Thermal Science and Engineering Progress最新文献

{"title":"Effects of dimethylformamide (DMF) and diacetone alcohol (DAA) additives on combustion parameters and exhaust emissions in diesel-fuel oil 6 mixtures","authors":"Usame Demir ,&nbsp;Samet Çelebi ,&nbsp;Salih Özer","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effectiveness of solvent use in improving the combustion and emissions of Diesel-Fuel Oil 6 (FO6) mixtures. We operated a direct-injection diesel engine at 3000 rpm over 0%–75% load, using a baseline heavy blend (DF40: diesel with 40% FO6) and DF40 with 10% or 20% (v/v) N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or diacetone alcohol (DAA). Adding FO6 increased BSFC by 2.7–9.0% relative to diesel across all tested loads. This confirms that high-viscosity FO6 fractions are bad for fuel economy. Adding solvents mostly canceled out this effect. DF40–DMF20 lowered BSFC by 10.99–17.48% (depending on load), while DF40–DAA20 lowered it by 8.38–15.05%. Dosing the solvent also affected the combustion process. DF40–DMF20 raised the temperature of the exhaust gas by 9.02–12.55% (DAA20: 6.38–11.07%) and, at the same time, made combustion less harsh by lowering the peak pressure rise rate by 18% and the maximum cumulative heat release by 11%. Emission responses were good for particulates and products of incomplete combustion: smoke opacity dropped by 14.7–28% with DMF20 and 10.5–20% with DAA20. DMF20 also lowered HC (2–10.2%) and CO (18.6–31.6%). NO_x levels increased slightly (DMF20: 8–14.8%; DAA20: 4.5–8.9%), consistent with improved oxidation and higher local temperatures. In general, solvent-assisted mixing enables efficient use of FO6 without preheating; however, NO_x reduction remains necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104581"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of unsteady MHD pressure-driven non-isothermal radiative flow of Maxwell fluid with joule heating and viscous dissipation","authors":"Rehman Ali Shah ,&nbsp;Muhammad Naveed ,&nbsp;Ayesha Hassan ,&nbsp;Babar Iftikhar ,&nbsp;Muhammad Shoaib","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A viscoelastic (Maxwell) fluid exhibits both elastic and viscous behavior, characterized by a relaxation time that indicates how long the fluid takes to return to its original state after deformation, and plays a crucial role in various industrial and engineering processes. The present analysis consists of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Maxwell fluid flow due to pressure-and buoyancy-driven flow. Additionally, we incorporated the effects of thermal radiation, Joule heating, and viscous dissipation during heat transfer. The unsteady coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the flow and heat transfer, after non-dimensionalization, are solved using MATLAB code based on the implicit finite difference technique. The results are performed against the wide range of key dimensionless parameters (<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>) and <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> are the mixed convection (representing the combined influence of buoyancy and forced convection) and Maxwell parameters (characterizing the fluid’s relaxation behavior and elastic effects). At a small value of <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow></math></span>), only a single peak/circulation of the velocity field is formed, but at a large <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>, another peak with intensity <span><math><mrow><mn>1.1515</mn></mrow></math></span> is also formed near the z-axis, due to the dominant convective flow. The intensity of the velocity-field circulation is reduced to <span><math><mrow><mn>0.3132</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>0.23732</mn></mrow></math></span> as the viscoelastic parameter <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>λ</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> increases from <span><math><mrow><mn>0.1</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>1.3</mn></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104585"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance enhancement of a single-slope solar still using graphene-coated absorber plate and optimized fin geometry","authors":"R. Prem Sankar ,&nbsp;C. Karpagavalli ,&nbsp;Vijayakumar Rajendran ,&nbsp;Amuthakkannan Rajakannu","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Single Slope Solar Still (SSS) is widely used for desalination purposes due to its simplicity and low manufacturing cost, but it suffers from limited freshwater productivity. The current study focuses on an innovative design to enhance the performance of a still using graphene-dispersed black paint on the absorber plate, along with variances in the shapes of fins, such as rectangular, cylindrical, and combined fins. An overall one-year analysis was carried out for the study under three predominant climatic situations: summer, monsoon, and winter. From the study, it was observed that the graphene-coated SSS equipped with a cylindrical fin performs best irrespective of all climatic conditions. During summer, the average temperatures of condensate water, absorber plate, glass cover, and basin vapor were recorded as 56.1 °C, 57.2 °C, 50.3 °C, and 60.5 °C, respectively, thereby giving a maximum cumulative freshwater productivity of 2322 ml/day, with an overall energy efficiency of 47%. During the monsoon and winter, freshwater productivities of 1963 ml/day and 1776 ml/day, along with overall energy efficiency of 38.4% and 35.8%, respectively, were observed. The optimum system’s average exergy efficiency was seen to be 2.94%, 2.4%, and 2.2% under summer, monsoon, and winter conditions, respectively. Also, the economic analysis showed that the economic cost of distilled water production lies in the range of $0.034–0.038/liter in different seasons. These results prove that the synergistic integration of graphene coating and cylindrical fins significantly enhances the thermal, exergetic, and economic viability of single-slope solar stills under varying climatic conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104545"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyramid-shaped solar still desalination systems performance assessment and optimisation using sequential neural networks and genetic algorithms","authors":"Jafar Zanganeh,&nbsp;Hajir Karimi,&nbsp;Behdad Moghtaderi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater scarcity in many regions underscores the urgent need for efficient and sustainable Freshwater production methods. This study presents a sequential artificial neural network (ANN) model, integrated with a genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation, to predict and maximise the freshwater output of a pyramid solar still (PSS). By modelling thermal and mass-transfer stages, the sequential ANN accurately captured complex nonlinear interactions among meteorological, design, and operational parameters, without relying on simplifying assumptions. The ANN model achieved high predictive accuracy (MAE = 0.04, R = 0.98), aligning well with experimental data. Applying importance analysis to the ANN process model, indicated solar irradiance, daytime, and temperature differences have the highest impact, accounting for 70% of the variance in productivity. Optimisation results indicated that the ideal operating conditions were achieved at water depths of 3.5  cm and 3.6  cm, with temperature differential of 11.7 °C for GA. These conditions yielded peak hourly productivity of 0.720  L/m².hr. The optimal water depths slightly exceed the acceptable range of 1–3  cm reported in the literature, which may be due to differing control conditions in those studies. This hybrid modelling framework provides a powerful tool for improving PSS design and accelerating the commercialisation of solar desalination systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive differential evolution approaches in real-time optimization of co-generation systems for enhanced energy minimization","authors":"Fakhrony Sholahudin Rohman ,&nbsp;Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi ,&nbsp;Siti Nor Azreen Ahmad Termizi ,&nbsp;Hong An Er ,&nbsp;Dinie Muhammad ,&nbsp;Ashraf Azmi","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines Real Time Optimization (RTO) for an industrial cogeneration plant featuring a tightly coupled multi boiler turbine network, in which fluctuating steam and power demands and fuel price volatility necessitate continual economic re optimization while preserving closed loop stability. Three evolutionary optimizers are Differential Evolution (DE), Hybrid Differential Evolution (HDE), and Adaptive Differential Evolution (ADE) deployed as the supervisory RTO layer above the regulatory controllers, with Model Predictive Control (MPC) regulating boiler pressure (Control Variable 1, CV1) and drum level CV2 and PI or PI loops regulating turbine power. A deterministic, repeatable stress test is introduced through sequential step changes in high pressure steam demand, medium pressure steam demand, power demand, and natural gas price, enabling systematic evaluation of transient adaptability and robustness. Over five boilers and the turbine network, multi run mean and deviation results show that ADE delivers the most consistent overall behavior, yielding smoother operating trajectories, improved tracking, and lower energy usage. Specifically, the total integrated energy consumption is approximately 895 MWh with ADE, compared to 926 MWh with DE and 1259 MWh with HDE, equivalent to reductions of about 3 percent versus DE and 29 percent versus HDE. Control performance improves in parallel the mean boiler pressure (Integral Square Error) ISE CV1 drops by roughly 68 percent relative to DE and 71 percent relative to HDE, while turbine regulation shows substantial enhancement with turbine ISE reduced by about 98 percent compared with DE. Overall, the results demonstrate that adaptive evolutionary optimization strengthens coordination between the RTO and control layers, providing a robust and energy efficient strategy for real time cogeneration operation under dynamic demand and price disturbances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146081781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propane–syngas premixed flames in a heat‑flux burner: Effect of H2/CO enrichment on laminar burning velocity, temperature profiles, and mechanism sensitivity","authors":"Bigeud Bouhentala ,&nbsp;Hartmut Krause ,&nbsp;Sven Eckart","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Blending syngas with propane offers a versatile approach to tune combustion behavior, merging the high reactivity and clean burning properties of syngas with the stability and energy density of propane enabling flexible syngas adoption in the current combustion systems. Premixed propane–syngas flames were investigated at 298 K and 1 bar over an equivalence-ratio range of ϕ = 0.6–1.5 to quantify the Laminar Burning Velocity (LBV) and flame temperature. The LBV was measured using a heat-flux burner (quasi-adiabatic, planar flame), and temperature profiles at Heights Above the Burner (HAB) of 1–20 mm were recorded using a type-S thermocouple and corrected for radiative losses via a steady-state convection–radiation balance (ε = 0.205–0.235). Equimolar and non-equimolar H₂/CO syngas blends, with syngas fractions up to 80% of the fuel, were examined. Numerical predictions were obtained using a one-dimensional freely propagating flame model with the USC II, San Diego, Aramco 2.0, C3MechLite, and NUIG 1.1 kinetic mechanisms; the San Diego mechanism best reproduces lean LBV, whereas USC II performs better under rich conditions. Increasing syngas content increases LBV at all ϕ and shifts the LBV peak from ϕ = 1.0 to ϕ = 1.1 at high syngas fractions; at ϕ = 1.5, LBV increases by 145% as the syngas fraction rises from 20% to 80%. The peak flame temperature (T_peak) increases by 2.9% at ϕ = 0.8 and by 12.5% at ϕ = 1.4 for 80% equimolar syngas, with H₂-rich syngas yielding higher values than CO-rich blends. Sensitivity and radical-profile analyses indicate that H-atom branching (H + O₂ = O + OH) and OH-assisted CO oxidation promote LBV, whereas HO₂ formation and H-recombination pathways limit the gains, consistent with the observed mechanism-to-mechanism differences under rich conditions. Syngas addition also moves the flame front closer to the burner (HAB ≈ 1 mm versus 2 mm for propane), consistent with improved rich-side stabilization. Overall, the dataset provides a combined experimental–numerical benchmark of LBV and temperature profiles for propane flames enriched with syngas (H₂/CO), including both equimolar and non-equimolar blends up to 80% of the fuel for model validation and syngas-utilization studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104547"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal performance of a hybrid pulsed nanofluid flow in a channel with obstacles formed using a dual MRT–LBM approach","authors":"Abdelilah Makaoui,&nbsp;Mohammed Amine Moussaoui,&nbsp;Ahmed Mezrhab","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) was used to study the flow of a pulsating hybrid nanofluid of copper and aluminium (Cu–Al₂O₃) and water containing two internal obstacles inside a heated microchannel. The effects of the Reynolds number (Re), Strouhal number (St), total nanoparticle volume fraction (φ), copper mixing ratio, and obstacle shape (rectangular vs. trapezoidal) were determined using the mean Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), and performance evaluation criterion (PEC). Increases in φ and copper ratio enhanced effective heat transfer, resulting in an increase in Nū. Under identical operating conditions, this reached a maximum of 28% compared to water for φ = 4% and 75% copper. The inlet pulse produced a non-uniform response, with the optimal result occurring near St ≈ 0.8. Within this region, the periodic disturbance of the boundary layer and the regeneration of the thermal fluid near the wall were more effective. Increasing St led to a further decrease in net gain due to phase lag and incomplete thermal redevelopment within the cycle. Replacing the rectangular obstacle with a trapezoidal obstacles suppresses stagnation recirculation and promotes smoother reattachment. This improves the hydrodynamic thermal equilibrium, resulting in a maximum PEC≈1.35. These results provide design guidelines for the coordinated selection of hybrid configuration, pulse frequency, and barrier shape in microchannel heat sinks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104578"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the non-uniform temperature field in CRTS II slab track based on measured meteorological data","authors":"Chang Xu ,&nbsp;Zhixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yunchuan Ou ,&nbsp;Zhiyu Zeng ,&nbsp;Pingrui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clarifying the spatiotemporal evolution of the temperature field is essential for accurately investigating thermal effects in track structures. This study developed a finite element model based on heat transfer theory and dynamic sunlight area identification to investigate the non-uniform temperature field in CRTS II slab track. Through on-site monitoring experiments, meteorological variation characteristics were captured and used to validate the accuracy of the computational model. The analysis reveals that the temperature field of the track structure under solar radiation exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal non-uniformity. Temperature fluctuations diminish with increasing distance from the track surface, while the occurrence of peak temperatures is progressively delayed, and the vertical temperature gradient of different structural layers at the same time may be in the opposite state. The vertical non-uniformity of the temperature field in the track structure is governed by the thickness of structural layers and the efficiency of vertical heat transfer within materials, while the transverse non-uniformity is primarily determined by the relative position of the sun to the track and the shadowing effects. A distinct nonlinear relationship exists between the track structure temperature and solar radiation intensity. The daily average air temperature predominantly governs the overall temperature variation of the track structure, whereas the daily air temperature amplitude primarily influences the temperature gradient within the structure. The line direction exerts the greatest influence on the temperature distribution between the two sides of the track structure, exhibiting marked seasonal correlation. The sun-shade asymmetry effect is weakest when the line direction angle is 90°.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104591"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal environment of spatial morphology in clustered villages: field evidence, simulation analysis, and planning implications from the Guanzhong Plain China","authors":"Kai Xin ,&nbsp;Xina Ma ,&nbsp;Zijing Peng ,&nbsp;Zhuoer Lu ,&nbsp;Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Qianru Sun ,&nbsp;Tianhui Wang ,&nbsp;Jingyuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Weijun Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chinese villages are distinguished by their dense distribution and pronounced spatial clustering, with thermal environment conditions strongly shaped by their spatial morphology. This study investigates how the spatial morphology of clustered villages affects local microclimates, aiming to address a gap in current research. Using 42 villages in the Guanzhong Plain, microclimate data were obtained through field measurements and ENVI-met simulations. A regression model identified key spatial indicators, and a curve-fitting model was developed to predict their optimal threshold ranges. Main results indicate that public spaces exhibit the largest diurnal variation in air temperature and relative humidity during typical summer days. Road Area Floor (Raf) makes a significant contribution on AT, RH, and wind speed, while Ba exhibits the smallest contribution. Road space is the main spatial type that affects the microclimatic environment of villages, then, the key village spatial morphology indicators system was established. The curve prediction model for Raf and PET (Y = −807.103X² + 70.297X + 58.567, R² = 0.731) indicates that the maximum value of Raf was calculated to be 0.043. This study fills a theoretical gap in the microclimate research of clustered rural settlements. The proposed spatial morphology index system and thresholds offer practical guidance for rural planning, supporting rural revitalization efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104548"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in thermal management and safety of Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles: Addressing thermal runaway and fire risk mitigation","authors":"S. Hemavathi ,&nbsp;A. Arun Kumar ,&nbsp;R. AkashKumar ,&nbsp;Jayaraman Vinoth Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tsep.2026.104561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring safe and reliable thermal regulation in lithium-ion battery packs remains a major challenge in the development of electric vehicles. Increasing energy density, fast charging requirements, and compact pack configurations intensify thermal stress during operation. Under these conditions, the probability of thermal runaway, accelerated aging, and fire related hazards increases, directly affecting operational safety and large-scale deployment. Most existing studies examine cooling approaches, safety mechanisms, or battery management strategies independently. As a result, comprehensive system level assessments that jointly address thermal control, fire risk mitigation, and intelligent monitoring remain limited. This review addresses this gap by examining recent and emerging battery thermal management strategies, with particular emphasis on dielectric immersion cooling using conventional and nanofluid based media. Experimental investigations and simulation studies reported in the literature show that immersion cooling can improve heat dissipation efficiency by approximately thirty five percent under controlled laboratory and pack level conditions. Corresponding reductions in peak cell temperature of up to forty percent are observed when compared with air cooled and indirect liquid cooled systems. The role of artificial intelligence battery management systems is also discussed as a supportive framework for diagnostics, anomaly detection, and adaptive thermal supervision, along with current challenges related to practical implementation. Recent advances in fire suppression techniques, computational thermal modeling, and Multiphysics simulation methods are further reviewed to evaluate their effectiveness in limiting cascading thermal failures in high density battery packs. Overall, this review provides a structured perspective on the development of thermally robust and safety factor battery systems suitable for next generation electric vehicle applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23062,"journal":{"name":"Thermal Science and Engineering Progress","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 104561"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147422255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}