Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"An efficient trigeneration system based on a wet-ethanol fuelled HCCI engine for the production of power, heating, and cooling: Thermodynamic assessment","authors":"Mohd Asjad Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Eydhah Almatrafi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a comparative thermodynamic assessment was conducted for a trigeneration system driven by a wet-ethanol fueled HCCI engine, with the goal of meeting the energy needs (electricity, heating, and cooling) for various consumer demands in an environmentally sustainable manner. Utilizing the waste heat from HCCI engines through the Kalina cycle alongside the NH₃-H₂O based Absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC) and waste heat exchanger (WHE) makes it possible to produce power, cooling, and provide heating simultaneously. To examine the system performance, a comprehensive thermodynamic investigation based on energy and exergy balances are applied to this model. Additionally, a parametric investigation is also carried out to assess how some important different design parameters influence the useful outputs and performance of the proposed trigeneration system. The findings indicate that the HCCI engine achieved energy and exergy efficiencies of 41.59% and 34.29%, respectively, when waste heat was not utilized (i.e., without a bottoming cycle). However, with the effective use of waste heat from a wet-ethanol fuelled HCCI engine through the integration of the Kalina cycle, ARC cycle, and WHE, the overall system energy and exergy efficiencies were significantly enhanced to 51.49% and 39.28%, respectively. Additionally, the trigeneration system attains energy efficiencies of 44.64% for electricity, 4.94% for heating, and 1.91% for cooling under nominal operating conditions. Furthermore, the study identifies the key exergy destructive components within the proposed trigeneration system are the HCCI engine, catalytic converter, HRVG, and condenser 1, which exhibit exergy dissipation of 58.51%, 12.16%, 8.76%, and 6.12% respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103648"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoupling control of a cascaded heat pump system for multi-temperature transport","authors":"Maximilian Lösch,&nbsp;Stefan Jakubek,&nbsp;Martin Kozek","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multi-temperature transport systems enable the simultaneous transport of goods with different temperature requirements. Currently, most existing systems are limited to either cooling or heating the compartments, restricting their use to specific goods and ambient temperature conditions. Therefore, this work proposes a novel system architecture featuring three temperature-controlled compartments, utilizing two cascaded vapor compression heat pumps to enable energy-efficient combined cooling and heating of the compartments. However, the control of multi-temperature transport systems is known to be challenging, especially due to the coupled dynamics that can cause unwanted temperature deviations in the compartments, potentially leading to damage or loss of goods. To address this issue, we present a control strategy based on feedback linearization to decouple the system, allowing for individual temperature control of each compartment. The robustness of this control concept against unknown disturbances and parameter uncertainties of the model is investigated. Simulation results demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the decoupling control concept, achieving a 15% reduction in temperature deviations compared with a conventional control scheme without decoupling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103612"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-layer neural network on 3D transition metal hydrides-based ternary nanofluid flow with entropy: Application to spinning disk reactor","authors":"Chandrakanta Parida ,&nbsp;Mokaedi V. Lekgari ,&nbsp;Ganeswar Mahanta ,&nbsp;Sachin Shaw","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Artificial Neural Networks provide effective solutions to simulate and optimize complicated fluid systems, especially thermal management systems. This research examines the flow and heat transfer behavior of a ternary hybrid nanofluid made up of Titanium hydride <span><math><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mrow><mi>Ti</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span>, Lanthanum hydride <span><math><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mrow><mi>La</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mrow></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span>, and Zirconium hydride <span><math><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mrow><mi>Zr</mi><msub><mi>H</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mrow></mfenced></mrow></math></span> nanoparticles dispersed in dihydrogen oxide in a spinning disk reactor. The governing equations, formulated in terms of conservation laws, are transformed to dimensionless ordinary differential equations by similarity transformations and solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. Artificial Neural Networks models are then used to capture nonlinear interactions and enhance prediction accuracy for important parameters such as skin friction and Nusselt number. The study shows that radial velocity decreases with higher Casson parameter, porosity and 2nd order radial slip, while azimuthal velocity increases for Casson parameter and 1st order radial slip but decreases for porosity. Temperature rises with thermal radiation and Brinkmann number but drops with Reynold number. Casson parameter and stretching parameter enhance skin friction but reduce the Nusselt number. Entropy increases with Brinkmann number but decreases with Casson Parameter. ANN models for first order tangential slip, porosity, and Casson parameter achieved <span><math><mrow><mi>R</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, with minimal errors, ensuring reliability. First order tangential slip and porosity stabilized after more epochs, while Casson Parameter converged faster. MSE analysis confirmed accurate predictions, validating the model’s effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103641"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Battery module active balancing-low temperature self-heating integrated topology and control","authors":"Chengyang Qiu ,&nbsp;Minghui Hu ,&nbsp;Guangyao Zhu ,&nbsp;Lunguo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to address the limitations of traditional battery module balancing and low-temperature self-heating systems, which are often associated with complex topologies and low energy efficiency, a novel integrated topology that combines both functions is proposed in this study. Coordinated control strategies are developed to enhance the synergy between active balancing and self-heating. Simulation results show that increasing the PWM signal period significantly improves both the balancing and self-heating rates, while simultaneous adjustment of inductance and period has limited impact. The proposed active balancing strategy enables the Buck-Boost converter to operate in intermittent current mode, achieving rapid state-of-charge equalization across series-connected cells. In addition, the variable-period self-heating strategy outperforms constant-period approaches in heating efficiency, and a higher limiting voltage further accelerates the heating process. These findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach to achieve efficient and compact electro-thermal energy management for battery modules operating in cold climate conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103636"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143903906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and performance evaluation of a photovoltaic-integrated thermic solar geyser for domestic water heating","authors":"Dinesh Kumar Saini ,&nbsp;Chandrashekara Muniyappa ,&nbsp;Avadhesh Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the performance evaluation of a photovoltaic-integrated thermic solar geyser (TSG) using energy analysis. The TSG system incorporates a nichrome wire heating rod and flexible pipe heat exchanger with aluminum fins. Therminol VP1 (thermic oil) is used as the thermal energy storage medium to ensure effective heat retention. During the charging operation, the average oil temperature increases from 32.67 °C to 101.83 °C over four days. The recorded average efficiencies are 12.32 % for the PV, 89.69 % for the TSG, and 11.05 % for the overall system. Operating under ambient temperatures ranging from 19 °C to 39 °C, the system receives an average solar radiation of 562 W/m² and generates a PV power output of 804 W. In the discharging operation, the system operates continuously for 12 h, reducing the oil temperature from 103.63 °C to 48.39 °C and supplying 720 L of hot water at a flow rate of 1 LPM, with an average temperature rise of 16.4 °C. The system effectively heats 240 L of water daily for two consecutive days and retains heat efficiently overnight, achieving thermal retention efficiencies of 94.15 %, 93.84 %, and 86.68 % for 80L, 120L, and 240L discharge cases, respectively. Over a 25-year operational lifespan, the system mitigates 77.92 tons of net CO₂ emissions, supporting environmental sustainability. The system has levelized cost of energy of $0.051 per kWh and payback period of 5.24 years. Although the initial cost of the proposed system is higher than the conventional systems, its enhanced thermal storage capability ensures reliable, efficient, and environmentally friendly domestic water heating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103642"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic optimization and analysis of 3E performance for irreversible absorption energy storage heating system","authors":"Liudi Cui ,&nbsp;Yuehong Bi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzes the performance of an absorption energy storage (AES) system based on finite-time thermodynamics. A thermodynamic model of the system is established by accounting for system irreversibility, energy storage and release time ratio, thermal resistance, and heat leakage. The study focuses on three evaluation criteria: the exergy-based ecological criterion (<em>E</em>), the exergetic performance criterion (<em>EPC</em>), and the thermo-economic criterion (<em>k₂f</em>). The effects of irreversibility factors, energy storage and release time ratio, heat leakage, thermo-economic parameter, heat source temperature, and heat transfer coefficients on these criteria are systematically analyzed and discussed. Additionally, methods for improving system performance are thoroughly examined. The results indicate that relative to the maximum heat release rate point, the maximum <em>k₂f</em> criterion point and the maximum <em>E</em> criterion point can significantly enhance energy storage efficiency (ESE) at the cost of a certain reduction in heat release rate. Increasing the system’s irreversibility factor and time ratio can substantially improve ESE and <em>k₂f</em> criterion, albeit at the expense of ecological performance and a decrease in heat release capacity. Although the heat source temperature has a negligible effect on <em>k₂f</em> criterion, increasing the absorber heat source temperature significantly enhances the <em>E</em> criterion. Moreover, raising the heat transfer coefficient of the energy storage tank by 0.4 kW/(K·m²) increases the maximum value of the <em>E</em> criterion function by 8.6 % and expands the upper bound of the system’s heat release rate by 65.1 %. These findings offer theoretical insights for the design of AES systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143912920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing and optimizing refrigerated hypobaric storage chambers for lime fruit via multiphysics modeling","authors":"Celine Verreydt ,&nbsp;Brendon Anthony ,&nbsp;Alex Tellekson ,&nbsp;Jesse Shelly ,&nbsp;Joel Reiter ,&nbsp;Thomas Mitchell ,&nbsp;Thijs Defraeye","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storing fresh produce refrigerated under controlled atmosphere in which the oxygen concentration is reduced, can drastically extend the storability of the product. Within low pressure or hypobaric storage, a controlled atmosphere is created by lowering the total pressure of the air. Previous research on lab-scale has demonstrated significant advantages of hypobaric storage on the quality maintenance of several products. Currently, storage chambers of 750 L are being optimized to apply the technique commercially in a convenient way. However, maintaining uniform temperatures within closed, airtight storage chambers is rather challenging, and quality issues have been encountered during storage because of local hotspots or humidity problems. In this research, the storage of lime fruit inside hypobaric chambers was studied numerically using physics-based modeling. The study sought to 1) understand and analyze the cooling of fruit by mapping the developed temperature gradients inside the chamber, and 2) optimize the design and operation of the chamber to ensure more uniform thermal conditions. At reference storage conditions (30 kPa and 10 °C), temperatures up to 12.5 °C developed inside the chamber. The cooling inside the chamber mainly occurred via conduction. By lowering the storage temperature or operating pressure, the temperature gradients were strongly reduced. To further reduce the temperature heterogeneity within the chamber, additional aluminum plates (“fins”) were introduced within the chamber. Such cooling fins were shown to be effective in lowering the temperature gradients by 70 %. The insights obtained in this study can also be used to optimize the storage of other crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103634"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of the cooling properties of a high-temperature turbine vane with air cooling or steam cooling","authors":"Zhen Zhao ,&nbsp;Lei Xi ,&nbsp;Jianmin Gao ,&nbsp;Liang Xu ,&nbsp;Yunlong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to accurately predict the cooling properties of a high-temperature turbine vane to ensure its safe operation, an experimental study was conducted on a turbine vane with smooth cooling channels with air cooling or steam cooling. Combining Response Surface Model (RSM) and Design of Experiments (DOE), the effects of main airflow inlet temperature <em>T</em>_gi, outlet pressure <em>p</em>_go, inlet/outlet pressure ratio <em>p</em>_r, (steam or air)/main airflow temperature ratio <em>T</em>_r and flow ratio times 100 <em>M</em>_r on the cooling efficiency <em>ε</em>, normalized temperature <em>η</em> and thermal unevenness <em>ζ</em> of the turbine vane with air cooling or steam cooling were investigated. Furthermore, the cooling performance of the blade was numerically investigated using the SST <em>k-ω</em> turbulence model and a correlation equation describing the cooling properties of the turbine vane was constructed based on the RSM. The influence of coupling effect of the operating parameters on the cooling properties of the turbine vane was further investigated based on correlation equation. The results show that the correlation equation obtained by the RSM provides a high degree of accuracy. The distribution trends of the cooling properties of the turbine vane with air cooling or steam cooling are similar. However, under the same operating conditions, the mean cooling efficiency <em>ε</em>_ave, thermal unevenness <em>ζ</em> and mean normalized temperature <em>η</em>_ave for steam cooling are approximately 15.1%, 22.6% higher, and about 2.3% lower compared to air cooling, respectively. Furthermore, the numerical method of fluid–solid coupling heat transfer can accurately simulate the heat transfer characteristics of the blade channel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical calculation and analysis of a novel heat pipe type proton exchange membrane fuel cells","authors":"Lincheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Quan ,&nbsp;Mingguang Yang ,&nbsp;Hongxia Xu ,&nbsp;Yaohua Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The design of the thermal management system for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is crucial for ensuring safe operation. Our research team developed a heat dissipation system for PEMFC using a micro heat pipe array (MHPA-PEMFC). The incorporation of MHPA has enhanced the cooling capacity of the stack and improved the temperature uniformity inside the stack. This study employs numerical simulations to evaluate the thermal and electrochemical performance of the proposed heat pipe-type PEMFC under various operating conditions. A mathematical model of the novel MHPA-PEMFC is established based on a lumped parameter method. Then, the impact of cooling and reaction air flow rates on the electrical and thermal properties of MHPA-PEMFC were analyzed with the mathematical model, and the optimal air flow rate control range under various operating conditions is summarized. When the thermal performance of the stack simultaneously satisfies the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference requirements, the corresponding reaction air flow rate and cooling air flow rate for maximum output power are 0.05 m³/s and 0.04 m3/s, respectively. At these flow rates, the maximum and net output powers are 968.6 W and 937.6 W, respectively. The research findings provide technical support for the optimized operation of MHPA-PEMFC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103635"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proposing wavy-shaped legs for performance improvement of thermoelectric generators: energy, exergy, environmental, and mechanical analysis using a CFD-trained machine learning method","authors":"Elimam Abdallah Ali ,&nbsp;Hazim Moria","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The innovative wavy-shaped leg proposed in this research enables a longer thermoelectric leg without increasing the total height of the thermoelectric module (see the graphical abstract). A greater leg height enhances TEG’s performance while maintaining the same overall module height. The proposed idea is investigated from energy, exergy, environmental, and mechanical performance perspectives using machine learning trained with data coming from a 3D validated numerical simulations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) for a segmented thermoelectric generator. The wavy-shaped leg is designed with varying wave amplitude (A_w), number of cycles (N), leg thickness (t_l), and height ratio between segments (h_r), all of which are evaluated based on their impact on voltage, generated power, efficiency, exergy-based efficiency, CO₂ savings, and von Mises stress. The FEM simulations are then used to develop a highly accurate predictive model employing Deep Neural Networks (DNN), enabling rapid and efficient optimization and extrapolation across parameter values. Comprehensive results are identified and reported in this study. According to the results, the wavy structure generates more power while the higher number of cycles the higher generated voltage. Outcomes also confirm that larger A_w, N, h_r, and <span><math><mrow><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow><mi>in</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> values yield considerable improvements in terms of thermoelectric performance. For instance, at<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow><mi>in</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> = 35,000  W/m² and h_r = 0.8, output power reaches 0.0178 W, with respective CO₂ savings of 0.03045 kg. Slim legs (t_l = 0.1) in combination with larger A_w values maximize output and efficiency but drive von Mises stress over 400 MPa. The DNN model accurately forecasts such trends, with high agreement with FEM (e.g., for A_w = 0.1  mm and t_l = 0.1  mm) DNN forecasts CO₂ savings of 0.01893 kg, in contrast with 0.01888 kg for FEM). It also yields continuous and smooth extrapolation for intermediate values, such as h_r = 0.24032 (voltage = 0.076676 V) and t_l = 0.1201 mm (stress = 270.02 MPa). Integration between FEM simulations and prediction with DNN brings computational accuracy and efficiency together, allowing for rapid and efficient optimization of robust and high-performance TEGs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"62 ","pages":"Article 103632"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143890546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}