Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"Hydrothermal carbonisation products energy properties: The role of digested sludge type and operating conditions","authors":"Nina Kossińska ,&nbsp;Renata Krzyżyńska ,&nbsp;Anna Grosser ,&nbsp;Marzena Kwapińska ,&nbsp;Heba Ghazal ,&nbsp;Hussam Jouhara ,&nbsp;Witold Kwapiński","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103461","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103461","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising alternative to conventional sludge drying, enhancing energy recovery in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study examines how temperature, residence time, and sludge collection point influence HTC product properties. Experiments were conducted at 200–250 °C for 30–120 min using digested sludge collected before filtration, after thickening, and after dewatering. Results show that sludge collection point strongly affects hydrochar’s higher heating value (HHV), while temperature and residence time influence the biomethane potential (BMP) of HTC liquids. The highest HHV (16.31 MJ/kg) was obtained from dewatered sludge (19.8 % TS) at 250 °C, 75 min, while the highest BMP (506 mlCH₄/g NPOC) was observed from HTC liquids of thickened sludge (11.1 % TS) at 200 °C, 30 min. Findings highlight that sludge pre-treatment (thickening, dewatering) plays a crucial role in HTC efficiency, influencing both solid and liquid fractions. From a WWTP perspective, dewatered sludge processed under mild HTC conditions provides the best trade-off between hydrochar quality, HTC liquid valorization, and operational costs. These insights support the optimization of sludge-to-energy strategies, essential for implementing HTC in WWTPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103461"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on diesel engine performance of tractor under transient conditions","authors":"Qijun Tang ,&nbsp;Boyu Ren ,&nbsp;Jiapeng Wu ,&nbsp;Juncheng Hu ,&nbsp;Jianqin Fu ,&nbsp;Daqing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper conducts a systematic performance evaluation of the LOVOL M1204-D tractor and its matching diesel engine. Key performance parameters of the diesel engine are obtained through diesel engine bench tests and actual field tests of the tractor. The diesel engine bench tests include steady-state tests of universal characteristics and transient tests of constant-speed loading. In contrast, the tractor field tests utilize two types of agricultural implements, namely, the five-furrow plow and rotary tiller, to comprehensively measure critical indicators such as diesel engine speed, fuel flow rate, excess air ratio, intake and exhaust pressures and temperatures, as well as in-cylinder combustion parameters. Based on the experimental data, this paper quantitatively analyzes the performance characteristics and differences of the diesel engine, as well as the reasons for the differences under various operating conditions. The results show that during the constant-speed transient loading process of the diesel engine, parameters such as cyclic fuel injection, indicated torque can quickly reach a stable state. In contrast, the diesel engine torque, intake manifold pressure, exhaust manifold pressure, take longer to stabilize. Compared to the bench tests, the indicated thermal efficiency and effective thermal efficiency of the diesel engine during tractor field operations decline, and<!--> <!-->the coefficient of variation of the performance parameters increases significantly. Specifically, the coefficient of variation for combustion during from 10% to 90% reaches 18.00%, while the brake thermal efficiency decreases by 10.67%. This study provides a useful reference and guidance for the transient performance optimization of diesel engines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing thermal performance of solar air heater using graphene nano coatings: A comparative study with and without baffles","authors":"C.Balakrishna Moorthy ,&nbsp;K. Dilip kumar ,&nbsp;R. Vijayakumar ,&nbsp;P. Madhu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how effectively solar air heaters (SAH) work when various absorber plate coatings are applied. For this, different absorber plate proportions of graphene Nano coatings are used with SAH with and without baffles. Several experiments are carried out, and the results are compared for SAH with and without baffles. These included black paint coating (Case 1), 1 wt% graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP’s) dispersed black paint (Case 2), 2 wt% GNP’s dispersed black paint (Case 3), 1 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic paint &amp; black paint (Case 4), 2 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic paint &amp; black paint (Case 5), 1 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic paint 1 wt% graphene in black paint (Case 6), 1 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic paint &amp; 2 wt% graphene in black paint (Case 7), 2 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic &amp; 1 wt% graphene in black paint (Case 8), and 2 wt% graphene dispersed acrylic &amp; 2 wt% graphene in black paint (Case 9). The case with the highest thermal performance among all the cases examined is the one with 2 wt% graphene dispersed in acrylic and 2 wt% graphene in black paint (Case 9). Compared to other cases studied for SAH with and without baffles, case 9′s SAH with baffles produces a maximum average efficiency of 83.8 %. With the same configuration, the maximum average useful heat gains of 700.4 W and the maximum thermos-hydraulic performance parameter of 1.97 are achieved. Compared to others, the superior thermal characteristics and high graphene concentration in the SAH absorber exhibit superior thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 103498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-material injection system to foster circularity: Valorization of recycled polymers from waste plastics in electric arc furnace","authors":"Mattia Bissoli ,&nbsp;Enrico Malfa ,&nbsp;Elisa Marchesan ,&nbsp;Loredana Di Sante ,&nbsp;Marcello Casa ,&nbsp;Piero Frittella ,&nbsp;Luz Salas","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103497","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103497","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternative materials able to replace fossil carbon sources is a topic of great interest among European steel mills. The OnlyPlastic project, funded by the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS), aims to demonstrate the feasibility of substituting fossil carbon in EAF-based steel production with a new SRA derived from plastic residues, compliant with UNI 10667–17 and produced by I.BLU. Such approach avoids landfill disposal of hard-to-recycle plastic residues, promoting synergistic approached between industrial sectors.</div><div>Industrial trials at the Feralpi Lonato site confirmed the feasibility of SRA use in EAF without adverse effects on process performance, EAF stability, slag quality, or pollutant emissions. Notable reductions in VOCs (−41%), dioxins and furans emissions (−56%) are observed. The injection system is based on new development made by Tenova, specifically designed to promote iron oxide reduction and slag foaming processes with low-density materials.</div><div>LCA studies support the use of SRA like BLUAIR® as an alternative to coal in steel making processes, with a 16% reduction in the total (direct and indirect) CO₂ emissions (kg equivalent). A geographical analysis indicates that the creation of an SRA value chain is feasible in various European countries, promoting the development of a new supply chain where steel manufacturer and plastic recycling centers are present on the same territory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103497"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing boiling heat transfer by ultrafast laser texturing of groove structures on thin-film graphene surfaces","authors":"Chin Chi Hsu ,&nbsp;Tien-Li Chang ,&nbsp;Yen-Cheng Chang ,&nbsp;Chien-Ping Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103510","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103510","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the microelectronics industry, efficient high heat flux removal is increasingly important and can be achieved by enhancing the wettability of boiling surfaces. The heat dissipation performance of boiling heat transfer is determined by two key indicators: increasing heat flux and improving the heat transfer coefficient. This study employed a simple and efficient method to pattern screen-printed thin-film graphene surfaces, aiming to optimize both heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. The boiling surfaces were modified using ultrafast picosecond laser texturing. Results demonstrated that the improvement in boiling heat transfer was directly proportional to the groove widths created by laser texturing on the thin-film graphene surfaces. The laser texturing surface of G4 exhibited the highest heat transfer coefficient with a value of 63 kW/m² K, representing an enhancement of 135 %. Therefore, ultrafast laser texturing on thin-film graphene surfaces can be significantly enhanced through a straightforward and rapid method, making it a promising substrate for industrial applications to enhance boiling heat transfer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103510"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance optimization of solar air heater with novel combination of sinusoidal absorber and angled baffles: A CFD and Taguchi approach","authors":"Youssef Arkam,&nbsp;Anas Sakim,&nbsp;Ossama Merroun,&nbsp;Said Sobhi,&nbsp;Ahmed Bouchaala","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a detailed analysis of an innovative solar air heater design, combining a sinusoidal absorber geometry with strategically placed angled baffles. The primary goal is to enhance the thermal performance of the device while reducing adverse pressure gradients. The investigation employed the Taguchi optimization methodology to systematically evaluate the influence of critical parameters, including Reynolds number (<span><math><mrow><mi>Re</mi></mrow></math></span>), pitch (<span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow></math></span>), wave period (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>P</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and wave depth (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, on thermohydraulic characteristics. A bidimensional numerical simulations were conducted by using ANSYS Fluent and based on the Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. The optimal configuration, found at <span><math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0.05</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>P</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.03</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>w</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.001</mn><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 8000, showed a thermal enhancement factor of 0.986. This result represents a significant improvement in thermohydraulic performance of about 15.05 % compared to conventional baffle-only system. An economic analysis of the optimized configuration was conducted, revealing substantial practical advantages. The optimized system generated a net annual energy output of 1,721.49 kWh, exceeding the smooth SAH baseline by 1,700.23 kWh. This results in annual savings of 256.97 €/kWh, representing an approximate 30 % improvement over previous optimal baffle configurations. These findings highlight the significant potential of integrating geometric modifications to improve solar air heater efficiency, while showcasing strong economic viability for practical application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103496"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143685869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Disinfection of Phi6 Virus Bacteriophage on Fomites by Various Methods and a Prototype for IR Application","authors":"Baki Karaböce ,&nbsp;Rauf Hamid ,&nbsp;Evren Saban ,&nbsp;Hüseyin Sözeri ,&nbsp;Erkan Danacı ,&nbsp;Ahsen Aydın Böyük ,&nbsp;Hüseyin Okan Durmuş ,&nbsp;Lev Dorosinskiy ,&nbsp;Oğuzhan Kızılbey ,&nbsp;Semanur Bilecik ,&nbsp;Tuğçe Yazgan ,&nbsp;Rabia Hatipzade ,&nbsp;Halil İbrahim Battal ,&nbsp;Ahmet Baş","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103477","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103477","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article, disinfection methods of Phi6 bacteriophage virus (equivalent of SARS-CoV-2) are presented and compared. Some of these methods are new, some have been retested, and one is cited from literature sources. In addition, the spread of the virus in droplets is theoretically modeled and its spread in air is visualized. Most of the existing virus disinfection methods, including thermal, UV, physical, and chemical, are applied, and new methods as infrared (IR) and microwave (MW)) are proposed, reviewed, and their virus degradation results are presented. The spread of the virus in aerosol and droplets is investigated through Brownian motion simulations using COMSOL software. The virus spread in air is visualized using a powerful laser and a high-speed camera. Comparative studies have been conducted for Far IR (FIR), MW, UV, chemicals, and heating techniques, as it produces therapeutic sunlight effect for disinfection of Phi6 virus bacteriophage.</div><div>The results that were previously published by us showing the effect of reducing the spread of the virus with FIR were briefly given and compared with the MW study results and the applications of UV, chemical and heating results. It was seen that the FIR method stood out as the most economical, harmless, applicable and effective method when compared with other methods through a survey study. According to a previously published paper showing that Phi6 virus bacteriophage was weakened, it was shown that the density of living virus decreased at temperatures about 42 °C and above on fomites. In order to demonstrate and use this effect, surface temperature measurements were performed on surfaces using different materials such as aluminum, wooden, paper, plastic, and tile and the results were used. Then a prototype device that utilizes FIR was developed in the light of current and previous results, tested and presented in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 103477"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the influence of the skid coolant temperature on the reheating furnace performance","authors":"Zaaquib Yunus Ahmed ,&nbsp;Wim Beyne ,&nbsp;Ilya T’Jollyn ,&nbsp;Steven Lecompte ,&nbsp;Toon Demeester ,&nbsp;Teun De Raad ,&nbsp;Michel De Paepe","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Steelmaking is among the most energy-intensive production processes, involving various furnaces for melting, reheating, or annealing at different stages. This study focuses on the reheating process, where steel slabs are moved through a hot furnace to reach temperatures suitable for hot rolling. This movement is facilitated by water-cooled skids that transport slabs along the furnace length, influencing both furnace efficiency and product quality. This paper examines the effect of increasing skid coolant temperature on furnace performance using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study adjusts coolant temperatures in the skids to observe impacts on furnace temperature distribution, slab heat fluxes, and overall charge quality. Using an experimentally validated truncated modelling approach, the furnace is analysed with a full-scale steady-state model, while the slab reheating process is evaluated with a truncated model. Furnace performance is assessed by examining temperature distributions and slab surface heat fluxes, while the reheating process is evaluated by analysing heat fluxes at skid-slab contacts, slab cross-sectional temperatures, and cold spot penetration depths. Findings indicate that increasing the skid coolant temperature to 350 °C can reduce reheating time by approximately 4–5 %, suggesting a notable improvement in furnace efficiency and slab quality through optimized skid cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 103502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convective heat transfer enhancement by combination effect of twist and helix in helical twisted tubes","authors":"Mengxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Xiuzhen Li ,&nbsp;Yingying Tan ,&nbsp;Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Peng ,&nbsp;Zhanwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel heat exchange element-helical twisted tube (HTT) is proposed, and its novelty is reflected in the heat transfer enhancement brought about by the coupled deformation effect of helix and twist. Numerical simulations are used to research the effects of structural parameters on heat transfer, flow resistance, and entropy production characteristics of the HTT within the Reynolds number (<em>Re</em>) range of 500 to 4000 at constant wall temperature, which the mathematical model adopted is the RNG <em>k-ε</em> turbulence model. The variations of Nusselt number (<em>Nu</em>), friction factor (<em>f</em>), entropy production (<em>S^’_gen</em>), Bejan number (<em>Be</em>), and performance evaluation criterion (<em>PEC</em>) in the HTT are analyzed with respect to changes in twist ratio (<em>Y</em>), diameter ratio (<em>D/D_h</em>), and helical pitch ratio (<em>x/D_h</em>). The results turn out that the rising <em>Re</em> brings about the increase of <em>Nu</em> and <em>S^’_gen</em>; but results in the decrease of <em>f</em> and <em>Be</em>. Under the condition of constant <em>Re</em>, the values of <em>Nu</em>, <em>f</em>, and <em>S^’_gen</em> exhibit a decreasing trend as <em>Y</em> increases. This decremental behavior is also observed when <em>D/D_h</em> rises, and furthermore, all these parameters decrease as <em>x/D_h</em> increases. The <em>Be</em> within HTT increases with an increase in <em>Y</em>, <em>D/D_h</em>, and <em>x/D_h</em>. When <em>Re</em> is constant, the secondary flow intensity in HTT is 32.0 % higher than spiral circular tube (SCT) and 183.1 % higher than twisted elliptical tubes (TET). The heat transfer efficiency in HTT increased by 14.9 % compared to SCT and by 33.7 % compared to TET. Within the research scope, Case 8 (<em>B</em> = 100 mm, <em>D</em> = 30 mm, <em>x</em>  = 176.4 mm) is identified as the optimal HTT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 103504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced heat transfer analysis of micropolar hybrid-nanofluids in an incinerator-shaped cavity","authors":"Shafqat Hussain ,&nbsp;Prakash Jayavel ,&nbsp;Bander Almutairi ,&nbsp;Katta Ramesh","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates natural convection heat transport in micropolar fluids within an incinerator-shaped cavity, employing a mathematical model and numerical simulations. The research addresses the challenge of improving thermal efficiency in systems where conventional fluids and geometries often limit performance. By incorporating hybrid nanofluids (Ag-MgO nanoparticles), the study aims to enhance thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency, offering potential advancements for industrial and engineering applications. Key factors, including the Rayleigh number, geometrical configurations, and nanoparticle volume fraction, are examined for their influence on velocity, temperature, and microrotation profiles. The corresponding mathematical model is simulated using the finite element method, revealing critical insights into the system’s thermal characteristics. Results indicate that a higher Rayleigh number enhances heat transfer through stronger convection. Moderate undulations in the cavity slightly reduce the average Nusselt number, while excessive waviness impairs heat transfer. Increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction improves thermal conductivity, and the addition of hybrid nanoparticles (Ag-MgO) further boosts heat transfer efficiency. Optimal heat transfer is achieved with smaller wavy wall amplitudes and higher nanoparticle volume fractions, while larger amplitudes negatively impact performance. These findings provide a pathway for designing more efficient heat transfer systems, with implications for advanced thermal management in energy, manufacturing, and environmental technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"60 ","pages":"Article 103471"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}