Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"High-pressure GDI spray impingement: Experimental and computational analysis of nozzle orifice shape effects","authors":"Shenghao Yu ,&nbsp;Jiangshan Jin ,&nbsp;Jiao Wang ,&nbsp;Jiapeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The spray-wall interaction characteristics of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) nozzles play a crucial role in engine combustion and particulate matter (PM) emissions. While previous studies have confirmed the potential of elliptical nozzles to improve spray characteristics, a systematic investigation into their spray-wall interaction behavior under high injection pressure conditions is still lacking. This study combines experimental testing and numerical simulations to investigate the spray-wall interaction characteristics of circular and elliptical nozzles in GDI systems. The results indicate that the elliptical nozzle, due to its asymmetric structure, enhances air entrainment, which suppresses axial spray development, resulting in a reduced penetration and delayed wall impingement. Additionally, it promotes radial diffusion and atomization, reducing the wall film thickness. Under high injection pressure, the elliptical nozzle exhibits a more significant increase in the minor axis spreading radius compared to the circular nozzle. The asymmetric geometry also intensifies vortical structures surrounding the spray, leading to smaller Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD). Moreover, the elliptical nozzle demonstrates superior spray-wall interaction performance under high backpressure, with reduced wall film compared to the circular nozzle. The superior atomization and reduced wall film thickness of elliptical nozzles can potentially reduce particulate emissions, highlighting their practical benefits in cleaner combustion technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104129"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid modeling approach to predicting HVAC demand in Japanese houses using physics-based simulation and Artificial Neural Networks","authors":"Le Na Tran ,&nbsp;Weijun Gao ,&nbsp;Phu Minh Lam ,&nbsp;Gangwei Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the relationship between energy usage patterns and consumption is critical for improving building energy efficiency through accurate forecasting. While numerous data-driven models have been trained on historical energy data to enhance prediction, few have incorporated occupant-related parameters. This study proposes an alternative approach for estimating energy use by integrating detailed household data, including occupancy, HVAC setpoint, building characteristics, and weather conditions. Four predictive models were developed: (1) a physics-based model via EnergyPlus, (2) a standalone data-driven machine learning (ML) model, (3) an ML model excluding setpoint data, and (4) a hybrid model integrating EnergyPlus with ML Artificial Neural Networks modeling. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the hybrid approach, emphasizing the vital role of air conditioning setpoint data in improving hourly air conditioning load prediction accuracy for individual residential units. By integrating physics-based and data-driven methods, this framework captures specific energy-use patterns in small-scale housing and provides actionable energy benchmarking and efficiency recommendations for residential communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal–hydraulic performance optimization of Tesla-type minichannel structures for AUV battery thermal management using genetic algorithms","authors":"Lujia Li ,&nbsp;Zebing Mao ,&nbsp;Tingting Cai ,&nbsp;Xusheng Hu ,&nbsp;Jianan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A Tesla-type minichannel liquid cooling strategy is proposed to address thermal management challenges of lithium-ion batteries in compact autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) operating under high-rate discharge. A coupled thermal–fluid simulation model is established, incorporating internal heat generation and variations in state of charge. Response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to quantify the influence of key geometric parameters on thermal resistance and pumping power. A multi-objective optimization is performed using the NSGA-II algorithm, and the optimal configuration is identified through the TOPSIS method with entropy weighting. At a discharge rate of 3C, the optimized reverse Tesla valve (RTV)-type channel achieves a 48 % (0.009 K/W) reduction in thermal resistance and a 21 % (0.023 W) decrease in pumping power compared to baseline designs. At a Reynolds number of 2400, the RTV configuration reduces the average battery temperature by up to 14.8 % versus the I-type channel, and by 41.3 % compared to a non-cooled system. Experimental validation is conducted using a custom test platform with the cold plate placed between lithium-ion batteries. At a discharge rate of 1C and a coolant flow rate of 1080 mL/min, the RTV plate maintains the battery surface temperature below 25.9 °C, with a cold plate surface temperature difference of only 1.3 °C, lower than that of the forward Tesla value (FTV) configuration. Although a higher pressure drop is observed, the RTV channel provides a favorable balance between heat dissipation and energy efficiency. These results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed AUV battery thermal management design and are expected to promote the broader application of Tesla-valve structures in the thermal control of underwater energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104130"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat transfer performance-oriented composite wick structural optimization for flat plate micro heat pipe under operating conditions","authors":"Chuan Luo ,&nbsp;Min Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhengang Zhao ,&nbsp;Dacheng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat transfer performance of flat plate micro heat pipes (FMHPs) is primarily governed by the synergistic interaction between capillary force and porosity within the wick. This interaction varies significantly under gravitational influence, particularly at negative tilt angles where capillary force opposes gravity, leading to a substantial reduction in heat transfer efficiency. Consequently, achieving an optimal balance between capillary force and porosity becomes challenging. This study aims to enhance FMHP thermal performance across different tilt angles by optimizing composite wick structures and investigating the mechanism of capillary force-porosity balance. The SFO₆₀-FMHP (60-mesh OWM) exhibits the most favorable heat transfer performance with a maximum heat transfer power of 43.18 W at 0°, over 13.01% higher than other configurations. At <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn><msup><mrow><mn>5</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>∘</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span>, its maximum heat transfer capacity is 18.16% higher than the compared SOTA work. Those findings indicate the 60-mesh OWM-based composite wick delivers optimal capillary force and porosity coordination. This study provides practical insights for the design and optimization of high-performance FMHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104101"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-assisted CFD energy and exergy analysis of turbulent natural convection of ternary hybrid nanofluids in a 3D open-ended enclosure with a wavy heated wall","authors":"Mohammad Abbaszadeh ,&nbsp;Alireza Timas ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ghalambaz","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Passive cooling systems have attracted significant attention in recent years due to their cost-effectiveness and strong thermal performance. This study presents a detailed numerical investigation of steady-state natural convection in a three-dimensional open-ended cubic cavity featuring a wavy heated wall. The cavity is filled with ternary hybrid nanofluid composed of water (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>) as the base fluid and three types of nanoparticles: copper (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow></math></span>), copper oxide (<span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>O</mi></mrow></math></span>), and aluminum oxide (<span><math><mrow><mi>A</mi><msub><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><msub><mrow><mi>O</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>). Buoyancy-induced fluid motion is modeled using the Boussinesq approximation. The governing equations for both laminar and turbulent flows are solved using the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) method with the realizable <span><math><mi>k</mi></math></span>-<span><math><mi>ɛ</mi></math></span> turbulence model, following an experimentally validated approach. A parametric analysis examines the effects of Rayleigh number <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup><mo>≤</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, nanoparticle volume fraction <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>≤</mo><mi>ϕ</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>5</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, and the amplitude of wall waviness <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>≤</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>30</mn><mtext>%</mtext><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> on thermal performance. The results reveal that incorporating wavy wall geometries in combination with nanofluids can substantially enhance the thermal performance of the system. Under certain optimized conditions, this configuration leads to a greater enhancement in heat transfer compared to the increase in entropy generation, resulting in a system efficiency exceeding unity. These findings highlight the strong potential of geometrically engineered surfaces for improving thermal transport in energy systems. To supplement the numerical results, an artificial neural network (ANN) was trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm on 72 datasets, accurately predicting average Nusselt numbers and validating the simulation trends as a fast and reliable predictive tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104109"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and simulation study of lightweight roof with thermal energy storage for energy-efficient building envelope","authors":"Pushpendra Kumar Singh Rathore ,&nbsp;Abdul Aleem ,&nbsp;Basant Singh Sikarwar ,&nbsp;R.K. Sharma ,&nbsp;Rajan Kumar ,&nbsp;Naveen Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of energy-efficient, lightweight building envelopes will play a vital role in reducing the increasing demand for energy to improve the indoor thermal performance of buildings. This study compares the indoor thermal performance of a lightweight, energy-efficient building element called a Hollow Polycarbonate Sheet (HPCS). Lightweight material panels containing Polyurethane Foam (PUF), HPCS, Phase Change Material, Thermal Paint, and Bentonite Clay were developed. Their positions were adjusted to optimize heat reduction through them. These panels were used as roofs in six different test houses (TH), namely Reference Test House (R-TH), Bentonite Clay Test House (B-TH), Thermal Paint Test House (TP-TH), PCM Test House (P-TH), Thermal Paint-PCM Test House (TPP-TH), and Thermal Paint-Bentonite Clay Test House (TPB-TH), all of similar dimensions. Experimental results indicate that TPP-TH shows a 9.86 % reduction in indoor surface peak temperature compared to R-TH. Furthermore, TPP-TH exhibits a maximum temperature reduction (MTR) of 15.3 °C, an average temperature fluctuation reduction (ATFR) of 6.5 °C, and a reduction in decrement factor (DF) of 46.52 % compared to R-TH. Similarly, in the indoor thermal comfort analysis, TPP-TH demonstrated the best thermal performance among all the THs. These observations suggest that combining PCM with thermal paint enhances the indoor thermal performance of the lightweight building element compared to other THs. Using only PCM in lightweight building materials negatively impacts discomfort hours. Additionally, a Finite Volume-based Open FOAM ® CFD solver was used to simulate the TPP-TH Test house, and it was observed that the simulation result is in close agreement with the experimental data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104128"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of structural influence on the thermal energy storage efficiency in phase change capsules","authors":"Jinqiu Yu ,&nbsp;Zhenguo Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangtong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinjian Liu ,&nbsp;Zhonghao Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The encapsulation of phase change materials using phase change capsules enhances thermal energy storage efficiency and minimizes the risk of leakage, offering significant potential for practical applications. The primary factors influencing the thermal properties of capsules include packaging shape, internal structure, and wall thickness. This study evaluates the thermal performance of capsules with various conventional shapes. Results reveal that the ellipsoidal capsule demonstrates superior thermal energy storage efficiency, with improvements of 32.13 %, 36.24 %, and 39.99 % compared to cubic, cylindrical, and spherical shapes, respectively. To further enhance performance, three bionic encapsulation models inspired by bionics principles were proposed: bionic-mitochondrial, bionic-chloroplast, and bionic-golgi capsules. The thermal energy storage efficiencies of these bionic capsules were enhanced by 55.31 %, 26.78 %, and 133.12 %, respectively. Moreover, the effect of wall thickness on the bionic-golgi capsule was analyzed. While wall thickness had minimal impact on melting time, it significantly influenced both thermal energy storage efficiency and capacity. A decrease in thickness enhanced performance; the 0.5 mm capsule achieved 17.43 J/s, surpassing the 1 mm and 1.5 mm capsules by 18.49 % and 40.64 %, respectively. Corresponding capacities were 731.92 J, 588.31 J, and 471.8 J. This research introduces advanced capsule designs, offering insights for optimizing thermal energy storage systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104122"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive characterization and predictive modeling of Spanish biomass for efficient solid biofuel utilization","authors":"Emilio J. Lozano ,&nbsp;Nuria Rico ,&nbsp;Mónica Calero ,&nbsp;María Ángeles Martín-Lara","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass is a promising renewable energy source in Spain, but its heterogeneous composition affects combustion behavior and operational suitability. This study investigates the main properties, and slagging and fouling behavior of 18 representative Spanish biomass samples, focusing on identify significant patterns and differences between woody, fruit and herbaceous groups. Standard tests were conducted for elemental, proximate, and energy analysis, and slagging and fouling indices were calculated to assess operational suitability. Statistical methods were used to identify significant differences in chemical properties and higher heating values (HHV) among the biomass groups. Results showed carbon content between 39.41 % and 55.54 %, hydrogen between 4.64 % and 12.38 %, and sulfur below 0.15 %, minimizing corrosion risks. Ash content varied widely (0.29–22.61 %), with chestnut pellets exhibiting the lowest values and wheat straw the highest. Pistachio shell achieved the highest higher heating value (HHV, 25.13 MJ/kg), while wheat straw had the lowest (14.96 MJ/kg). There was significant variability in major and minor elements, with some samples showing elevated levels of toxic metals like chromium and lead. Non-parametric tests, including both our experimental dataset and 88 additional biomass characterizations from literature, identified significant differences across different biomass groups, with woody biomasses showing more favorable combustion properties. A robust predictive model for HHV estimation was developed using both experimental and literature data, achieving a strong correlation with measured values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104127"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the impact of wax deposition on the thaw depth of buried crude oil pipelines in permafrost regions","authors":"Zhongrui Yan ,&nbsp;Yujiang Li ,&nbsp;Xusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Jianguo Lu ,&nbsp;Jianchun Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-temperature crude oil in buried pipelines can warm the surrounding permafrost, thereby impacting the stability of pipelines in permafrost regions. Wax deposition caused by cooling crude oil may block pipelines, while enhancing thermal resistance to reduce heat transfer to permafrost. To clarify the impact of wax deposition on permafrost thermal stability, a coupled ’oil-wax-pipe-soil’ heat transfer model was developed to analyze heat exchange between hot crude oil pipelines and permafrost. The results show that after 30 years, the maximum thaw depth of frozen soil is 8.05 m with thawing rate of 0.188 m/a when wax deposition is not considered, and 7.40 m with thawing rate of 0.166 m/a when a 10 mm wax layer is considered. Considering wax deposition, the maximum thaw depth is reduced by 0.52 m in cold season and 0.67 m in warm season, while the maximum lateral impact decreases by 0.59 m and the soil temperature at 4 m depth decreases by 0.6 ℃. For wax thicknesses of 1 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm, the maximum thaw depth decreases by 0.12 m, 0.25 m, 0.39 m, and 0.65 m, respectively. This study quantitatively characterizes the insulating effects of wax deposition in permafrost pipelines, providing critical guidance for thermal management in permafrost regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104114"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing earth-to-air heat exchanger performance: thermal analysis and parametric optimization study using laboratory simulation and response surface methodology","authors":"Ahmed A. Alkrush ,&nbsp;O. Abdelrehim ,&nbsp;A.A. Hegazi ,&nbsp;Mohamed S. Salem","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) systems present an extremely profitable addition to energy-efficient HVAC solutions in sustainable buildings yet optimizing their adaptability and performance remains a challenge. This study develops an EAHE system with optimized performance-to-cost characteristics, reduced energy demand, and reliable operation.</div><div>A mathematical model was developed in MATLAB and validated against experimental measurements of air temperature along the pipe under steady-state conditions, showing a maximum deviation of 2.55 <span><math><mo>%</mo></math></span>. The system was tested under various pipe materials, burial depths, diameters, lengths, and inlet air conditions. This validated model was then used to generate a dataset for parametric analysis, which formed the basis for constructing a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model. This approach allowed for optimization of system performance while reducing reliance on extensive physical testing. Key findings include minimal impact of pipe material on performance. Longer pipes improved heat transfer by 15 <span><math><mo>%</mo></math></span>, while smaller diameters improved thermal efficiency by 12 % due to stronger convective effects, but also increased flow resistance. At the optimal conditions (inlet temperature of 45 °C, air velocity of 2.562 <span><math><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>s</mi></mrow></math></span>, pipe diameter 0.0238 <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>, and length of 5.27 <span><math><mi>m</mi></math></span>) the system achieved 92 <span><math><mo>%</mo></math></span> thermal effectiveness and up to 25 <span><math><mo>%</mo></math></span> reduction in fan power consumption. This study delivers a validated simulation framework and an experimentally informed optimization strategy that supports the design of efficient EAHE systems for sustainable building applications. Future work may focus on field-scale implementation, integration with dynamic simulation tools CFD, TRNSYS, hybrid operation with active cooling systems, and full life-cycle cost assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104115"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}