Toxins最新文献

{"title":"Occurrence of Co-Contamination and Interaction of Multi-Mycotoxins in Dairy Cow Feed in China.","authors":"Zuoyin Zhu, Haisheng Cheng, Jie Wang, Junmei Ma, Jianhua Wang, Hongyang Wang, Xinli Zhou, Junhua Yang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030137","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Co-contamination of multiple mycotoxins in feed has become one of the most important issues in the world. In this study, the characteristics and interactions of co-contamination among 15 mycotoxins were explored in dairy cow feed, including total mixed ration (TMR), silage, maize, and hay feed. The results showed that four dairy cow feeds were constantly contaminated with mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins (FBs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and aflatoxins (AFs). The contamination level of each mycotoxin was low, but the probability of co-contamination by three or more mycotoxins in one sample was very high. Between DON and aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), between aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and OTA, between FB2 and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), between 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and ZEN, and between fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B3 (FB3), and between aflatoxin M2 (AFM2) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), there were significant and strong correlations. Among the four typical feed samples, the combinations DON + ZEN, DON + FB1, FB1 + ZEN, OTA + ZEN, DON + 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 3-ADON + ZEN, T-2 + ZEN, fumonisin B2 (FB2) + ZEN, and DON + FB3 had higher interaction rates than the other combinations (≥43.75%). Our study not only reveals that co-contamination with multiple mycotoxins is relatively common in dairy cow feed but also highlights the significant correlations between various mycotoxins and assesses the likelihood of their interactions. These findings are crucial for ensuring feed safety and safeguarding animal health.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Effective Prophylactic and Therapeutic Protection Against Botulinum Type A Intoxication in Mice and Rabbits Using a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody.","authors":"Chi Ho Yu, Young-Jo Song, Dong Hyun Song, Hae Eun Joe, Chang-Hwan Kim, Hyungseok Yun, Na Young Kim, Euni Sim, Seong Tae Jeong, Gyeung Haeng Hur","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030138","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent toxins on Earth and are classified as Category A biological agents. BoNTs lead to paralysis in humans and cause botulism. Antibody therapeutics can effectively treat toxin-mediated infectious diseases. In this study, we generated a pharmaceutical humanized monoclonal antibody (HZ45 mAb) to prevent or treat botulism. HZ45 binds to the heavy chain receptor (HCR) domain of the toxin, preventing the toxin from entering the cell. The mAb was produced using hybridoma technology and phage display. We evaluated HZ45 mAb for the neutralization of BoNT serotype A (BoNT/A) in mice and rabbits. The survival results showed that pretreatment with HZ45 mAb provided 100% protection at a dose of 0.1 mg per mouse against a maximum of 100 LD₅₀ of BoNT/A. To assess the therapeutic efficacy of HZ45 mAb in New Zealand white rabbits (NZWs), a 5 mg dose was administered 4 or 8 h after challenge with 10 LD₅₀. The results indicated that 5 mg of HZ45 could treat the NZWs within 8 h after exposure to 10 LD₅₀ botulinum. Consequently, in an in vivo context, including mice and rabbits, HZ45 mAb could protect against botulinum type A intoxication.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanism of Mycotoxin Contamination of Medicinal Herbs.","authors":"Abdelrahman Elamin, Shohei Sakuda","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030139","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxin contamination in medicinal plants can lead to toxicity, reduced therapeutic efficacy, and economic losses. This contamination has emerged as a significant issue, drawing attention from researchers and research centers worldwide. Over recent decades, numerous analytical studies have addressed mycotoxin contamination in these herbs, evaluating various methods to determine their presence quantitatively and qualitatively. While several reviews have summarized these studies, they often overlook a comprehensive exploration of the mechanisms and influencing factors of mycotoxin contamination in medicinal herbs. Therefore, this review aims to delve into the mechanisms of aflatoxin and ochratoxin contamination in some of the most widespread medicinal herbs, including jujube fruits, lotus seeds, and licorice roots. The factors influencing these mechanisms were also examined, including the physical composition and maturity stages of the herbs. This review concluded that aflatoxin and ochratoxin A contamination of medicinal herbs involves complex interactions between the herbs' natural defenses, fungal pathogenicity, chemical composition, physical characteristics, and individual plant differences at various maturity stages. Understanding these mechanisms of contamination, and their association with maturity, nutrient profile, and physical development, advances our comprehension of mycotoxin contamination in medicinal herbs.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945524/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum Toxin Type A Exerts Direct Trans-Synaptic Action at Bilateral Spinal Nociceptive Circuits.","authors":"Dalia Nemanić, Petra Šoštarić, Patrik Meglić, Ivica Matak, Lidija Bach-Rojecky","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030140","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) induces a bilateral analgesic effect following unilateral injection in rodent bilateral or mirror pain models. This occurs either by indirect plasticity-related actions, or by the toxin's direct central action in bilateral spinal circuits. Herein, we aimed to resolve this question by assessing the role of trans-synaptic toxin traffic in a bilateral inflammatory pain model. The analgesic effect of the toxin was examined in rats pre-treated with unilateral intraplantar BoNT-A (7 U/kg) and subsequently challenged with bilateral carrageenan-evoked hind-paw inflammation (2%, 50 µL/paw, 6 days post BoNT-A). Specific neutralizing antitoxin injected into the lumbar intrathecal space (2 IU, 24 h post BoNT-A), aimed at preventing the spinal trans-synaptic traffic of BoNT-A, abolished its bilateral analgesic effect. The toxin trans-synaptic effect was associated with reduced c-Fos neuronal activation and BoNT-A-mediated cleavage of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) in the bilateral dorsal horn. Here, we showed that, in bilaterally occurring pain, BoNT-A exerts a direct contralateral analgesic action extending beyond the level of the dorsal root ganglion sensory neuron that directly links the hindlimb injection site to the primary sensory region. This points to the crucial role of the toxin's central trans-synaptic traffic, and its direct action at propriospinal nociceptive circuits in its pain-relieving efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945969/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation into Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Microcystins in Seabirds from Portugal.","authors":"Lucía Soliño, Andrew D Turner, Begoña Ben-Gigirey, Ryan P Alexander, Karl J Dean, Robert G Hatfield, Benjamin H Maskrey, María V Mena Casero","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030135","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microalgae form the basis of marine food webs, essential in sustaining top predators including seabirds. However, certain species of microalgae synthesize biotoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish and fish and may cause harm to marine animals feeding on them. Toxins produced by dinoflagellates have been previously observed to be poisonous to seabirds. Also, in freshwater and brackish habitats, cyanobacteria have caused bird mortality events. In this work, we analyze the prevalence of six families of biotoxins (paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), microcystins (MCs), anatoxins, amnesic shellfish toxins (ASTs), cylindrospermopsin, and tetrodotoxins (TTXs)) in 340 samples from 193 wild birds admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation centre in south Portugal. Furthermore, we consider the clinical picture and signs of 17 birds that presented quantifiable levels of biotoxins in their tissues. The relationship between toxin burdens and the symptomatology observed, as well as possible biotoxin sources, are discussed. Based on previously published research data, we conclude that, in these birds, the biotoxins are unlikely to be the only cause of death but might contribute to some extent to a reduction in birds' fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sting Stories: Firsthand Experiences of Fish Envenomation Through a Small-Scale Questionnaire.","authors":"Richard J Harris, Silvia L Saggiomo, Gillian Paxton, Cherie A Motti","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030134","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stings from venomous bony and cartilaginous fishes are known to cause extreme pain in humans, and with changing migratory patterns and distributions due to climate change, human interactions with venomous fishes may increase. Therefore, developing a better understanding of venomous fish stings and the associated pain can provide better solutions for first aid and treatments, particularly in areas or within populations with a higher risk of being stung. Using the results from an online questionnaire, this study discusses the perspectives of 121 people with direct experience of fish stings, exploring the contexts in which fish stings occurred, their firsthand experiences of pain, sting pathophysiology, experiences with medical treatments, and the long-term consequences of fish stings. This small-scale survey has proved successful for the exploration of fish sting experiences, and as such, an approach of this nature should be considered to better understand victim's experiences with other painful animal stings.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy Remaining at Time of Requested Re-Treatment for Cervical Dystonia: A Potential New Treatment Paradigm with DaxibotulinumtoxinA.","authors":"Aaron Ellenbogen, Robert A Hauser, Atul T Patel, Peter McAllister, Todd M Gross, Rashid Kazerooni, Conor J Gallagher, David A Hollander","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030133","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The therapeutic efficacy remaining from prior treatments with botulinum toxins (BoNTs) when cervical dystonia (CD) patients prefer to be re-treated has not been well characterized. Here, we assessed the residual therapeutic efficacy of BoNT injections at the time of a patient-desired re-treatment. In pivotal trials for daxibotulinumtoxinA (DAXI) in CD, subjects could request re-treatment before returning to pre-treatment symptom levels (defined as ≤20% of peak efficacy remaining). In this post hoc analysis of the Phase 3 ASPEN-OLS trial, the median percent efficacy remaining (based on change in TWSTRS total score) was determined in subjects who requested re-injection before returning to pre-treatment symptoms. Dysphagia and muscle weakness were evaluated in patients requesting re-treatment with efficacy remaining, relative to those waiting to return to baseline. There were 264 (28.7% of 920 total treatments) patient requests for re-treatment before returning to pre-treatment status across the study. The median percent efficacy remaining at the time of requested re-injection was 45.5%, which corresponded to a median of 16.0 weeks (range 10.9-40.3) post-treatment. The rates of dysphagia (≤4.9%) and muscle weakness (≤6.8%) were low and were not significantly different in those who waited for return to pre-treatment symptom status versus subjects who requested re-injection with efficacy remaining. A significant proportion of CD patients wished to be re-treated with efficacy still remaining from prior BoNT injections as early symptoms re-emerged. With the overall clinical profile of DAXI, physicians can safely provide individualized treatment regimens based on the treatment goals or symptomatic needs of their patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11946516/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time CO₂ Production Monitoring in Stored Oats as an Indicator of Type A Trichothecenes and Ochratoxin A Contamination Under Simulated Environmental Conditions.","authors":"Abimbola Oluwakayode, Michael Sulyok, Franz Berthiller, Carol Verheecke-Vaessen, Rudolf Krska, Angel Medina","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030132","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grain industries are interested in an integrated approach to in-silo grain quality and safety management using carbon dioxide (CO₂) measurement with temperature and moisture monitoring. Our study investigates if CO₂ production could predict mycotoxin production (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, its glucoside, and ochratoxin A (OTA)) and identify storage conditions exceeding legislative limits in stored oats for the first time. The influence of water activity (a_w) levels (0.70-0.95 a_w), temperature (15 and 20 °C), and storage duration on (a) <i>Fusarium</i> populations, (b) CO₂ respiration rates (RRs), and (c) mycotoxin concentrations in stored oats was examined. One hundred and twenty samples were analysed for multiple mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS. Substantial differences were found in the RRs of oats at ≥0.90 a_w at both temperatures. A moderate positive correlation between CO₂ and mycotoxins was noticed and mycotoxins exceeded their limits at ≥0.90 a_w (22% moisture content) when RR ≥ 25 µg CO₂ kg^-1 h^-1. This knowledge forms the basis for developing decision support systems for improving oats' storage management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green-Engineered Montmorillonite Clays for the Adsorption, Detoxification, and Mitigation of Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity.","authors":"Johnson O Oladele, Xenophon Xenophontos, Gustavo M Elizondo, Yash Daasari, Meichen Wang, Phanourios Tamamis, Natalie M Johnson, Timothy D Phillips","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030131","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary and environmental exposure to aflatoxins via contaminated food items can pose major health challenges to both humans and animals. Studies have reported the coexistence of aflatoxins and other environmental toxins. This emphasizes the urgent need for efficient and effective mitigation strategies for aflatoxins. Previous reports from our laboratory have demonstrated the potency of the green-engineered clays (GECs) on ochratoxin and other toxic chemicals. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the binding and detoxification potential of chlorophyll (CMCH and SMCH) and chlorophyllin (CMCHin and SMCHin)-amended montmorillonite clays for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In addition to analyzing binding metrics including affinity, capacity, free energy, and enthalpy, the sorption mechanisms of AFB1 onto the surfaces of engineered clays were also investigated. Computational and experimental studies were performed to validate the efficacy and safety of the clays. CMCH showed the highest binding capacity (Qmax) of 0.43 mol/kg compared to the parent clays CM (0.34 mol/kg) and SM (0.32 mol/kg). Interestingly, there were no significant changes in the binding capacity of the clays at pH2 and pH6, suggesting that the clays can bind to AFB1 throughout the gastrointestinal track. In silico investigations employing molecular dynamics simulations also demonstrated that CMCH enhanced AFB1 binding as compared to parent clay and predicted hydrophobic interactions as the main mode of interaction between the AFB1 and CMCH. This was corroborated by the kinetic results which indicated that the interaction was best defined by chemosorption with favorable thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy (∆G) being negative. In vitro experiments in Hep G2 cells showed that clay treatment mitigated AFB1-induced cytotoxicity, with the exception of 0.5% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) SMCH. Finally, the in vivo results validated the protection of all the clays against AFB1-induced toxicities in Hydra vulgaris. This study showed that these clays significantly detoxified AFB1 (86% to 100%) and provided complete protection at levels as low as 0.1%, suggesting that they may be used as AFB1 binders in feed and food.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945334/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Botulinum Toxin Type E Serve as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Managing Chronic Orofacial Pain?","authors":"Sung-Koog Jung, Yu-Mi Kim, Min-Jeong Jo, Jo-Young Son, Jin-Sook Ju, Min-Kyoung Park, Min-Kyung Lee, Jae-Young Kim, Jeong-Sun Nam, Dong-Kuk Ahn","doi":"10.3390/toxins17030130","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17030130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The existing literature offers limited experimental evidence on the role of botulinum neurotoxin type E (BoNT-E) in pain transmission. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effects of subcutaneously administered BoNT-E in chronic orofacial pain conditions. This study used orofacial formalin-induced pronociceptive behavior and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced thermal hyperalgesia as inflammatory pain models in male Sprague Dawley rats. A neuropathic pain model was also developed by causing an injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. Subcutaneously administered BoNT-E (6, 10 units/kg) significantly reduced nociceptive behavior during the second phase of the formalin test compared to that of the vehicle treatment. These doses similarly alleviated thermal hypersensitivity in the CFA-treated rats. Moreover, BoNT-E (6, 10 units/kg) markedly attenuated mechanical allodynia in rats with an inferior alveolar nerve injury. At a dose of 10 units/kg, BoNT-E produced antinociceptive effects that became evident 8 h post-injection and persisted for 48 h. Notably, BoNT-E (10 units/kg) significantly reduced the number of <i>c-fos</i>-immunostained neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of rats with an inferior alveolar nerve injury. In comparison, intraperitoneally administered gabapentin (30, 100 mg/kg) demonstrated significant mechanical anti-allodynic effects but exhibited lower analgesic efficacy than that of BoNT-E. These findings highlight the potential of BoNT-E as a therapeutic agent for chronic pain management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11945774/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143731751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}