, rendering them inadequate for large-scale screening requirements. Consequently, the development of a highly sensitive and rapid detection method for AFB₁ is urgently needed to provide technical support for quality supervision and risk assessment of yellow rice wine. In this study, AFB₁ detection was performed using time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay technology, with quantitative analysis based on the ratio of the T signal value of the detection line to the C signal value of the quality control line and the natural logarithmic value of the standard solution concentration. Statistical experimental designs were used to optimize the process of this rapid detection of AFB₁ in yellow rice wine. The most important factors influencing recovery rate (<i>p</i> < 0.05), as identified by a two-level Plackett-Burman design with 11 variables, were methanol-water volume fraction, sample to extraction solvent ratio, heating temperature, and heating time. The steepest ascent method was employed to identify the optimal regions for these four key factors. Central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was subsequently utilized to further explore the interactive effects among variables and determine their optimal values that maximize the recovery rate. The analysis results indicated that interactions between methanol-water volume fraction and other three factors-sample to extraction solvent ratio, heating temperature, heating time-affected the response variable (recovery rate) significantly. The predicted results showed that the maximum recovery rate of AFB₁ (97.35%) could be obtained under the optimum conditions of a methanol-water volume fraction of 78%, a sample to extraction solvent ratio of 1:3.2, a heating temperature of 34 °C, and a heating time of 6.4 min. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between predicted and experimental values confirmed the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy. Optimal conditions obtained in this experiment laid a good foundation for further use of time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for rapid detection of AFB₁ in yellow rice wine, demonstrating broad application prospects.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115542/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxin Profiling of <i>Amanita citrina</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>: First Report of Buiotenine Detection.","authors":"Yi-Zhe Zhang, Yi Yao, Kai-Ping Zhang, Jia-Qi Liang, Jia-Ju Zhong, Zhong-Feng Li, Hai-Jiao Li, Fei Xu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050247","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050247","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Amanita</i> species are widely distributed worldwide. Many of these species are poisonous and can cause health problems, resulting in morbidity and mortality. The toxins responsible for poisoning are amatoxins, aminohexadienoic acid, ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarines, which damage the liver, kidney, central nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. In recent years, several toxins have been discovered from different poisonous mushrooms. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotube purification and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used for the sensitive detection and targeted quantitative screening of 12 mushroom toxins (muscarine, two isoxazole derivatives, three tryptamine alkaloids, three amatoxins and three phallotoxins) from <i>Amanita citrina</i>, <i>A. citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i> and <i>A. sinocitrina</i>. This study found that buiotenine, one of the tryptamine alkaloids, was detected in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> and <i>A</i>. <i>sinocitrina</i> with an average content of 2.90 and 1.19-6.70 g/kg (<i>n</i> = 3) in the dried mushrooms, respectively. None of the 12 common toxins were discovered in <i>A</i>. <i>citrina</i> var. <i>grisea</i>. These results provide reference data for future research on the role of toxins in the evolution of <i>Amanita</i> mushrooms. Future studies should explore the biosynthetic pathways and ecological roles of these toxins in <i>Amanita</i> species.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin for Bruxism: An Overview.","authors":"Manuella Salm Coelho, Júlia Meller Dias de Oliveira, Helena Polmann, Patrícia Pauletto, Cristine Miron Stefani, Lara Catarine De Luca Maciel, Graziela De Luca Canto","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050249","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050249","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This overview aimed at assessing botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A)'s effectiveness in managing bruxism compared to a placebo, the absence of treatment, or other interventions in adults. Only systematic reviews (SRs), with or without a meta-analysis, were included. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on 16 June 2024, encompassing seven databases and grey literature sources. Experts and reference lists of the included SRs were also consulted. Study selection was conducted in two phases by two independent authors. Methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR-2. Overlap was assessed using the corrected covered area. The 14 included SRs addressed several outcomes. In most studies, BoNT-A showed effectiveness in reducing pain (<i>n</i> = 10), the frequency of bruxism events (<i>n</i> = 7), and the maximum bite force (<i>n</i> = 5). None of the SRs effectively evaluated BoNT-A's impact on functional movements. All of the included SRs scored \"critically low\" and \"low\" confidence rates in AMSTAR-2. Only one SR attempted to assess the certainty of the evidence, although unsuccessfully. The overlap across included SRs was rated as \"high\", with a corrected covered area of 10.11%. The current systematic reviews on BoNT-A for bruxism lack methodological quality, limiting the reliability of their findings. Despite evidence indicating a potential reduction in pain, bruxism events, and the maximum bite force, methodological limitations prevent definitive conclusions from being drawn. High-quality research with standardized methodologies is essential to establish BoNT-A's efficacy and support evidence-based clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Di Paola et al. Impact of Mycotoxin Contaminations on Aquatic Organisms: Toxic Effect of Aflatoxin B1 and Fumonisin B1 Mixture. <i>Toxins</i> 2022, <i>14</i>, 518.","authors":"Davide Di Paola, Carmelo Iaria, Fabiano Capparucci, Alessia Arangia, Rosalia Crupi, Salvatore Cuzzocrea, Nunziacarla Spanò, Enrico Gugliandolo, Alessio Filippo Peritore","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050246","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the original publication [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria in French Lakes of Various Trophic Status Using Environmental and Cyanobacterial Parameters and an Active Mussel Biomonitoring.","authors":"Emilie Lance, Alexandra Lepoutre, Luc Brient, Nicolas Maurin, Emmanuel Guillon, Alain Geffard, Dominique Amon-Moreau","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050245","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microcystins (MCs), hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria, represent a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Measuring various environmental and cyanobacterial parameters in water samples can be useful for monitoring water quality and assessing risk but remains a short-term approach. Beyond local risk assessments, estimating global and medium-term levels of freshwater contamination by MC-producing cyanobacteria is challenging in large lakes due to the spatio-temporal variability of their proliferation and the need to multiply sampling dates and locations. In such conditions, a sentinel organism can be valuable for monitoring MCs in situ and providing a time-integrated picture of contamination levels at various stations. We previously assessed the ability of the freshwater bivalves <i>Anodonta anatina</i> and <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i> to act as biointegrators of MCs, even under low exposure levels to cyanobacteria. In this study, through a two-season investigation in several French lakes experiencing moderate cyanobacterial blooms, we evaluated the relevance of various parameters (cyanobacterial density and biovolume, chlorophyll-a, and phycocyanin) as well as the use of bivalves as indicators of medium-term freshwater contamination by MC-producing cyanobacteria. MC concentrations in cyanobacterial biomass (intracellular MCs) and in bivalves (free MCs, being unbound, and total free and protein-bound accumulated MCs) were measured alongside the characterization of phytoplankton communities. Both mussels integrated and highlighted the presence of intracellular MCs in the environment over the period between two successive water samplings, even at low contamination levels, demonstrating their suitability for in situ biomonitoring of MC-producing cyanobacteria. The results are discussed in terms of the strengths and limitations of different parameters for assessing MC contamination levels in waters depending on the objective (managing, preventing, or global evaluation) and the monitoring strategies used.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115459/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity Assessment of Catechins on Representative Aquatic Organisms and Terrestrial Plant.","authors":"Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir, Hye-Ryeon An, Bertoka Fajar Surya Perwira Negara, Gabriel Tirtawijaya, Maria Dyah Nur Meinita, Jae-Hak Sohn, Dicky Harwanto, Jae-Suk Choi","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050244","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Catechins, renowned for their health benefits, have unexamined environmental impacts. This study assessed the toxicity of crude catechin and catechin hydrate on invertebrate larvae, plant, and microalgae. The survival rates of <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus and <i>Artemia salina</i> L. were monitored every 24 h over a three-day period. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>Lactuca sativa</i> L. was measured every 24 h for four days. Inhibitory effects were evaluated in both freshwater and seawater cultures of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> Beijerinck, with cell density recorded every 24 h and yield inhibition calculated after 96 h. Results indicated that increasing catechin concentration and exposure duration decreased the survival rate of <i>D. magna</i> and <i>A. salina</i>. <i>Daphnia magna</i> was more sensitive to catechins than <i>A. salina</i>, with 24 h lethal concentration 50 (LC-50) values of 1174 µg/mL compared to 1895 µg/mL for crude catechin, and 54 µg/mL compared to 153 µg/mL for catechin hydrate. The germination rate and radicle length of <i>L. sativa</i>, along with the cell density of <i>C. vulgaris</i>, decreased with increasing catechin concentration, but remained higher even after prolonged exposure. At low catechin concentrations, <i>C. vulgaris</i> cell density exceeded control levels. This study demonstrates that catechins in aquatic environments can significantly impact ecosystems. At certain concentrations, catechins are toxic and potentially lethal to aquatic organisms. Conversely, at lower concentrations, catechins may promote microalgal growth, suggesting a fertilizing effect. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for maintaining the stability of aquatic ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115461/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Elias University Hospital Approach: A Visual Guide to Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Toxin Injection in Spasticity: Part III-Proximal Lower Limb Muscles.","authors":"Marius Nicolae Popescu, Claudiu Căpeț, Cristina Beiu, Mihai Berteanu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050240","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections have become an essential tool in the management of lower limb spasticity. Following our previous work, which focused on upper limb muscles, this third part provides a detailed visual guide to the identification and injection of proximal lower limb muscles frequently involved in spastic gait and posture disorders. This guide presents the ultrasound anatomy, clinical relevance, and injection strategies for eleven key muscles: <i>gluteus</i><i>maximus</i>, <i>piriformis</i>, <i>psoas major</i>, <i>rectus</i><i>femoris</i>, <i>sartorius</i>, <i>gracilis</i>, <i>adductor</i><i>longus</i>, <i>adductor</i><i>magnus</i>, <i>semimembranosus</i>, <i>semitendinosus</i>, and <i>biceps</i><i>femoris</i>. For each muscle, the Elias University Hospital (EUH) model is applied, highlighting the zones of maximum thickness and motor point density to ensure precise and effective BoNT-A delivery. Enhanced with high-resolution ultrasound images and dynamic scanning techniques, this visual guide supports clinicians in performing safe, targeted injections. It serves as both an educational and practical reference for the ultrasound-guided treatment of spasticity in the proximal lower limb, completing the series and offering a standardized framework for comprehensive BoNT-A management. By promoting accurate toxin delivery, this approach is expected to improve functional mobility, reduce spasticity-related complications, and optimize patient-centered outcomes in rehabilitation settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual Proteomics Strategies to Dissect and Quantify the Components of Nine Medically Important African Snake Venoms.","authors":"Damien Redureau, Fernanda Gobbi Amorim, Thomas Crasset, Imre Berger, Christiane Schaffitzel, Stefanie Kate Menzies, Nicholas R Casewell, Loïc Quinton","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050243","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Snakebite envenoming constitutes a significant global health issue, particularly in Africa, where venomous species such as <i>Echis</i> vipers and <i>Dendroaspis</i> mambas pose substantial risks to human health. This study employs a standardized venomics workflow to comprehensively characterize and comparatively quantify the venom composition of nine medically relevant snake species chosen from among the deadliest in Africa. Utilizing shotgun venom proteomics and venom gland transcriptomics, we report detailed profiles of venom complexity, highlighting the relative abundance of dominant toxin families such as three-finger toxins and Kunitz-type proteins in <i>Dendroaspis</i>, and metalloproteinases and phospholipases A₂ in <i>Echis</i>. We delineate here the relative abundance and structural diversity of venom components. Key to our proteomic approach is the implementation of Multi-Enzymatic Limited Digestion (MELD), which improved protein sequence coverage and enabled the identification of rare toxin families such as hyaluronidases and renin-like proteases, by multiplying the overlap of generated peptides and enhancing the characterization of both toxin and non-toxin components within the venoms. The culmination of these efforts resulted in the construction of a detailed toxin database, providing insights into the biological roles and potential therapeutic targets of venom proteins and peptides. The findings here compellingly validate the MELD technique, reinforcing its reproducibility as a valuable characterization approach applied to venomics. This research significantly advances our understanding of venom complexity in African snake species, including representatives of both Viperidae and Elapidae families. By elucidating venom composition and toxin profiles, our study paves the way for the development of targeted therapies aimed at mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with snakebite envenoming globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12116074/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Quantification of Total and Toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> Using Digital-Droplet-Polymerase-Chain-Reaction-Based Multiplex Assay.","authors":"In-Su Kim, Hae-Kyung Park","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050242","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria, particularly <i>Microcystis</i>, poses significant risks to drinking and recreational water resources, especially under the influence of climate change. Conventional monitoring methods based on microscopy for harmful cyanobacteria management systems are limited in detecting toxigenic genotypes, hindering accurate risk assessment. In this study, we developed a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR)-based method for the simultaneous quantification of total and toxigenic <i>Microcystis</i> in freshwater environments. We targeted the <i>secA</i> gene, specific to the <i>Microcystis</i> genus, and the <i>mcyA</i> gene, associated with microcystin biosynthesis. Custom-designed primers and probes showed high specificity and sensitivity, enabling accurate detection without cross-reactivity. The multiplex ddPCR assay allowed for concurrent quantification of both targets in a single reaction, reducing the analysis time and cost. Application to field samples demonstrated good agreement with microscopic counts and revealed seasonal shifts in toxigenic genotype abundance. Notably, ddPCR detected <i>Microcystis</i> at very low densities-down to 7 cells/mL in the mixed cyanobacterial communities of field samples-even when microscopy failed, highlighting its utility for early bloom detection. This approach provides a reliable and efficient tool for monitoring <i>Microcystis</i> dynamics and assessing toxin production potential, offering significant advantages for the early warning and proactive management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115735/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol Mitigates Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Toxicity by Regulating Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Barrier Integrity.","authors":"Lingchen Yang, Tristan Decas, Yuhang Zhang, Imourana Alassane-Kpembi","doi":"10.3390/toxins17050241","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17050241","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin poses serious health risks, especially to swine, which are highly susceptible to intestinal damage. Existing strategies to counteract DON toxicity remain insufficient. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid with anti-inflammatory properties, against DON-induced intestinal toxicity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Using differentiated and proliferating porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), we evaluated CBD (2.5-5 μM) against DON (0.5-50 μM) through viability assays, apoptosis markers (<i>Bax</i>/<i>Bcl-2</i> ratio), inflammatory mediators (<i>NFκB</i>, <i>IL-6</i>, <i>COX-2</i>), oxidative stress indicators (<i>TXNIP</i>, <i>SOD1</i>, <i>CAT</i>), tight junction gene expression (<i>Claudin-1</i>, <i>Occludin</i>), and barrier permeability. DON exhibited dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 2.60 μM at 24 h; 1.07 μM at 48 h). Pre-treatment with 5 μM CBD restored cell viability at low DON concentrations (0.5-2 μM) but failed at ≥8 μM. In differentiated cells, CBD suppressed apoptosis (reduced <i>Bax</i>/<i>Bcl-2</i> ratio), oxidative stress (downregulated <i>TXNIP</i>; restored <i>CAT</i> expression), and inflammation (decreased <i>IL-6</i> and <i>COX-2</i>) under high-dose DON (50 μM), while enhancing tight junction protein expression and barrier integrity at 5 μM DON. Conversely, in proliferating cells, CBD exacerbated apoptosis (elevated <i>Bax</i>/<i>Bcl-2</i> ratio) and inflammatory responses (upregulated <i>IL-6</i> and <i>COX-2</i>) at subtoxic levels of DON (2 μM). CBD alone induced cytotoxicity at ≥10 μM. Our findings demonstrate that CBD exhibits context-dependent efficacy, providing protection in differentiated epithelia under moderate DON exposure (≤5 μM) but exhibiting detrimental effects in proliferating cells. Its narrow therapeutic window and paradoxical actions necessitate cautious application. These findings position CBD as a potential adjunctive therapy for DON detoxification but highlight critical limitations for standalone use.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12115957/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144151909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}