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{"title":"Proton-Calcium Dual Cation Assisted Redox of Phenazine Molecular Crystals with Coplanar Stacking.","authors":"Danish Wazir, Narendra Kurra","doi":"10.1002/smll.73630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73630","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aqueous calcium ion batteries (ACIBs) are emerging as promising next-generation sustainable energy storage systems due to the high abundance of calcium and the inherent safety of aqueous electrolytes. However, the development of aqueous CIBs remains challenging, primarily due to sluggish Ca²⁺ diffusion kinetics and the scarcity of suitable electrode materials. Herein, we report, for the first time, phenazine as a small conjugated aromatic organic anode for reversible electrochemical storage of calcium ions. The phenazine anode exhibits a specific calciation capacity of 130 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1, high-rate capability (50 mAh g^-1 at 20 A g^-1), and good cycling stability over 8000 charge-discharge cycles. Systematic studies reveal that co-insertion of protons across phenazine planes is strongly dependent on salt concentration and anion identity of the electrolytes. Further, 3D Bode analysis probes the charge storage dynamics based on synergistic proton-assisted Ca²⁺ ion storage in phenazine. As a proof of concept, an all-organic phenazine || triphenylamine full cell is constructed, which operates at 1.8 V with a typical energy density of 36 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 455 W kg^-1, besides exhibiting long-term cycling stability. By deployment of organic electrodes, the design of next-generation energy storage devices ensures sustainability over inorganic materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73630"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Carbonaceous and Alloy Type Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Capacity, Scalability, and Sustainability Perspectives.","authors":"Anele Tshaka, Usisipho Feleni, Moshawe J Madito, Mesfin Abayneh Kebede","doi":"10.1002/smll.202511638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202511638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The demand for high-performance energy storage systems has intensified the search for alternative battery technologies beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Interestingly, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as promising candidates due to the natural abundance and cost-effectiveness of sodium (Na) resources. However, achieving competitive energy density remains a significant challenge, particularly at the anode counterpart. Traditional carbonaceous anodes, specifically graphite, which have demonstrated remarkable success in LIBs, tend to exhibit suboptimal electrochemical performance when applied to SIBs. This limitation primarily arises from the fundamental thermodynamic and kinetic differences between lithium (Li) and Na ions. In particular, Na possesses a significantly larger ionic radius than Li, which hinders its ability to intercalate efficiently into the graphite layers typically used in LIBs. Moreover, the weaker binding affinity of Na to the carbonaceous host leads to less favorable thermodynamics, further contributing to its sluggish intercalation kinetics. These issues result in poor Na-ion storage capacity, low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), and rapid capacity fading. To overcome these limitations, alloy-type anode materials are gaining attention for their high theoretical capacities and enhanced energy densities. Thus, this review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in alloy-type anodes for SIBs, focusing on elucidating and unraveling the underlying mechanisms of Na storage. Key insights into the electrochemical behavior, phase transformations, and failure mechanisms of these materials are discussed, highlighting the critical factors that influence their performance. Additionally, the review examines the fundamental science behind the performance degradation of carbonaceous anodes, providing a comparative analysis to better understand the challenges and opportunities for next-generation SIB anodes. Overall, this work aims to bridge the knowledge gap in the design of high-energy-density anodes for SIBs, guiding future developments in the quest for efficient and sustainable energy storage solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e11638"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147830833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrablack, Harsh-Condition-Resistant Micro-Pyramid Graphite Array for Solar Energy Harvesting and Conversion.","authors":"Huiyong Li, Siyuan Zhou, Mengxi Liu, Houbo Li, Zejun Zhang, Chun Li, Hui Zhang, Zhong Zhang","doi":"10.1002/smll.73665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73665","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Efficient solar energy utilization demands high-absorption materials that are low-cost, easy to fabricate, and harsh-condition-resistant. Herein, the micro-pyramid graphite array (GA) is fabricated by nanosecond laser etching followed by surface modification with the antireflection layer. The optimized GA exhibits a high solar absorbance of 99.3% and good omnidirectional broadband absorption. The superblackness is ascribed to several combined effects, including: the light-trapping effect of micro-pyramid cones, the enhancement of localized electric field around submicron/nano-wrinkles, as well as the reduced interfacial reflection via a low-refractive-index polymer coating. With its superior thermal stability, the GA can convert the high-irradiance light into heat, reaching the surface equilibrium temperature of 300°C under 10-sun irradiation. The GA-enhanced thermoelectric generator significantly increases the output power density to 20 mW cm^-2 under 10-sun irradiation, which outperforms the reported organic ultrablack materials. The GA may be a promising photothermal converter under harsh operation conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73665"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Chain Regulation Across Anode-Electrolyte-Cathode Enables High-Capacity and Durable Aqueous Zn-Te Batteries.","authors":"Yu Ai, Hengyu Yang, Xuefang Zhang, Yongle Liang, Fengjun Niu, Guobao Xu, Liwen Yang","doi":"10.1002/smll.73616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aqueous zinc-tellurium (Zn-Te) batteries hold great potential in large-scale energy storage owing to intrinsic safety and high theoretical capacity, yet their application is seriously hindered by sluggish Te redox kinetics and insufficient stability of Zn metal anodes. Herein, we use multifunctional choline iodide (ChI) to establish full-chain regulation across the anode-electrolyte-cathode interface, thereby achieving a high-performance Zn-Te battery. It is revealed that preferentially absorbed Ch⁺ ions form a water-deficient Helmholtz inner layer at the anode, stabilizing the electrode-electrolyte interface and promoting I^- aggregation to enhance Zn²⁺ migration kinetics. In the bulk electrolyte, Ch⁺ suppresses water reactivity and cooperates with I^- to optimize Zn²⁺ solvation structure. Simultaneously at the cathode, I^- catalyzes multi-electron transfer reactions of Te and contributes additional capacity via redox activity, while Ch⁺ coordinates with generated iodine species to stabilize Coulombic efficiency. Consequently, Zn symmetric cells exhibit stable cycling over 8400 h under 1 mA cm^-2/1 mAh cm^-2, and Zn//Te@EG full cells deliver a high specific capacity of 423.8 mAh g^-1 after 500 cycles at 1 A g^-1. Notably, at a practical N/P ratio of 2.78, the Zn//Te@EG full cell retains a high capacity of 581.3 mAh g^-1 after 60 cycles at 0.2 A g^-1.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73616"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygen Atmosphere Sintering Enhances Density and High-Power Performance of Mn-Doped Textured PMN-PZT Ceramics.","authors":"Mingyang Tang, Xin Liu, Wei Bai, Ming Ma, Yike Wang, Yuxin Wang, Linlang Bai, Zhuo Xu, Yongke Yan","doi":"10.1002/smll.73644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73644","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High-power applications demand piezoceramics that combine large piezoelectric strain coefficients d₃₃ and low mechanical loss (high Q_m). In this study, [001]-textured Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-PbZrO₃-PbTiO₃ (PMN-PZT) ceramics are fabricated using BaTiO₃ seeds to induce grain orientation and manganese doping for hardening. Notably, by leveraging the rapid oxygen transport mechanism within the perovskite lattice, ceramics sintered in an oxygen atmosphere achieves a high relative density of 98%-99%, significantly exceeding the 95.6% achieved in air. The dense textured ceramics exhibit excellent combined soft and hard properties, showing high d₃₃ of 1025 pC/N and high Q_m of 810. Their performance under high drive is further evaluated via electrical transient response method. The results indicate that even at a high vibration velocity of 1.0 m/s, the dense ceramics maintained a high Q_m of 560, higher than that of the less-dense textured counterparts (Q_m = 140). Moreover, reduced strain hysteresis suggests that the dense microstructure enhances domain wall pinning, thereby mitigating mechanical losses due to inhomogeneous strain under high fields. In summary, this work demonstrates that oxygen-atmosphere sintering effectively improves both mechanical and electrical properties in textured ceramics, showing great promise for high-power piezoelectric applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73644"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Progress on Fluorene-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks and Metal-Organic Frameworks.","authors":"Xinxin Han, Yang Feng, Zepeng Guo, Jianhua Li, Jiangtian Tan, Shasha Wang, Ying Wei, Fangfang Wu, Linghai Xie","doi":"10.1002/smll.73651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid development of flexible electronic technology is driving profound changes in the material system. In this revolution, organic materials have gained unprecedented development space due to their structural tunability, biocompatibility, and mechanical flexibility. However, their practical applications have long been limited by core bottlenecks, including low carrier mobility, poor environmental stability, and performance degradation caused by disordered molecular arrangements. In this context, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are high-dimensional organic materials that provide nanoscale frameworks for excitons and electronics, exhibiting inorganic-like optoelectronic behaviors and performances. Fluorene-based organic semiconductors are a key class of organic materials that have been widely explored and applied across flexible devices, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and others. It is emerging to explore the organic high-dimensional materials for accelerating flexible electronics facing organic intelligence. Given the outstanding features of MOFs and COFs, incorporating fluorene-based molecular fragments into these materials may yield superior performance. In the review, we summarize fluorene-based topological designs, synthesis, and characterization of COFs and MOFs, along with their application in adsorption, sensing, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Finally, we discuss future challenges, such as scalability and carrier mobility improvement, and opportunities, providing insights for high-performance flexible electronic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73651"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulating Photons and Phonons in Graphene-Based Phase Change Materials for Solar-Thermal-Electrical Generation.","authors":"Shuaihua Yuan, Jiaying Zhu, Yang Li, Peicheng Li, Yuhao Feng, Zhenghui Shen, Zhiqiang Wang, Ruiqi Li, Kun Yao, Jiawei Wu, Guangtong Hai, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1002/smll.73606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73606","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solar-thermal-electrical generators offer a promising route for the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Their reliability can be enhanced by integrating phase change materials (PCMs) to buffer thermal fluctuations and ensure stable operation, yet conventional PCMs often suffer from low thermal conductivity and poor solar capture. Herein, photosensitive Co/C-anchored reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conductive framework was fabricated via metal-organic framework (MOF) pyrolysis-assisted zinc volatilization strategy. This design enables the in situ formation of MOF-derived uniformly dispersed cobalt nanoparticles within rGO framework. After the encapsulation of paraffin wax (PW), the resultant rGO@Co/C-PW composite PCMs demonstrate a remarkable solar-thermal conversion efficiency of 92.5% under 100 mW·cm^-2 irradiation, attributed to the synergistic interplay between the broadband absorption and non-radiative relaxation of graphitic carbon and the localized surface plasmon resonance of Co nanoparticles. rGO@Co/C-PW also exhibits enhanced thermal conductivity, high phase change enthalpy, and excellent long-term cycling stability, supported by regulated non-isothermal phase transition kinetics via heterogeneous nucleation and spatial confinement. When integrated into a thermoelectric module, a sustained and stable power output of 8.82 mW under 100 mW·cm^-2 is generated, capable of powering small electronic devices. This study provides valuable insights into developing next-generation PCMs integrating solar-thermal conversion, thermal energy storage, and thermoelectric output.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73606"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Design Opening Multiple Charge Transfer Pathways in Oxygen-Bridged Boron Emitters for High-Efficiency Pure Violet Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.","authors":"Jinho Park, Junyoung Moon, Seungwon Han, Jangho Moon, Dong Ryun Lee, Han Jin Ahn, Jun Yun Kim, Ji-Ho Baek, Jun Yeob Lee","doi":"10.1002/smll.202600031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202600031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we designed and synthesized two novel oxygen-bridged boron-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, 11-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-16-phenyl-12-(3-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)-16H-5,9-dioxa-16-aza-13b-boraindeno[1,2-a]naphtho[1,2,3-fg]anthracene (BOID-Cz-Si) and 9-(12-(3-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)-5,9,16-trioxa-13b-boraindeno[1,2-a]naphtho[1,2,3-fg]anthracen-11-yl)-9H-carbazole (BOBF-Cz-Si). These compounds produce fluorescent emission through short-range and long-range charge transfer (CT) within the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon framework along with additional long-range CT between the donor and acceptor units of the emitter. Indole and benzofuran units were incorporated into the oxygen-bridged boron core as electron-donating moieties to modulate the long-range CT and enhance the multiple resonance (MR)-TADF properties. Furthermore, a bulky tetraphenylsilane group and an auxiliary carbazole unit were incorporated to suppress intermolecular interactions and enhance emission through long-range CT. Both emitters exhibited pure violet emission (peaks near 400 nm) with narrow full width at half-maximum values (approximately 25 nm) in the solution state and high photoluminescence quantum yields (up to 95%). Notably, the BOID-Cz-Si device showed a violet emission peak at 420 nm and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 22.7%, which is one of the highest efficiency values reported in the violet region. These results indicate the promising potential of hybridized oxygen-bridged boron scaffolds, which combine short- and long-range CT within the MR framework with rational donor engineering, as high-efficiency, high-color-purity MR-TADF emitters.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e00031"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive Structural Reconfiguration in Ether-Incorporated Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Efficient Iodine Capture.","authors":"Yuxin Liang, Tao Liu, Ruoqian Zhang, Yuhan Wang, Shiqi Xu, Qiang Luo, Yihui Yuan, Ning Wang","doi":"10.1002/smll.73655","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.73655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The development of efficient adsorbents for radioactive iodine capture is critical for environmental and human safety. Flexible covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising candidates due to their structural adaptability, yet how their structural reconfigurations govern iodine adsorption remains unknown. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of two highly crystalline, ether-embedded flexible COFs (F-TEA and F-BEA), along with a rigid, ether-free counterpart (R-TPA) as a control. In the triazine-containing F-TEA, the ether bond reduces steric hindrance between triazine and benzene rings, which improves adsorption-site accessibility and enhances halogen-bond interactions, thereby leading to superior iodine vapor capture (F-TEA>F-BEA>R-TPA). However, the triazine ring also induces an ether-bond locking effect, triggering a water-responsive structural rearrangement that reduces micropore accessibility and water-phase adsorption. In contrast, the triazine-free F-BEA possesses freely rotating ether bonds that enable adaptive framework swelling, which can accommodate more iodine molecules and facilitate iodine uptake through multi-site charge transfer. Consequently, F-BEA achieves a high iodine adsorption capacity of 7.25 g g^-1 from aqueous solution, whereas the rigid R-TPA undergoes framework collapse and exhibits the lowest performance. This study establishes conformational control of flexible linkages as a key design principle for high-performance porous iodine adsorbents.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e73655"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological Quantum Materials in Sustainable Energy Conversion: Catalysis and Thermoelectrics.","authors":"Suman Dey, Tanmoy Ghosh, Manisha Samanta","doi":"10.1002/smll.202514986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topological quantum materials (TQMs), characterized by symmetry-protected topological surface states (TSS) with unique properties, have revolutionized the understanding of solid-state chemistry and condensed matter physics, making them attractive for many emerging sustainable energy conversion technologies. TQMs with TSS providing a stable electron bath with high carrier mobility provide a perfect platform for surface chemistry-related applications, namely catalysis. For example, Weyl semimetals (e.g., NbP, NbIrTe₄) exhibit excellent performance for hydrogen evolution, while chiral topological semimetals (e.g., RhSi, RhSn, and RhBiS) show superior properties for spin-selective oxygen evolution. TQMs have also emerged as good candidates for thermoelectric (TE) applications due to their unique electronic structure. For instance, band inversion and warping-driven high valley degeneracy leads to a high Seebeck coefficient in tetradymites (e.g., Bi₂Te₃, Bi₂Se₃) with exceptional near room temperature TE performance. In addition to Seebeck and Peltier effect-driven conventional TE applications, the recent emergence of Berry curvature-driven anomalous thermopower and the Nernst effect in many TQMs opens a new paradigm of energy conversion and sensor technologies. In this review, we present a comprehensive picture of the recent progress in TQMs for catalytic and TE applications, along with a brief outlook on the major challenges and prospects for realizing the full potential of TQMs.</p>","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e14986"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147831541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}