Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"Experimental study on a novel Si-Cu-based vapor chamber for chip heat dissipation","authors":"Ruihai Su ,&nbsp;Yifang Dong ,&nbsp;Yanmei Kong ,&nbsp;Binbin Jiao ,&nbsp;Xiangbin Du ,&nbsp;Erming Rui ,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Xiong ,&nbsp;Ruiwen Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxin Ye ,&nbsp;Jingping Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The trend towards miniaturization and integration in integrated circuits has led to high power densities on chips. The thermal issues arising from higher heat flux not only limit the maximum operating frequency of chips but have also become a significant bottleneck hindering the performance of electronic chips. Integrating vapor chambers directly on the backside of semiconductor chips offers a promising solution by eliminating the need for thermal interface materials and effectively reducing package thermal resistance. However, challenges remain in enhancing heat flux during vapor chamber integration. To address this, three types of Si-Cu vapor chambers were designed and fabricated with wick structures made from Si and Cu materials. Capillary performance tests compared the capillary performance of bared silicon wafer and silicon micro-pillar wicks, revealing that processing micro-pillar wicks on the surface of silicon wafers significantly enhances capillary performance. Furthermore, an experimental system was constructed to test the heat transfer performance of various wick structure vapor chambers. Results showed that within a heating load range of 0 to 38 W, the surface temperature of the silicon wafer remained below 85℃, with a minimum thermal resistance for the vapor chamber at 0.436 K/W and a heat flux of 31.67 W/cm², indicating notable heat transfer performance for the silicon-copper vapor chamber. This study verified the feasibility of a silicon-copper composite vapor chamber, offering valuable insights for integration with flip-chip packaging and demonstrating significant application potential. This work serves as a reference for the integration and optimization of chip packaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104088"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145159305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation and topology optimization of fin-and-tube heat exchangers for enhanced performance","authors":"Adel Alshayji,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Bataineh,&nbsp;Nawaf F. Aljuwayhel","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents three major structural modifications involving the addition of flow-disturbing structures (FDS) in three different orientations to the fin and tube configuration of a heat exchanger, focusing on circular and elliptical tube shapes to enhance the overall performance. Eight cases, including two base cases, were evaluated using an efficiency index (JF) combining the Colburn and friction factors to assess the performance. The analysis was conducted across multiple Reynolds numbers using COMSOL Multiphysics and the SST k–ω turbulence model, including visualizations of the streamline patterns. In the circular (A1 and A2) and elliptical (B1, B2, and B3) cases, an increased friction factor led to a reduced efficiency index. Structures A1, A2, B1, and B2 achieved the lowest air temperatures, with a 2.2 K reduction compared to the baseline cases. The modified circular tube case A3 showed the best performance amongst circular cases with a 2.8 % improvement in efficiency index JF, owing to improved flow facilitated by a structure-directing fluid into previously unreachable areas. Case A3 underwent five stages of structural optimization using the Nelder-Mead method, targeting fin spacing (H), obstruction surface length (Obst_L) which refers to FDS’s, vertical tube spacing (Lt), horizontal tube spacing (Li), and the angle (ɵ) of the FDS’s. The fully optimized case A3 achieved an efficiency index improvement of 6.2 %, demonstrating the effectiveness of systematic structural modifications and numerical optimization for heat exchanger performance, highlighting the effectiveness of integrating CFD simulation with numerical optimization to enhance heat exchanger performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104099"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in indirect evaporative cooling: principles, integrated cycles, economic insights, and environmental implications","authors":"Ashraf M. Zaki ,&nbsp;Mohamed H.S. Bargal ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Antar ,&nbsp;Esmail M.A. Mokheimer ,&nbsp;Luai M. Alhems","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) utilizing dew point cooling has strong potential as an alternative to the classical vapor compression cycles. This review merges recent advancements in IEC technologies, focusing on design parameters, operating conditions, and system integrations that enhance cooling effectiveness and energy efficiency. Different IEC configurations are discussed, including classical, regenerative dew point, and Maisotsenko cycle (M−cycle) systems. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid solutions where IEC is integrated with humidification–dehumidification desalination, thermal energy storage, liquid/solid desiccant wheel (DW), mechanical vapor compression, and inverted Brayton cycles. Performance improvements are linked to design variables such as airflow conditions, channel geometry, evaporative materials, and system configuration. Notable enhancements are achieved with counter-flow arrangements, high inlet air temperature, low humidity, reduced channel height, optimized velocity, longer channels, and fabric-based triangular channels. Comparative results show that IEC-Brayton systems can achieve energy efficiency up to 44.43%, while IEC-DW systems demonstrate superior wet effectiveness and coefficient of performance. Beyond performance, the paper highlights economic and environmental benefits, underscoring reduced energy consumption and emissions. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the optimization, integration, and future applications of IEC technologies, positioning them as sustainable and adaptable cooling solutions for diverse climates and sectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104078"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental assessment on heat transfer characteristics of falling-film evaporation under mutual parameters’ coupling between circular and half-oval tubes","authors":"Huanhao Zhang,&nbsp;Yang He,&nbsp;Jianlin Liu,&nbsp;Yasu Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The falling-film evaporation is frequently used in air-conditioning system to improve the heat transfer performance, whereas the influencing parameters and their mutual effect on heat transfer characteristics of circular and half-oval tubes have received limited attention. To elucidate this issue, experimental investigations are conducted to analyze the synergistic impact of five parameters. They are wind/air velocity, liquid Reynolds number, spray height, heat flux, and spray water temperature. Results indicate that the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) for liquid film over circular and half-oval tube increases with these parameters, and the CHTC for the half-oval tube exceeds that of the circular tube by at least 7.9 %. Higher liquid Reynolds number and spray water temperature amplify the relative change of CHTC induced by wind velocity, while the increase of heat flux and spray height reduce the relative change of CHTC with wind. The coupling of liquid Reynolds number and spray height, heat flux, spray water temperature enhances the heat transfer of liquid film. In specific, the relative change of CHTC induced by spray height obviously decrease with the increase of heat flux, whereas the relative change of CHTC caused by spray height and heat flux increase with the rising of spray water temperature. Empirical correlations of CTHC for circular and half-oval tube are fitted based on the experimental results, with the average deviation of 5.83% and 5.11%, respectively. The findings provide experimental data support for the further research of evaporative condenser.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104092"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immersed boundary-discrete unified gas kinetic scheme for thermal flows with slender flexible objects","authors":"Wenhao Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Luo ,&nbsp;Liang Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Qing He ,&nbsp;Shi Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a method based on the immersed boundary–discrete unified gas kinetic scheme (IB-DUGKS) for simulating complex incompressible flows and heat transfer involving fluid–structure interactions (FSIs) with slender bodies. The flow and temperature fields are discretized on a uniform Cartesian grid, while flexible structures are represented by Lagrangian marker points. Momentum forcing and thermal source terms are incorporated into the governing equations to model the FSIs. A dual-distribution-function approach is employed to resolve the flow and temperature fields. The motion of flexible structures follows the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, discretized using the finite difference method. Time integration is performed using a third-order Runge–Kutta scheme. A convergence analysis conducted with cylindrical Couette flow demonstrates that the proposed method achieves first-order accuracy. Validation studies include benchmark cases such as the critical density ratio for filament flapping instability, the dynamics of a single flapping filament, and filament flapping within a cylinder wake. Furthermore, simulations of heat transfer in a microchannel reveal that flexible filaments serve as effective vortex generators, significantly enhancing thermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104093"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical study on the enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer and bubble dynamics through vertical heater vibration using cascaded lattice boltzmann method","authors":"Sonali Priyadarshini Das,&nbsp;Anandaroop Bhattacharya","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A numerical investigation of the effect of vertical vibration on the pool boiling heat transfer and bubble dynamics is conducted using the Cascaded Lattice Boltzmann method. The frequency (<em>f</em>) was varied from 0-1000 Hz and amplitude (<em>a</em>) from 0-3 mm. Vertical vibration enhanced the pool boiling heat transfer performance along with the bubble dynamics. The average bubble departure diameter (<em>D</em>_<em>avg</em>) increases with an increase in frequency (<em>f</em>) at constant amplitude and increases with an increase in amplitude at constant frequency. The bubble departure frequency (<em>f_b</em>) and the total number of bubble nucleation (<em>N</em>_<em>n</em>) increase with an increase in frequency at a constant amplitude and decrease with an increase in amplitude at a constant frequency. The dimensionless average bubble departure diameter (<em>D*</em>), frequency of bubble growth (<em>Sr</em>*), frequency of bubble departure (<em>Srt</em>*) and total number of bubble nucleation were correlated with the dimensionless frequency expressed as Strouhal number (<em>Sr</em>). A maximum of 54.7 % decrement in <em>D*</em>, 123.2 % increase in <span><math><mrow><mi>Sr</mi></mrow></math></span><em>*</em>, 41.13 % increment in <em>Srt</em>*, and 50 % increment in Nn were observed. The space–time-average heat flux (q″) and the enhancement ratio (ER) for the heat transfer coefficient increased with an increase in frequency and amplitude. A maximum enhancement of 32.24 % in critical heat flux (CHF) was obtained for <em>f</em> = 500 Hz and <em>a</em> = 2 mm. At <em>f</em> = 1000 Hz, the maximum enhancement was found to be 20.18 % at <em>a</em> = 2 mm with an associated increase in ER of 97.42 %. Overall, the optimum frequency range was found to be 100–––1000 Hz where significant enhancement in pool boiling was obtained. In this range, the vibrations were also found to assist in delaying film boiling while achieving high CHF and heat transfer coefficients. Based on the numerical results, a Nusselt number correlation has been proposed in terms of the Prandtl number, Reynolds number, and vibrational Reynolds number (non-dimensional intensity of vibration) for two different frequency ranges of <em>f</em> ≤ 100 Hz and 100 Hz &lt; <em>f</em> ≤ 1000 Hz.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical study of thermal structure of dielectrophoretic cell-separation microfluidic device created by heat generation","authors":"Shigeru Tada","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cell separation technology using dielectrophoresis (DEP) has attracted much interest as an effective method for noninvasive cell separation. However, in cell separation devices that use DEP, cells in the device are exposed to a high-temperature environment due to the generation of Joule heat by the application of high voltage and to dielectric loss heat when AC voltage is applied. There is concern that the heat generated in the device may affect cell viability, the cell cycle, and apoptosis induction. In this study, we investigated the thermal structure of an AC DEP cell separation device assuming the actual device geometry and operating conditions. Numerical simulations of thermofluid dynamics adopting a heat generation model that took into account Joule heat and dielectric loss heat were performed to evaluate the temperature rise inside the device when a low-conductivity solution is used. The results demonstrated that the average temperature rise at the bottom surface of the device’s microchannel was about 11 ℃ at the maximum. However, it was shown that the average temperature rise was approximately 6 ℃ under the operating conditions of the device that gave the highest cell separation ratio. This suggests that as long as a low-conductivity solution is used for cell suspension, the thermal effect on the cells is small.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of tube-bundle precooler based on the multi-layer grid Superposition method","authors":"Xingguo Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Yu ,&nbsp;Meng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yu Feng ,&nbsp;Shuai Xu ,&nbsp;Jiang Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The investigation into compact tubular precoolers is vital for improving precooled air-breathing engines. This study introduces a novel three-dimensional numerical simulation method tailored for annular tube bundle precoolers, focusing on simplification while maintaining high accuracy. By leveraging circumferential and axial periodicity, the precooler is discretized into the minimal periodic heat transfer unit (MPHTU), which serves as the fundamental building block for the computational grid. The MPHTU is meshed once, then repeated and stacked to construct the full-scale grid, requiring adjustments only to spatial data. Validation of this method comes from its close agreement with experimental results from the precooler module. Simulations revealed that the wall boundary layer significantly intensifies heat transfer within the near-wall MPHTU by up to 50.7 %, accompanied by an increase in the flow resistance by 98.2 %. Yet, this effect is limited to the first three MPHTUs. Analysis showed that at least five stacked MPHTUs are needed to properly account for the wall boundary layer’s influence on airflow and heat exchange. Moreover, increasing the air inlet Reynolds number reduces heat transfer non-uniformities caused by the wall boundary layer, decreasing the required number of stacked MPHTUs. Considering these findings, and in light of the overall flow and heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger, this study establishes an optimal grid construction and numerical simplification method for the annular tube bundle precooler. The method enhances the efficiency of multidimensional simulations for precooler heat exchangers under the constraints of constructing complex cross-scale grids and managing large computational loads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"67 ","pages":"Article 104090"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145061377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization design of lithium-ion battery thermal management system based on Y-shaped air-cooling structure","authors":"Likai Yang,&nbsp;Xiangping Liao,&nbsp;Kailei Liu,&nbsp;Xinyang Zhu,&nbsp;Ye Xu,&nbsp;Yihan Chao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the issue of localized overheating and uneven temperature distribution in battery packs during high-power operation of electric vehicles. A dual-inlet Y-shaped air-cooled battery thermal management system (BTMS) has been proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional T-shaped structures in terms of temperature uniformity and energy efficiency. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, the influence of key parameters such as the number and location of inputs and outlets, step height and step layout on cooling performance and energy consumption was systematically evaluated. The results indicate that: (1) When the dual inlets are set at the cooling channels 3 and 7, the maximum temperature (Tmax) and the maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) of the Y-type BTMS decrease by 1.82 % and 44.9 % respectively compared to the T-type system, significantly enhancing temperature uniformity; (2) When the outer step height is set at 15 mm and the inner step at 10 mm, with the step surfaces aligned with the center of the channel, Tmax and ΔTmax can be further reduced by 2.44 % and 69.8 % respectively, achieving optimal thermal management effectiveness while maintaining structural simplicity. This study aims to optimize the peak temperature and temperature uniformity of batteries through a dual-inlet Y-type air-cooled structure, providing a new solution for thermal management of high-power battery packs, which is of great significance for improving the safety and reliability of battery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 104062"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"7E analysis of a low-temperature geothermal and solar energy integrated hybrid system for sustainable power and hydrogen generation","authors":"Alparslan Bozkurt ,&nbsp;Mustafa Serdar Genç ,&nbsp;Sertaç Samed Seyitoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.104073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing global population and increasing energy demand have made the need for sustainable and renewable energy sources more critical than ever in order to reduce environmental challenges and ensure energy security. This study examines a hybrid energy system that combines low-temperature geothermal energy with solar energy to enhance energy production capacity. The hybrid system integrates solar energy collected through a parabolic trough collector (PTC) with geothermal resources to support efficient energy generation. The system is based on a configuration that combines a steam Rankine cycle (SRC) and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC), forming a synergistic thermodynamic structure. The energy obtained from solar and geothermal sources is effectively utilized through the integration of these two thermodynamic cycles, creating a highly efficient system. The electricity generated by the system is used for hydrogen production through electrolysis, providing a sustainable energy storage solution. To evaluate the thermodynamic and economic performance of the system, comprehensive energy, exergy, economic, environmental, energoeconomic, exergeoeconomic, and enviroeconomic analyses (7E analysis) were conducted using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) program. In other words, a better understanding of the system was achieved by employing the 7E evaluation method. The results show that the integration of solar energy significantly increases the utilization of low-temperature geothermal resources and enables sustainable hydrogen production. As a result of the study, an energy efficiency of 20.13 %, an exergy efficiency of 22.87 %, a hydrogen production rate of 0.05283 kg/s, and a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.182 USD/kWh were obtained, demonstrating the potential of this hybrid system for clean energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"66 ","pages":"Article 104073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}