ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-16DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090463
Alejandro Sánchez-Huertas, Oscar Camejo-Mas, Sebastian Garcia-Roldan, Rocio Alonso-Castillo, Lara Pulido-Fraiz, Andrea Higuera Ruiz de la Hermosa, Leonardo Portocarrero-Sánchez, Javier Díaz-de-Terán
{"title":"OnabotulinumtoxinA Is an Effective Treatment for Reducing the Interictal Burden in Patients with Chronic Migraine: A Prospective Observational Study.","authors":"Alejandro Sánchez-Huertas, Oscar Camejo-Mas, Sebastian Garcia-Roldan, Rocio Alonso-Castillo, Lara Pulido-Fraiz, Andrea Higuera Ruiz de la Hermosa, Leonardo Portocarrero-Sánchez, Javier Díaz-de-Terán","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090463","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interictal burden (IB), defined as the symptoms and impairments that occur between migraine attacks, including cognitive dysfunction, photophobia, and fatigue, is recognized as a significant determinant of quality of life in patients. A prospective observational study was conducted. Patients diagnosed with chronic migraine (CM) and under treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) according to the PREEMPT protocol (every 12 weeks) were assessed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the change in the IB measured with the Migraine Interictal Burden Scale (MIBS-4) and in the monthly migraine days (MMD). The secondary endpoint was acute medication use. This single-center study included 150 patients (91.3% female; median age 44 years). MIBS-4 scores were decreased by 29.1% at 3 months (8.47 to 5.97) and by 41.6% at 12 months (to 4.86; <i>p</i> < 0.001). IB-free status was achieved by 16 patients (10.7%). The most disabling baseline symptoms were photophobia (37%), fatigue (20%), and allodynia (18%), which reduced by 52%, 43%, and 39% at 12 months, respectively. MMD were reduced from 18.6 to 8.3 days at 12 months and triptan and analgesic intake decreased by 58.7% and 55.4%. OnabotA significantly reduced both IB and migraine frequency over 12 months, underscoring its relevance in CM management.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474176/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090461
Jiaxin Gao, Guohao Liu, Yan Liu, Dezhao Zhang, Qinyi He, Qiong Liao, Canwei Du
{"title":"Sea Anemone-Derived Toxin Avd3i Inhibited Sodium Channel Nav1.4.","authors":"Jiaxin Gao, Guohao Liu, Yan Liu, Dezhao Zhang, Qinyi He, Qiong Liao, Canwei Du","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090461","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ion channels regulate ion transport across cell or organelle membranes, playing an important role in various biological processes. Sodium channel Nav1.4 is critical to initiating and propagating action potentials in skeletal muscles, and its dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases, such as non-dystrophic myotonias. In this study, U-actitoxin-Avd3i (Avd3i), a Kunitz-type toxin derived from <i>Anemonia viridis</i>, was expressed in prokaryotic systems and was subsequently purified via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Patch clamp recording showed that Avd3i inhibited Nav1.4 in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 25.43 μM. However, the toxin exerted no inhibitory activity in Nav1.5/Nav1.7 channels or Kv1.1/Kv1.3/Kv1.4/Kv4.2 potassium channels. Our study found that the sea anemone-derived toxin Avd3i inhibited sodium channel Nav1.4, providing a novel molecule that can act on the channel.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-13DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090462
Naga Adithya Chandra Pandurangi, Manel M Santafe, Angels Tudo, Nagihan Ozsoy, Fransesc X Sureda, Mark L Dallas, Ioanis Katakis
{"title":"Cost-Effective and Rapid Detection of Tetrodotoxin Using Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes via In Vitro Electrophysiology and Electrochemistry.","authors":"Naga Adithya Chandra Pandurangi, Manel M Santafe, Angels Tudo, Nagihan Ozsoy, Fransesc X Sureda, Mark L Dallas, Ioanis Katakis","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090462","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The real-time, cost-effective detection of marine toxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Traditional methods, including cell-based assays (CBAs), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and automated patch clamp (APC), are time-consuming, requiring expensive lab-based equipment and highly trained personnel. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and immunosensors may not be suitable for toxin analogues. Thus, a simplified approach has been developed in this study, which involves the electrophysiological and electrochemical interrogation of N2a cells grown on ITO-coated glass electrodes by measuring extracellular field potentials (EFP) in conjunction with whole-cell patch clamp recordings and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements both before and after incubation with TTX. The ITO substrate proved biocompatible and non-toxic for N2a cells. TTX exposure caused 102% inhibition in EFP values at 300 nM, confirmed by sodium current inhibition of 93% at 300 nM and 22% at 1 nM in patch clamp studies (IC<sub>50</sub> = 6.7 nM). EIS measurements indicated concentration-dependent impedance changes in the range of 6-300 nM. This research aims to provide a proof-of-concept for integration of electrophysiological and electrochemical approaches to simplify toxin detection systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090458
Giuseppe Cosentino, Chiara Zaffina, Clara Zoccola, Mauro Fresia, Sara Merli, Simone Mauramati, Giulia Bertino, Massimiliano Todisco, Shayan Dodge, Sami Barmada, Enrico Alfonsi, Cristina Tassorelli
{"title":"Unilateral EMG-Guided Botulinum Toxin for Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction: A Prospective Clinical and Neurophysiological Study.","authors":"Giuseppe Cosentino, Chiara Zaffina, Clara Zoccola, Mauro Fresia, Sara Merli, Simone Mauramati, Giulia Bertino, Massimiliano Todisco, Shayan Dodge, Sami Barmada, Enrico Alfonsi, Cristina Tassorelli","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090458","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) is a recently recognized condition characterized by the inability to burp, typically accompanied by gurgling noises, bloating, and flatulence. Percutaneous botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle is a minimally invasive treatment with promising effects, although current evidence remains limited. In this prospective, open-label study, we evaluated the clinical effects of increasing doses (10 to 30 U) of EMG-guided unilateral BoNT injection in 67 patients with R-CPD. Symptom severity and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 4 months post-treatment. The electromyographic (EMG) parameters of the cricopharyngeus were recorded to explore their association with symptom burden and treatment response. At a 1-month follow-up, 55.2% of patients were classified as responders (satisfaction score ≥ 6/10), with a higher rate (64.4%) observed at higher doses, particularly in female patients. Both symptom severity and quality of life improved significantly at 1 month and were sustained at 4 months. Higher cricopharyngeus EMG activity was associated with more severe symptoms and lesser treatment responses. Unilateral EMG-guided BoNT injection is a safe and effective treatment for R-CPD. Further studies should explore the potential role of electromyography in clarifying the pathophysiological aspects of R-CPD and guiding treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474157/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090460
Benjamin Kövesi, Szabina Kulcsár, Zsolt Ancsin, Márta Erdélyi, Erika Zándoki, Márk Tóth, Patrik Gömbös, Ágnes Freiler-Nagy, Krisztián Balogh, Miklós Mézes
{"title":"Short-Term Effects of Dietary Selenomethionine Supplementation on Hepatic and Renal Transcriptomic Alterations Induced by Ochratoxin a in Broiler Chickens.","authors":"Benjamin Kövesi, Szabina Kulcsár, Zsolt Ancsin, Márta Erdélyi, Erika Zándoki, Márk Tóth, Patrik Gömbös, Ágnes Freiler-Nagy, Krisztián Balogh, Miklós Mézes","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090460","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin commonly found in poultry feed, induces oxidative stress and disrupts redox homeostasis in vital organs such as the liver and kidneys. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, may mitigate OTA-induced toxicity by supporting the antioxidant defense systems. This study investigated the short-term effects of dietary selenomethionine (SeMet) supplementation on OTA-induced oxidative and transcriptional responses in broiler chickens. Fifty-four 3-week-old birds were fed diets containing 2 mg/kg OTA, a target supplementation of 0.5 mg/kg Se (measured as 0.59 mg/kg as SeMet), or a combination of the two for five days. Liver and kidney samples were collected on Days 1 and 5 for biochemical and gene expression analyses. Exposure to OTA significantly modulated the expression of redox-sensitive transcription factors (<i>NRF2</i>, <i>KEAP1</i>), selenoproteins (<i>GPX3</i>, <i>GPX4</i>, <i>SELK</i>), and detoxification-related genes (<i>AHR</i>, <i>AHRR</i>, <i>CYP1A2</i>). SeMet alone enhanced selenoenzyme expression and antioxidant capacity, while co-exposure partially attenuated OTA-induced oxidative stress, resulting in more pronounced <i>NRF2</i> activation in the kidneys and <i>CYP1A2</i> induction in the liver. This is the first study to characterize the transcriptomic responses to OTA exposure in poultry within the first five days, providing novel insight into organ-specific mechanisms and emphasizing the epidemiological relevance of Se supplementation in mitigating the risk of feed contamination.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474486/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-12DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090457
Xiaocheng Bao, Xiaolei Chen, Shuai Chen, Ming-An Sun, Hairui Fan
{"title":"Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Identifies the Role of γ-Glutamylcysteine in Mitigating Deoxynivalenol-Induced Toxicity.","authors":"Xiaocheng Bao, Xiaolei Chen, Shuai Chen, Ming-An Sun, Hairui Fan","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090457","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090457","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Deoxynivalenol (DON), a prevalent environmental toxin produced by Fusarium fungi, frequently contaminates feed and food products. However, the critical metabolites and regulatory factors involved in DON toxicity remain poorly understood. Building upon our established DON-induced porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) injury model, this study employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to conduct metabolomic analysis, and integrated analysis with transcriptomic data from DON-exposed IPEC-J2. Results identified 1524 differentially expressed metabolites, and revealed significant enrichment in Glutathione metabolism and Mucin-type O-glycan biosyn-thesis pathways. Notably, γ-glutamylcysteine (<i>γ</i>GC), the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione synthesis, showed significant reduction following DON exposure. To explore the biological function of <i>γ</i>GC, this study found through exogenous supplementation experiments that <i>γ</i>GC pretreatment could significantly alleviate the inhibition of IPEC-J2 cell viability, effectively reduce intracellular ROS accumulation and inhibit DON-induced apoptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. These results indicated that the severe oxidative stress induced by DON is closely related to the blockage of glutathione synthesis caused by the exhaustion of intracellular <i>γ</i>GC, and revealed the application potential of <i>γ</i>GC as an exogenous supplement in the prevention and treatment of DON exposure. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights into the metabolic and transcriptional alterations, along with the key metabolites and regulators involved in the cellular response to DON pollution. It also lays a theoretical foundation for more effective prevention and treatment strategies against DON pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474252/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial Protein Toxins as Anticancer Agents: Clinical Potential of <i>Pseudomonas</i> and Anthrax Toxins.","authors":"Richa Misra, Radhika Gupta, Namita Nayyar, Ritvik Baweja, Vishal Sharma, Yogendra Singh, Renu Baweja","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090459","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090459","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protein toxins are biologically active polypeptides produced by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. These molecules exert potent and specific toxic effects on target cells and are primarily associated with pathogenicity and defense mechanisms of the organisms. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in understanding their structure, mechanisms of action, and regulation. Among these, bacterial protein toxins have emerged as valuable tools particularly in the development of targeted therapies. A notable example is Botulinum toxin, originally known for its neurotoxic effects, which was approved as a therapeutic agent in 1989 for strabismus treatment, paving way for repurposing bacterial toxins for clinical use. This review provides an overview of the different classes of bacterial toxin-based therapeutics, with a particular focus on <i>Pseudomonas</i> exotoxin A (PE) from <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and anthrax toxin from <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>. The modular architecture and potent cytotoxicity of these A-B type toxins have enabled their successful adaptation into targeted cancer therapies. The clinical approval of the PE-based immunotoxin, moxetumomab pasudotox, for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia, underscores the potential of this strategy. This review also discusses current challenges and outlines future directions for the advancement of bacterial toxin-based therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474063/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-11DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090456
Yesid R Garavito-Duarte, Jeonghyeon Son, Alexandra C Weaver, Sung Woo Kim
{"title":"Functional Efficacies of Humate and β-Mannanase Against Aflatoxin B1 and Deoxynivalenol in the Diets for Nursery Pigs.","authors":"Yesid R Garavito-Duarte, Jeonghyeon Son, Alexandra C Weaver, Sung Woo Kim","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090456","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090456","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>After in vitro mycotoxin binding validation, humate and β-mannanase were tested for mitigating the negative effects of aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and deoxynivalenol. Gilts at 8.7 ± 0.5 kg body weight were allotted to four treatments: NC (uncontaminated diet); PC (contaminated diet: 150 µg aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> and 1100 µg deoxynivalenol per kg feed); HT (PC + humate, 0.5%); and EM (PC + β-mannanase, 800 U/kg diet). Growth performance was recorded for 42 days, and blood and tissue samples were collected for hematological and histopathological evaluations. The PC reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) serum tumor necrosis factor-α at day 28 and tended to increase (<i>p</i> = 0.062) immunoglobulin G (IgG), whereas the EM reduced IgG (<i>p</i> < 0.05) at day 42. The PC increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) mean corpuscular hemoglobin and volume, which were reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by HT or EM at day 42. The PC increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) bile duct hyperplasia, which was attenuated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) by HT or EM. The PC reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05) gain- to-feed ratio for the overall period, whereas HT increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) average daily gain on days 21 to 28. These results suggest that HT and EM may mitigate mycotoxin-induced immune and hepatic damage in pigs through adsorbing mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-10DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090455
Brian D Berman, Fares Qeadan, Amanda D Henderson, Andrew R Harrison, Giovanni Defazio, Mark Hallett, Gamze Kilic-Berkmen, Laura Wright, Samantha Pentecost, Paul Reyes, Anna Tingin, Joseph Jankovic, Jane Boyd, Charlene Hudgins, Janet Hieshetter, Joel S Perlmutter, Hyder A Jinnah, Sarah Pirio Richardson
{"title":"Development of a Patient-Centered Outcome Tool for Blepharospasm: A Stepwise Modified Delphi Study.","authors":"Brian D Berman, Fares Qeadan, Amanda D Henderson, Andrew R Harrison, Giovanni Defazio, Mark Hallett, Gamze Kilic-Berkmen, Laura Wright, Samantha Pentecost, Paul Reyes, Anna Tingin, Joseph Jankovic, Jane Boyd, Charlene Hudgins, Janet Hieshetter, Joel S Perlmutter, Hyder A Jinnah, Sarah Pirio Richardson","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090455","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blepharospasm (BSP) is characterized by excessive orbicularis oculi muscle activity leading to abnormal blinking and involuntary eyelid closure. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are the main treatment for BSP, but they only partially and transiently relieve symptoms, leading to a waxing and waning therapeutic response. A patient-centered outcome (PCO) tool that measures BSP symptoms in a simple and efficient way could inform the development of better treatments. Using a stepwise modified Delphi approach, potential PCO items were first identified using the Dystonia Coalition Database with data from over 200 individuals with BSP who had provided responses to existing clinical assessment scales. These items were then analyzed for contribution to overall severity using a Random Forests approach, and redundant items were merged and revised in a series of iterative meetings with a specialist panel along with input from patient advocacy group representatives and focus groups. An online survey was conducted with 330 individuals with BSP to validate and verify the items' relevance. Finally, the specialist panel provided content validity ratio, which was repeated until it showed good agreement for relevance and clarity of all items. In the end, an easy-to-use PCO tool designed for smartphones and tablets containing 17 items covering three symptom domains (motor, disability, and psychosocial/quality of life) was created. This novel PCO tool for BSP may be used to characterize the cyclical response that an individual patient experiences from BoNT treatments and provide a vital tool for future investigations of longer-acting BoNT preparations or adjunctive therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ToxinsPub Date : 2025-09-09DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090454
Dorian Aznar, Alexandre Colas de la Noue, Luc P R Bidel, Caroline Cayzac, Charlie Poss, Eloïse Ciordia, Andréa Cozette, Angélique Fontana, Fanny Rolet, Caroline Strub
{"title":"In Vitro Screening of the Antifungal and Antimycotoxin Effects of a Stilbenoids-Riche Grapevine Cane Extract on <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>, <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> and <i>Penicillium expansum</i>.","authors":"Dorian Aznar, Alexandre Colas de la Noue, Luc P R Bidel, Caroline Cayzac, Charlie Poss, Eloïse Ciordia, Andréa Cozette, Angélique Fontana, Fanny Rolet, Caroline Strub","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090454","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grapevine cane, an abundant viticultural by-product, contains high levels of stilbenoids and therefore holds promise as a natural antifugal and antimycotoxigenic agent. Produced by a microwave-assisted hydro-ethanolic extraction process, the grapevine cane extract (GCE) was tested for its activity against three mycotoxigenic fungi <i>F. graminearum</i>, <i>A. flavus</i>, and <i>P. expansum</i>. Dose-response assays were performed, based on radial growth and inhibition of specific mycotoxin production. For all fungi, growth inhibition IC<sub>50</sub> values clustered between 1.0 and 5.0 g/L, while for specific toxin production, IC<sub>50</sub> were lower (≈0.5 g/L) except for patulin, which increased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of the extract. Specific experiments were designed to highlight the effect of the extracts at various stages of the fungal life cycle (e.g., spore germination, early mycelium, and established colonies). <i>F. graminearum</i> spores' germination was strongly inhibited (5.0 to 15 g/L), while for other fungi, germination was only delayed. Interestingly, antifungal and especially antimycotoxigenic effects were shown to be persistent after exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474358/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}