Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"Estimation of the windage loss and heat transfer characteristics inside the finite length of electrical machines’ airgap based on CFD and MLA","authors":"Muhammad Ikhlaq ,&nbsp;Sana Ullah ,&nbsp;Daniel J.B. Smith ,&nbsp;Barrie Mecrow ,&nbsp;Xu Deng ,&nbsp;Muhammad Nouman Amjad Raja ,&nbsp;Muhammad Wakil Shahzad","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103832","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103832","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of electric machines heavily depends on the airgap length, as it affects magnetic energy transfer. A larger airgap increases the magnetic circuit reluctance, reducing output power but making heat removal easier. A numerical approach estimates airgap heat transfer and windage loss, validated against analytical correlations based on Taylor-Couette flow, with the inner cylinder rotating and the outer stationary. Heat transfer and windage loss correlations are developed for various airgap ratios (G) and aspect ratios (AR). Skin friction coefficients for different airgap geometries are estimated to calculate windage loss for high Reynolds and Taylor numbers. The airgap ratio significantly impacts heat transfer, while the aspect ratio strongly affects windage loss. Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) are trained and tested on 1200 data points from high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Computational Heat Transfer (CHT). Comparisons of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Regressor (SVR) performances against CFD data show that ANN predicts skin friction coefficients best, while SVM excels in predicting windage loss and the Nusselt number.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103832"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation on thermal response of thermal camouflage film using phase change material capsules","authors":"Yanmei Wang ,&nbsp;Donglian Chen ,&nbsp;Feng Yao ,&nbsp;Wei Yu ,&nbsp;Cheng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103833","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103833","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal camouflage films containing phase change material capsules hold great potential for precise thermal camouflage in complex environments. This study examines the heat transfer characteristics of these films under various heating conditions. A heat transfer model is developed to analyze the thermal response of the film, including temperature distribution and phase change material liquid fraction, considering the effects of heating temperature, phase change material enthalpy, and capsule diameter. The impact of different capsule arrangements on camouflage performance is also investigated. The results reveal a three-stage heating process: initial, middle, and final. While the films provide effective thermal camouflage for a specific period, the camouflage patterns eventually degrade. Higher heating temperatures accelerate the onset of camouflage but reduce its effective duration. For phase change material enthalpy, the film with 240 kJ/kg exhibited melting times 31.4 % and 13.6 % longer than those with 120 kJ/kg and 180 kJ/kg, respectively. Regarding capsule diameter, the 6 mm capsules extended the middle heating stage by 40.0 % and 16.7 % compared to 4 mm and 5 mm capsules, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103833"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-modal approach to pool boiling dynamics: Acoustic and vibration data for regime classification and heat flux prediction","authors":"Sreeram Barathula ,&nbsp;R. Karthik ,&nbsp;Jaswanth K.K. Alapati ,&nbsp;K. Srinivasan ,&nbsp;Teck Neng Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a multi-scale approach to pool boiling regime classification and heat flux prediction by integrating acoustic, vibration, and imaging techniques. Pool boiling experiments are conducted on a wire heater, and data is collected using microphones, accelerometers, and high-speed cameras. Power spectral density analysis is performed on the acoustic and vibration data, revealing distinct frequency responses that correlate with bubble dynamics and heat flux variations. The spectral power distribution is then used to classify the boiling regimes, identifying transitions from nucleate boiling to critical heat flux (CHF). Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) are applied to correlate the boiling frequencies and observe the structural dynamics of the bubbles. POD captured over 98% of the system’s energy in the first mode, while DMD identified significant frequency modes between 917.24 Hz and 9799.12 Hz, highlighting key transitions in the boiling process. Simple binary decision tree models are then employed to evaluate the performance of both acoustic and vibration datasets in predicting heat fluxes. The models achieved R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> scores consistently above 0.99. Principal component analysis (PCA) reduced the complexity of the acoustic and vibration datasets by over 97% while retaining 99% of the variance. The results demonstrate that binary decision tree models are sufficient for predicting heat fluxes with relatively low error. This study provides a framework for real-time classification of boiling regimes and heat flux prediction, offering valuable insights into the dynamics of pool boiling and contributing to the development of safe thermal management systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103760"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation study on factors influencing the heat transfer performance of spray cooling","authors":"Sansong Yu ,&nbsp;Nianyong Zhou ,&nbsp;Guanghua Tang ,&nbsp;Han Shen ,&nbsp;Haoxuan Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiachun Li ,&nbsp;Yangyang Chu ,&nbsp;Xiaoshuang Li ,&nbsp;Jianchao Ma ,&nbsp;Qin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103834","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103834","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the advancement of miniaturization, high power, high performance, and high integration in various electronic devices, significant heat can be released within a short period during operation. Failure to dissipate heat promptly can lead to localized overheating. Spray cooling has garnered considerable attention due to its superior cooling efficiency. This paper utilizes numerical simulation techniques to investigate the heat transfer performance of spray cooling, focusing on the effects of factors such as mass flow rate, spray height, spray cone angle, additive concentration, and additive type on heat transfer characteristics. The study reveals the following findings: Increasing the working fluid flow rate or appropriately reducing the spray cone angle can significantly enhance the heat transfer performance of spray cooling. As the spray height increases, the surface temperature of the heat sink decreases initially and subsequently increases. Optimal spray cooling performance is attained when the spray projection radius constitutes approximately 85% of the heat sink surface radius. An increase in the mass fraction of methanol results in a gradual decline in the heat transfer performance of spray cooling. The higher the heat flux density on the heat sink surface, the more pronounced the decline in heat transfer performance. The addition of alcohols such as methanol and ethanol, or salts such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride, weakens the heat transfer performance of spray cooling. At the same concentration, the weakening effect of salt additives is more pronounced.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103834"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature uniformity analysis of high concentrated photovoltaics (HCPV) arrangement using four quadrant pin fin and porous metal foam heatsink","authors":"Arnob Dey ,&nbsp;Shimanto Sarker ,&nbsp;Zahir U. Ahmed ,&nbsp;Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature uniformity across the high-concentrated photovoltaics (HCPV) array plays a key role in the overall performance and longevity of the system. This study numerically investigates the conjugate heat transfer, temperature uniformity, and performance characteristics of pin fin and porous metal foam heatsinks for high-concentrated photovoltaic (HCPV) systems at low mass flow rates (50 g/min to 250 g/min). The study reveals that porous metal foam heatsinks with low porosity (<span><math><mi>ε</mi></math></span> = 0.6) consistently provide superior temperature uniformity among the three considered case (<span><math><mi>ε</mi></math></span> = 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) in porous foam and a lower pressure drop at higher mass flow rates compared to pin–fin heatsinks. Specifically, the lowest average temperature (316.78 K) and temperature uniformity index (2.5 %) were achieved at a mass flow rate of 250 g/min for porous metal foam (<span><math><mi>ε</mi></math></span> = 0.6). Furthermore, the porous metal foam heatsinks outperformed pin fin heatsinks in terms of higher Nusselt numbers and convective heat transfer coefficients, both of which are inversely proportional to porosity. The porous metal foam heatsinks (<span><math><mi>ε</mi></math></span> = 0.6) also demonstrated higher performance evaluation criterion (PEC), with net power gain ranging from 130 W to 138 W. Additionally, this configuration achieved the highest solar cell and overall exergy efficiency, reaching 42.32 % and 52 %, respectively. As such, porous metal foam heatsinks with low porosity is identified as the optimal solution in the current investigation and the porous metal foam heatsinks can be a viable alternative for thermal management and achieving uniformity in temperature distribution for HCPV system as it provides superior hydrothermal performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103818"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of immersion cooling performance for LiFePO4 battery packs: coolant effect and optimization","authors":"Wenling Li ,&nbsp;Yiwei Wang ,&nbsp;Wanyi Wu ,&nbsp;Jian Guo ,&nbsp;Yishu Qiu ,&nbsp;Guidong Ju ,&nbsp;Tingting Liu ,&nbsp;Long Li ,&nbsp;Zhe Yu ,&nbsp;Fangming Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared to air cooling and cold plate liquid cooling, immersion cooling is an advanced and highly efficient thermal management technology with advantages such as lower thermal resistance, reduced maintenance costs, and lower energy consumption. The immersion liquid (i.e. the coolant) is crucial to the cooling system’s performance, and key thermophysical properties of the immersion liquid, i.e. viscosity, density, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity, collectively determine the system heat dissipation efficiency. While literature work focuses more on benchmarking the established coolants as immersion liquid, progress in developing more advanced immersion liquids is constrained by insufficient reference data for multi-property optimization. In this study, a cost-effective approach integrating 3D transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface analysis (RSA) is employed to investigate the impact of immersion liquid properties on the thermal performance of an immersion-cooled 280Ah LiFePO₄ prismatic module (1P52S). Separate response surface models are established for the first time to quantify the effects of thermophysical properties on the cooling performance of both flammable and non-flammable dielectric fluids. Furthermore, an optimization process is conducted to identify the optimal cooling fluid parameters, achieving a temperature difference within the battery module of less than 2 K. The obtained findings provide insights and valuable data to the selection and optimization of immersion liquids for the practical lithium-ion battery immersion cooling systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103830"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144570659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical and experimental investigation of blast furnace slag flow and thermoelectric generator-based heat recovery","authors":"Xi Li ,&nbsp;Xiangning Meng ,&nbsp;Zhuang Miao ,&nbsp;Boyang Liang ,&nbsp;Runyu Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flow characteristics and heat recovery potential of blast furnace (BF) slag are critical for enhancing energy efficiency in industrial processes. This study integrates a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) above the BF slag runner to investigate the influence of thermoelectric module (TEM) structure on slag flow behavior and power generation. A predictive model was developed to accurately estimate BF slag viscosity based on composition and temperature. Baseline analysis of natural slag flow (without TEG) showed an outlet temperature of 1212.37 °C and a flow velocity of 2.89 m/min. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and experiments demonstrated that integrating the TEG significantly enhanced performance. At a TEM height of 5.0 mm, the TEG achieved a maximum power output of 11.93 W at 16.77 V and 0.71 A, driven by a temperature difference of 198.33 °C. The installation of the TEG raised the area-weighted outlet temperature to 1364.63 °C and velocity to 10.73 m/min, while the volume-integrated temperature rose from 1317.92 °C to 1399.62 °C, and the mass-weighted outlet velocity increased from 3.82 m/min to 14.13 m/min. This optimized TEM height significantly improved heat retention and slag flow behavior. TEG integration enables efficient waste heat recovery while enhancing thermal transport and flow efficiency, presenting a promising approach for energy sustainability in industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103831"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of different cooling system configurations for a cold storage at ultra-low temperature","authors":"Ebru Mançuhan ,&nbsp;Deniz Yilmaz ,&nbsp;Bercem Kiran-Yildirim","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, two different cooling system configurations with a cooling capacity of 5.5 kW were designed and constructed for a cold storage at Ultra-Low Temperature (ULT). Even though the most common design for ULT cooling is the two-stage cascade cycle, many studies have focused on optimization of design parameters through numerical solution and thermodynamic analysis. However, this research aims to fill this gap by generating baseline data for the conventional and renovated cascade systems feeding the cold storages. The conventional cascade system, Config. 1, is renovated with an outer room evaporator in the high temperature cycle (HTC), resulting in Config. 2. Experimental results showed that Config. 2 is the best option. Therefore, a model of Config. 2 was developed to simulate the effect of different cooling capacities (3.5 and 7.5 kW) at 20 °C ambient temperature. The model results for Config. 2 showed that varying the cooling capacities had no impact on system operating conditions and the coefficient of performance (COP). These systems were used to provide suitable storage conditions at an air temperature of −75 °C for the long-term preservation of vaccines, such as those produced for the COVID-19 virus; as well as tissues, cells, and food. The performance of two systems was compared and evaluated in terms of the energy consumption, the COP; and, the operation performance such as pull-down and stable phases for a 24-hour period. Measurement results show that the Config. 1 reaches the target temperature of −75 °C in a long pull-down time (14 h) with high energy consumption (371.56 kWh/day). On the other hand, the Config. 2 achieves the same temperature in much shorter pull-down time (8.5 h) with lower energy consumption (342.32 kWh/day). Here, the decrease in energy consumption is around 7.9 %. In addition, the similar decreasing trend is observed for the pull-down time with a change by 39.3 %. Furthermore, the renovated cooling system of Config. 2 has a COP of 0.60 while the conventional cooling system of Config. 1 has a COP of 0.48. Consequently, Config.2 can be recommended for industrial applications for long-term vaccine storage as it reaches the desired ultra-low temperature in a short time and consumes less energy with high performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103829"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Theoretical study of organic Rankine cycle for working fluid selection","authors":"Jinfeng Feng ,&nbsp;Chongchong Ren ,&nbsp;Jinbao Liu ,&nbsp;Yujun Tang ,&nbsp;Shuzhan Bai ,&nbsp;Guoxiang Li ,&nbsp;Sipeng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper establishes a mathematical relationship between fluid properties and cycle performance to establish a criterion for working fluid selection. The theoretical model for predicting cycle performance incorporates thermodynamic principles and several thermophysical correlations based on fluid properties. To achieve maximum net power output, a theoretical expression for the optimal evaporation temperature is derived as a function of heat source temperature and fluid properties. The relationship between fluid properties and cycle performance is analyzed by introducing a new feature parameter χ, which consists of operating temperatures, latent heat of vaporization, the slope of the saturated liquid line, and the slope of the isobaric line of expanded vapor. The effectiveness of the feature parameter χ as a selection criterion is validated by comparison with results from previous studies. Results show that the theoretical model achieves high accuracy, with maximum relative deviations below 3 % compared to numerical simulations. Regardless of whether the outlet temperature constraint is present, the standard deviation of the optimal evaporation temperature remains below 3  K, with a coefficient of variation of less than 0.8 %, indicating that the fluid properties have no significant impact on the optimal evaporation temperature. By accounting for the non-isothermal condensation process, the net power output shows a consistent linear relationship with the feature parameter χ, with the Pearson correlation coefficient remaining 1 across four cases. Case studies of working fluid selection for ORCs in maritime applications indicate that the feature parameter χ serves as an effective selection criterion for dry and isentropic working fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103828"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144548390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A scenario-based wind power forecasting using multivariate probabilistic power curves for power grid congestion risk management under extreme grid conditions","authors":"Suhyun Kim,&nbsp;Jin Hur","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103827","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2025.103827","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate wind power forecasting is essential for grid stability and congestion management in renewable-integrated power systems. Traditional deterministic methods fail to capture meteorological uncertainties, limiting their effectiveness in identifying extreme grid stress scenarios. This study proposes a multivariate Probabilistic Power Curve (PPC) framework that integrates wind speed, temperature, and humidity using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). The resulting percentile-based wind power scenarios represent multivariate meteorological uncertainty, allowing scenario-driven forecasting that captures both central trends and tail events. Case studies using real-world data from a wind farm in Jeju Island demonstrate that the proposed framework reduces forecasting error (up to 36.89 % NMAE) while identifying congestion risks overlooked by deterministic models. Under Extreme Grid Conditions (EGC), low-wind, high-demand scenarios show congestion probabilities exceeding 60 %, highlighting the model’s ability to simulate high-impact, low-probability (HILP) events. By integrating probabilistic forecasting with grid-level congestion analysis, the proposed framework supports adaptive dispatch, risk-informed planning, and market-based strategies such as congestion pricing. This work offers a structured decision-support framework for uncertainty-aware transmission operation and planning under uncertainty. Future extensions may include real-time grid operation optimization, multi-energy system coordination, and resilience enhancement under climate-induced extreme scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"64 ","pages":"Article 103827"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}