Toxins最新文献_第3页

Research Progress on the Detection Methods of Botulinum Neurotoxin. 肉毒杆菌神经毒素检测方法研究进展。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090453

Shuo Wang, Huajie Zhang, Yanhua Xue, Yingchao Yang, Liyong Yuan

{"title":"Research Progress on the Detection Methods of Botulinum Neurotoxin.","authors":"Shuo Wang, Huajie Zhang, Yanhua Xue, Yingchao Yang, Liyong Yuan","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090453","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090453","url":null,"abstract":"Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by the anaerobic spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum, are among the most potent known biological toxins. BoNTs cause lethal botulism via contaminated food, wound infections, or infant intestinal colonization, posing significant threats to public health. Although the mouse bioassay is still being considered as the gold standard for detecting BoNTs, its drawbacks, including the lengthy experimental duration, high costs, and ethical issues, highlight the urgent need to develop alternative methods to fulfill the detection requirements. In recent years, frequent botulism poisoning incidents haves put forward higher requirements for detection technology. On-site detection is expected to be rapid and immediate, while laboratory detection requires high sensitivity and serotype discrimination capabilities. This review comprehensively introduces current detection approaches, including mouse bioassay, cell-based assays, immunological methods, endopeptidase-mass spectrometry, biosensors, chromatography, and mass spectrometry techniques. Notably, cell-based assays have been used for the potency testing of commercialized botulinum toxin type A and are considered the most promising alternative to the mouse bioassay. Biosensors based on nanomaterials demonstrate advantages in real-time detection due to their rapid response and portability, while endopeptidase-mass spectrometry achieves high sensitivity and effective serotype identification by specifically recognizing toxin-cleaved substrates. Future works shall aim to completely replace MBA, developing a detection system suitable for multiple scenarios such as clinical diagnosis, food safety monitoring, and environmental monitoring. The detection methods should also have matrix compatibility and serotype discrimination capabilities.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Exploring the Potential of Genista ulicina Phytochemicals as Natural Biocontrol Agents: A Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. 探索牡丹植物化学物质作为天然生物防治剂的潜力：体外和计算机分析的比较。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090452

Roukia Zatout, Ouided Benslama, Fatima Zohra Makhlouf, Alessio Cimmino, Maria Michela Salvatore, Anna Andolfi, Radhia Manel Kolla, Marco Masi

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Genista ulicina Phytochemicals as Natural Biocontrol Agents: A Comparative In Vitro and In Silico Analysis.","authors":"Roukia Zatout, Ouided Benslama, Fatima Zohra Makhlouf, Alessio Cimmino, Maria Michela Salvatore, Anna Andolfi, Radhia Manel Kolla, Marco Masi","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090452","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090452","url":null,"abstract":"Development of new sustainable pesticides represents a real challenge for researchers due to environmental issues and public health aspects. In fact, the overuse of chemical pesticides has led to environmental damage, loss of biodiversity, and pesticide-resistant pests. In a framework characterized by the necessity of new sustainable agricultural practices, this study investigates the plant Genista ulicina as a producer of bioactive compounds for potential application as eco-friendly biopesticides. First, both roots and aerial parts of G. ulicina were extracted and the main compounds in the crude extracts were identified via GC-MS. Subsequently, the crude extracts were submitted to antifungal and phytotoxic assays. In particular, the antifungal effects were evaluated on three common phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, and Botrytis cinerea, while phytotoxic activity was evaluated on two weed species: Euphorbia peplus L. and Oxalis corniculata L. Further insights were obtained on the herbicidal potential of phytochemical compounds produced by G. ulicina through in silico investigations. In particular, molecular docking analyses were performed against three key enzymes involved in essential plant metabolic pathways: acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO). Among the compounds identified, linolelaidic acid methyl ester, 1-monolinolein, stearic acid, and palmitic acid derivatives showed promising binding affinities and favorable interaction patterns compared to reference ligands. Selected phytochemicals from G. ulicina show potential as inhibitors of key herbicide targets, suggesting their value as promising leads in the development of sustainable bio-based weed control agents.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474477/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Galectin-8A Inhibits Cry11Aa Binding to ALP1 and APN 2 Receptors and Toxicity Against Aedes aegypti Larvae. 半乳糖凝集素- 8a抑制Cry11Aa与ALP1和apn2受体结合及对埃及伊蚊幼虫的毒性

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090451

Xiaohua Hu, Xianhui Huang, Jiannan Liu, Guohui Zhao, Songqing Wu, Xiaoqiang Yu, Lei Xu, Xiong Guan, Lingling Zhang

{"title":"Galectin-8A Inhibits Cry11Aa Binding to ALP1 and APN 2 Receptors and Toxicity Against Aedes aegypti Larvae.","authors":"Xiaohua Hu, Xianhui Huang, Jiannan Liu, Guohui Zhao, Songqing Wu, Xiaoqiang Yu, Lei Xu, Xiong Guan, Lingling Zhang","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090451","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090451","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti, a crucial vector mosquito that transmits many diseases that cause millions of deaths worldwide, can be controlled with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti). The larvicidal activity of Bti against Ae. aegypti is due primarily to Cry4Aa, Cry4Ba, and Cry11Aa, and Cyt1Aa, a protein that synergizes the activity of the Cry proteins. Interestingly, Galectins-6 and Galectins-14, members of a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins that play a role in immune responses insects, have been shown to decrease the activity of Bti toxins. The activity of other Galectins, particularly Galectin-8A, against the Cry proteins is not known. Toward this end, we cloned the gene coding for galactin-8A and expressed the recombinant protein and purified protein. The bioassay results indicated that Galectin-8A can also reduce the toxicity of Cry11Aa, but it was much stronger than Galectin-6. To investigate the interactions among Galectin-8A, Cry11Aa, and toxin receptors, Octet Red System analysis, Western blot, far-Western blot, and ELISA assay were also performed. The Octet Red System result showed that Galectin-8A could also bind to BBMVs of Ae. aegypti, with a lower kDa value than that of Galectin-6, indicating that Galectin-8A had a stronger binding affinity to BBMVs than Galectin-6. Western blot, far-Western blot, and ELISA assay analyses also demonstrated that Galectin-8A bound to Ae. aegypti receptor ALP1 and APN2, consistent with the protein docking simulation results. These findings support the conclusion that Galectin-8A blocks with ALP1 and APN2 more effectively than Galectin-6, which may subsequently reduce the toxicity of Cry11Aa in Ae. aegypti.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-Occurrence of Toxic Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria Planktothrix, Cyanophage, and Symbiotic Bacteria in Ohio Water Treatment Waste: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Management. 有毒水华形成蓝藻浮游菌、噬藻和共生细菌在俄亥俄州水处理废水中的共同出现：对有害藻华管理的影响。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090450

Angela Brooke Davis, Morgan Evans, Katelyn McKindles, Jiyoung Lee

{"title":"Co-Occurrence of Toxic Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria Planktothrix, Cyanophage, and Symbiotic Bacteria in Ohio Water Treatment Waste: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Management.","authors":"Angela Brooke Davis, Morgan Evans, Katelyn McKindles, Jiyoung Lee","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090450","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090450","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly becoming more intense and frequent, posing a public health threat globally. Drinking water treatment plants that rely on algal bloom-affected waters may create waste (water treatment residuals, WTRs) that concentrates contaminants. Source waters may contain harmful cyanobacteria, cyanophages (bacteriophages that infect cyanobacteria), and bacteria. Cyanophages are known to affect bloom formation and growth dynamics, so there is a need to understand viral-host dynamics between phage and bacteria in these ecosystems for managing cyanobacteria. This study isolated and characterized lytic cyanophages from WTRs of a HAB-affected lake in Ohio that infect toxic bloom-forming filamentous cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii. Phage infections in the Lake Erie cyanobacteria culture were examined visually and via microscopy and fluorometry. Whole genome sequencing and metagenomic analyses were also conducted. Observed changes in Planktothrix included sheared and shriveled filaments, reduced clumping, and buoyancy changes. Photosynthetic pigmentation was unexpectedly more apparent during phage infection. Metagenomic analyses identified nineteen phages and seven other co-existing bacterial genera. Annotated bacterial genomes contained metabolic pathways that may influence phage infection efficiency. Viral genomes were successfully tied to microbial hosts, and annotations identified important viral infection proteins. This study examines cyanobacterial-phage interactions that may have potential for bioremedial applications.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Injection of Affibodies by a Self-Organizing Bacterial Syringe to Interfere with Intracellular Signaling. 用自组织细菌注射器注射词缀干扰细胞内信号。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090448

Thomas Müller, Sophie Gieß, Fanny Maier, Lara Hofacker, Luca Stenger, Larissa Parker, Robert Grosse, Gudula Schmidt

引用次数: 0

Potential Linkage Between Zebra Mussel Establishment, Cyanobacterial Community Composition, and Microcystin Levels in United States Lakes. 美国湖泊斑马贻贝数量、蓝藻群落组成和微囊藻毒素水平之间的潜在联系。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090447

Feng Zhang, Jayun Kim, Ozeas S Costa, Song Liang, Jiyoung Lee

{"title":"Potential Linkage Between Zebra Mussel Establishment, Cyanobacterial Community Composition, and Microcystin Levels in United States Lakes.","authors":"Feng Zhang, Jayun Kim, Ozeas S Costa, Song Liang, Jiyoung Lee","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090447","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090447","url":null,"abstract":"Zebra mussel invasion of North American lakes during the last century may play an important role in the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. However, empirical evidence quantifying their influence on cyanobacterial community dynamics at broad spatial scales remains limited. Here, we analyzed data from the U.S. EPA National Lakes Assessment (>1000 lakes) to examine potential linkages among zebra mussels, cyanobacterial community composition, and cyanotoxin levels. The analysis results showed significant differences in cyanobacterial communities between lakes located in areas with and without established zebra mussel populations. The lakes with established zebra mussels exhibited significantly higher microcystin levels and cyanobacterial abundance, but lower phosphorus concentrations. Structural equation modeling was used to confirm and estimate the effect of zebra mussels on microcystin concentrations via different pathways. The results suggest three potential pathways whereby zebra mussels influence microcystin production: (1) altering phosphorus concentration; (2) increasing cyanobacterial abundance; and (3) shifting cyanobacteria community structure. The total effect of zebra mussel establishment resulted in an overall 1.40-fold net increase in microcystin level, which presumably resulted from three contributing factors: (1) a 1.06-fold increase through an increased cyanobacterial abundance; (2) a 1.53-fold increase through a selective force, resulting in increased cyanobacteria toxicity; and (3) a 0.86-fold decrease in microcystin level through total phosphorus decrease. The study highlights the potential role of zebra mussel invasion in altering cyanobacterial composition and influencing microcystin levels in U.S. lakes.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474483/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive Insight into Microcystin-Degrading Mechanism of Sphingopyxis sp. m6 Based on Mlr Enzymes. 基于Mlr酶的Sphingopyxis sp. m6微囊藻毒素降解机制研究

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090446

Qin Ding, Tongtong Liu, Zhuoxiao Li, Rongli Sun, Juan Zhang, Lihong Yin, Yuepu Pu

{"title":"Comprehensive Insight into Microcystin-Degrading Mechanism of Sphingopyxis sp. m6 Based on Mlr Enzymes.","authors":"Qin Ding, Tongtong Liu, Zhuoxiao Li, Rongli Sun, Juan Zhang, Lihong Yin, Yuepu Pu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090446","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090446","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial degradation is one important Microcystin (MC) removal method in the natural environment. The traditional MC-degrading pathway was proposed based on the functions of individual recombinant Mlr enzymes and the structures of the main MC-degrading products. However, the actual MC-degrading mechanism by Mlr enzymes in wild-type bacteria remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatic analysis, heterologous expression, and knockout mutation were performed to elaborate the MC-degrading mechanism by Mlr enzymes in Sphingopyxis sp. m6. The results showed that mlr gene cluster was initially acquired by horizontal gene transfer, followed by vertical inheritance within Alphaproteobacteria. Mlr enzymes exhibit distinct subcellular localizations and possess diverse conserved catalytic domains. The enzymatic cascade MlrA/MlrB/MlrC sequentially cleaves Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) via Adda-Arg, Ala-Leu, and Adda-Glu bonds, generating characteristic intermediates (linearized MC-LR, tetrapeptide, and Adda). Notably, recombinant MlrC demonstrated dual-targeting degrading capability (linearized MC-LR and tetrapeptide), while tetrapeptide specificity in endogenous processing of Sphingopyxis sp. m6. Marker-free knockout mutants of mlr genes were first constructed in MC-degrading bacteria, unveiling that mlrA was indispensable in initial MC cleavage, whereas mlrB/mlrC/mlrD displayed functional compensation through other enzymes with similar functions. This study promotes the mechanistic understanding of MC bacterial degradation and offers a theoretical basis for a bioremediation strategy targeting cyanotoxin pollution.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474180/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Pathogens Ewingella americana and Cedecea neteri Associated with Pleurotus pulmonarius. 与肺侧耳菌相关的美洲Ewingella和cedecae neteri病原菌产生挥发性有机化合物的毒性研究。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090449

Zhiyuan Wei, Yifan Wang, Jieheng Qiu, Yulu Nie, Lian Wang, Bin Liu

{"title":"Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by Pathogens Ewingella americana and Cedecea neteri Associated with Pleurotus pulmonarius.","authors":"Zhiyuan Wei, Yifan Wang, Jieheng Qiu, Yulu Nie, Lian Wang, Bin Liu","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090449","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090449","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial diseases of Pleurotus pulmonarius, caused by diverse pathogens and associated with a range of symptoms, reduce its commercial value and lead to substantial economic losses. While most research has focused on Pseudomonas tolaasii and its non-volatile toxin tolaasin, little is known about other bacterial pathogens and their volatile metabolites. In this study, two bacterial pathogens were isolated from symptomatic P. pulmonarius fruiting bodies in Guangxi, China, and identified as Ewingella americana and Cedecea neteri. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), we identified 16 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by these two species, seven of which exhibited toxicity-inducing sunken lesions, discoloration, and inhibition of mycelial growth. Symptom severity was quantified by colorimetric analysis. Among the toxic VOCs, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was the most potent, inducing sunken lesions and slight discoloration at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg/mL, and causing significant inhibition of mycelial growth at 5 μg/L. The remaining VOCs also caused varying degrees of sunken lesions, yellowing or browning, and suppression of mycelial growth. This study is the first to demonstrate the pathogenic potential of VOCs produced by bacterial pathogens in P. pulmonarius, underscoring their role as important virulence factors and providing a foundation for further investigation into their mechanisms and control strategies.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474411/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Differences in Marine Toxin Poisonings Reported to US Poison Centers After Pandemic Restrictions. 在大流行限制后，向美国毒物中心报告的海洋毒素中毒的差异。

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090444

Baylin J Bennett, Cailee Hill, Hugh B Roland, Lorraine C Backer, Amy H Schnall, Matthew O Gribble

{"title":"Differences in Marine Toxin Poisonings Reported to US Poison Centers After Pandemic Restrictions.","authors":"Baylin J Bennett, Cailee Hill, Hugh B Roland, Lorraine C Backer, Amy H Schnall, Matthew O Gribble","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090444","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090444","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated whether marine toxin poisonings reported to U.S. Poison Centers changed during the height of the pandemic period (April 2020 to December 2021). The National Poison Data System was queried for single-substance human exposure calls between 1 January 2000 and 31 March 2022 pertaining to ichthyosarcotoxins. Incidence rate ratios for exposure calls were calculated using mixed-effects negative binomial regression. Call counts were aggregated by year and regressed on a binary indicator for occurrence during pandemic restrictions. During the peak pandemic period, exposure calls decreased for several toxins: ciguatera poisoning: 0.57 (0.43, 0.76); clupeotoxic fish poisoning: 0.12 (0.04, 0.39); diarrhetic shellfish poisoning: 0.28 (0.16, 0.49); paralytic shellfish poisoning: 0.23 (0.17, 0.33); scombroid fish poisoning: 0.46 (0.36, 0.57). However, palytoxin poisoning (1.94 (1.32, 2.84)) and tetrodotoxin poisoning (1.73 (1.46, 2.04)) exposure calls appear to have increased. All results were Bonferroni-significant (p ≤ 0.0009). Sensitivity analyses suggest the PLTX increase began prior to pandemic restrictions, whereas the TTX increase appeared to be directly associated with the restrictions. Both men and women reported increases in TTX exposure calls. The TTX increase could be associated with potentially increased participation in outdoor activities, as TTX exposures are linked to amphibia, echinoderms, fish, and mollusks, among other animals.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12474031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Application of Graphitized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Combined with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Detection of Ten Toxins in Wild Mushrooms. 石墨化多壁碳纳米管结合轨道阱高分辨率质谱法快速检测野生蘑菇中10种毒素

IF 4 3区医学

Toxins Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17090445

Bo Zhang, Yang Liu, Shengnan Li, Ruonan Li, Yunhui Zhang, Hua Zhao

{"title":"Application of Graphitized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Combined with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Detection of Ten Toxins in Wild Mushrooms.","authors":"Bo Zhang, Yang Liu, Shengnan Li, Ruonan Li, Yunhui Zhang, Hua Zhao","doi":"10.3390/toxins17090445","DOIUrl":"10.3390/toxins17090445","url":null,"abstract":"Wild mushroom poisoning is an emerging global food safety issue, especially in subtropical regions like southwestern China, where incidents are geographically clustered. Current detection methods are often time-consuming and overlook region-specific toxins. We developed a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of ten characteristic mushroom toxins prevalent in Guizhou, China. The method combines graphite multi-walled carbon nanotubes (G-MWCNTs) for sample preparation with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Wild mushroom samples were extracted via ultrasonic-assisted methanol-water extraction, purified using G-MWCNTs, and separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm). Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid + 0.01% ammonia and acetonitrile; quantification used the external standard method. The method achieved LODs of 0.005-0.2 mg/kg and LOQs of 0.015-0.6 mg/kg, with RSDs below 18.11% and excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9936-0.9989). Among 45 wild mushroom samples, toxin levels ranged from 0.032 to 445.10 mg/kg, with a detection rate of 22.22%, suggesting notable poisoning risk. This method reduces pretreatment time while ensuring high analytical performance, offering a reliable tool for rapid toxin screening and supporting regional surveillance of wild mushroom poisoning.","PeriodicalId":23119,"journal":{"name":"Toxins","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12473988/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145150997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0