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Advancing Non-Aqueous Etching Strategy for Swift and High-Yield Synthesis of 2D Molybdenum Carbides (MXenes)

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202411319

Jaeeun Yoon, Ki Hong Park, Seungjun Lee, Taehee Kim, Gwan Hyun Choi, Albert S. Lee, Seon Joon Kim, Chong Min Koo, Taegon Oh

{"title":"Advancing Non-Aqueous Etching Strategy for Swift and High-Yield Synthesis of 2D Molybdenum Carbides (MXenes)","authors":"Jaeeun Yoon, Ki Hong Park, Seungjun Lee, Taehee Kim, Gwan Hyun Choi, Albert S. Lee, Seon Joon Kim, Chong Min Koo, Taegon Oh","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411319","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based solutions are widely used for etching MAX phases to synthesize high-purity 2D molybdenum carbides (MXenes). However, their applicability is limited to selected MAX phases, and the production of certain MXenes, such as Mo-based MXenes, remains challenging owing to low quality, low yield, and the time-intensive process, often requiring several days to weeks. In this study, a non-aqueous etchant for faster and more efficient synthesis of high-purity Mo-based MXenes is introduced. This etchant, containing Cl− and F− ions, is adequately effective to etch the MAX phase using the F− ions of moderate concentration regenerated from GaF63− byproducts but only mildly caustic to prevent damage to the resulting MXene. Using this approach, the rapid production of Mo2CTx is demonstrated within 24 h at 100 °C, achieving up to 90% multilayer and 45% monolayer yields. Furthermore, the resulting monolayer Mo2CTx flake exhibits larger sizes and fewer defects, with an electrical conductivity of 5.9 S cm−1, 6.5 times higher than that (0.9 S cm−1) of aqueous HF-Mo2CTx. This enhancement results in improved electrocatalytic activity of high-purity Mo2CTx for hydrogen evolution reactions. These findings highlight the potential of non-aqueous etching solutions to address the limitations of HF-based MXene synthesis.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Co-Doping Engineered High Performance Ni-Rich Layered Cathode

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202502152

Kaili Li, Weixin Chen, Mingqiu Duan, Zhiling Liu, Dilxat Muhtar, Xiangjie Yang, Kai Ning, Fangyan Xie, Xia Lu

{"title":"Co-Doping Engineered High Performance Ni-Rich Layered Cathode","authors":"Kaili Li, Weixin Chen, Mingqiu Duan, Zhiling Liu, Dilxat Muhtar, Xiangjie Yang, Kai Ning, Fangyan Xie, Xia Lu","doi":"10.1002/smll.202502152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202502152","url":null,"abstract":"Although layered oxides of LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM, x + y + z = 1) are promising high energy density cathode materials, they still face significant challenges such as the cracks caused by anisotropic strain and poor structural and thermal stability upon building high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for scale-up industrialization. Under this circumstance, the La and Mg elements are theoretically and experimentally introduced into the layered NCM cathode to modify the primary particles synergistically by the lattice orientation regulation and surface perovskite-phase coating. The synthesized La/Mg co-doped NCM cathode delivers a discharge-specific capacity of 203 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 126.2 mAh g−1 at 10 C (1C = 200 mA g−1), which results from the radial grain orientation by incorporating trace amount of dopants, as well as the enhancements on both ionic and electronic conductivities. Further analysis discloses the formation of the La-based perovskite protective layer on the surface, which plays a key role in stabilizing the lattice oxygen ions upon cycling and increasing both structural and thermal stabilities of the cathode. This one-step co-doping strategy provides a rewarding avenue toward developing practical NCM cathodes and high-performance, durable rechargeable Li batteries.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fatty Alcohol-Based “Smart Windows” Driven by Photo-Thermal Materials Toward Thermal Management in Hot Regions and High Fire Safety

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202501540

Wei Cai, Tianyang Cui, Liangyuan Qi, Junling Wang, Wei Wang, Chengfei Cao, Shuo Shi, Xin Hu, Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, Weiyi Xing, De-Yi Wang, Bin Fei

{"title":"Fatty Alcohol-Based “Smart Windows” Driven by Photo-Thermal Materials Toward Thermal Management in Hot Regions and High Fire Safety","authors":"Wei Cai, Tianyang Cui, Liangyuan Qi, Junling Wang, Wei Wang, Chengfei Cao, Shuo Shi, Xin Hu, Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, Weiyi Xing, De-Yi Wang, Bin Fei","doi":"10.1002/smll.202501540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202501540","url":null,"abstract":"In modern architecture, windows are increasingly employed as curtain wall structures, playing a critical approach in regulating indoor environments to reduce building energy consumption. Meanwhile, the demands for transparency and flame retardancy present significant challenges in guaranteeing people's privacy and safety. In response, a two-layer “smart window” is designed to achieve thermal management, privacy protection, and fire safety, through leveraging the photo-thermal effect of MXene nanosheets, the phase change characteristic of fatty alcohol, and the flame-retardant effect of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). In the daytime, MXene not only absorbs solar energy to mitigate its heating effect on indoor temperatures and achieve an average decrease of ≈4.2 °C but also facilitates the melting of fatty alcohol to provide optimal daylighting conditions (transmissivity of 65.0%). In the nighttime, the solidified fatty alcohol prevents light transmittance (modulation of 30.6%) and significantly enhances the light deviation to protect personal privacy. Besides, TBBPA dissolved in fatty alcohol effectively enhances the fire safety performance of “smart windows” without sacrificing the transparency. Most importantly, the manufacturing approach is extremely simple to present significant advantages compared to other “smart windows”, promoting its practical application in emerging buildings in terms of energy saving, privacy protection, and fire safety.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Surface Passivation and Energy Alignment Modulation of n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells with Self-Assembled Molecule

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202412628

Yuyan Dong, Ligang Yuan, Linhui Tang, Zheng Zhang, Shibing Zou, Jianwei Chen, Xin Cui, Ning Li, Lei Shi, Keyou Yan

引用次数: 0

Chiral Lemniscate Formation in Magnetic Field Controlled Topological Fluid Flows.

IF 13 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202409807

Matt Jellicoe, Zoe Gardner, Amjad E H Alotaibi, Kaylee E Shoemaker, James M Scott, Shiliang Wang, Badriah M Alotaibi, Xuan Luo, Clarence Chuah, Christopher T Gibson, Shan He, Kasturi Vimalanathan, Jason R Gascooke, Xianjue Chen, Alison Rodger, Han Huang, Scott J Dalgarno, Elsa Antunes, Gregory A Weiss, Qin Li, Jamie S Quinton, Colin L Raston

{"title":"Chiral Lemniscate Formation in Magnetic Field Controlled Topological Fluid Flows.","authors":"Matt Jellicoe, Zoe Gardner, Amjad E H Alotaibi, Kaylee E Shoemaker, James M Scott, Shiliang Wang, Badriah M Alotaibi, Xuan Luo, Clarence Chuah, Christopher T Gibson, Shan He, Kasturi Vimalanathan, Jason R Gascooke, Xianjue Chen, Alison Rodger, Han Huang, Scott J Dalgarno, Elsa Antunes, Gregory A Weiss, Qin Li, Jamie S Quinton, Colin L Raston","doi":"10.1002/smll.202409807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202409807","url":null,"abstract":"High shear spinning top (ST) typhoon-like fluid flow in a rapidly rotating inclined tube within a vortex fluidic device (VFD) approaches homochirality throughout the liquid with toroids of bundled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) twisted into stable chiral lemniscates (in the shape of Figure 8s), predominantly as the R-or S-structures, for the tube rotating clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW). However, this is impacted by the Earth's magnetic field (BE). Theory predicts 1-20 MPa pressure for their formation, with their absolute chirality determined from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Thus, the resultant lemniscate structures establish the absolute chirality of the inner and outer components of the ST flow. These chiral flows and lemniscates can be flipped to the opposite chirality by changing the orientation of the tube relative to the inclination angle of BE, by moving the geographical location. Special conditions prevail where the tangential angle of the outer and inner flow of the ST becomes periodically aligned with BE, which respectively dramatically reduce the formation of toroids (and thus lemniscates) and formation of lemniscates from the toroids formed by the double-helical (DH) flow generated by side wall Coriolis forces and Faraday waves.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2409807"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Versatile Bridging Molecule Managed the Buried SnO2/Perovskite Interface for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202500978

Haiting Tan, Xue Yu, Weibin Ren, Tianzhou Yin, Haoxin Wen, Yixuan Guo, Zimin Zhang, Chuangping Liu, Gangsheng Zhou, Hao Li, Xijie Qiu, Hualin Wu, Zhi Yang, Shaoming Huang

{"title":"A Versatile Bridging Molecule Managed the Buried SnO2/Perovskite Interface for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells","authors":"Haiting Tan, Xue Yu, Weibin Ren, Tianzhou Yin, Haoxin Wen, Yixuan Guo, Zimin Zhang, Chuangping Liu, Gangsheng Zhou, Hao Li, Xijie Qiu, Hualin Wu, Zhi Yang, Shaoming Huang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202500978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202500978","url":null,"abstract":"Buried interface in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is a critical determination for the performance and stability because it dominates the crystallization of the perovskite layer, non-radiative recombination, and ion migration at the interfaces. Herein, a novel versatile modifier, potassium sucrose octasulfate (K8SOS) which is rich in sulfonic groups and potassium ions, is introduced for bridging the buried perovskite and SnO2 interface, to improve the interfacial states and further the device performance. It is found that K8SOS serves as a bridge that can not only passivate defects in perovskite and SnO2 through multi-site strengthening chemical binding, thus effectively inhibiting non-radiation recombination and suppressing ion migration, but also can optimize the surface state of SnO2 layer, improve the crystallization of perovskite absorber, thus ultimately achieving a gratifying efficiency of 25.32% with negligible hysteresis. What's more, the optimized device delivers admirable stability sustaining over 90% of initial power conversion efficiency after being aged under continuous 85 °C heating stress with 40 ± 5% RH humidity for ≈600 and ≈1200 h under continuous 1-sun illumination, respectively.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering Chiral Confinement Environment in Polyoxometalate Intercalated Graphene Oxide Sensor for Electrochemical Enantioselective Recognition 在聚氧化金属盐夹杂的氧化石墨烯传感器中设计手性封闭环境，实现电化学对映选择性识别

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202410895

Jie Sun, Guicong Hu, Luran Jiang, Wen Chang, Sai An, Bo Qi, Yu-Fei Song

{"title":"Engineering Chiral Confinement Environment in Polyoxometalate Intercalated Graphene Oxide Sensor for Electrochemical Enantioselective Recognition","authors":"Jie Sun, Guicong Hu, Luran Jiang, Wen Chang, Sai An, Bo Qi, Yu-Fei Song","doi":"10.1002/smll.202410895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202410895","url":null,"abstract":"The electrochemistry recognition of enantiomeric chiral molecules holds great significance for the pharmaceutical industry and scientific research. However, enhancing sensitivity and selectivity simultaneously, and elucidating chiral recognition mechanism, are two primary challenges. Here, an electrochemical chiral sensor L-C4-PMoV/GO is developed by confining chiral imidazole cations (L-C4) and [PMo10V2]5− (PMoV) signal anions within the interlayer of graphene oxide (GO). The L-C4-PMoV/GO is highly sensitive to recognition towards the chiral drug Levodopa (L-DOPA), which exhibits 16 times higher than the L-C4/GO. In addition, the enantioselectivity of ΔS = 19.92 is achieved. Mechanism studies suggest that the chiral confinement effect plays a crucial role in the synergism between the signal site PMoV and the enantioselectivity L-C4. In the chiral-confined microenvironment, the chiral induction from L-C4 to PMoV is facilitated, which results in the distortion of Mo (V)─O bonds. The hydrogen-bonding networks among the L-C4, Mo (V)─O, and DOPA generate the adsorption energy difference between the L/D-DOPA, as revealed by the in situ Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. Compared to the conventional techniques, the electrochemical sensor shows comparable enantiomer excess (ee) value determination, low limits of detection (LOD) (6.7 nm for L-DOPA, 50.6 nm for D-DOPA), and portability, enabling practical chiral recognition.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143766990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ultralong 2H-MoS₂ Nanowires from Topological Mo₂S₃ Phase Transformation toward Exceptional Sodium-Ion Storage.

IF 13 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202502544

Yiyang Wang, Yuqiang Fang, Ying Chen, Zhuoran Lv, Chendong Zhao, Shaoning Zhang, Dayong Ren, Linlin Wang, Weiling Luan, Wei Zhao, Fuqiang Huang

{"title":"Ultralong 2H-MoS2 Nanowires from Topological Mo2S3 Phase Transformation toward Exceptional Sodium-Ion Storage.","authors":"Yiyang Wang, Yuqiang Fang, Ying Chen, Zhuoran Lv, Chendong Zhao, Shaoning Zhang, Dayong Ren, Linlin Wang, Weiling Luan, Wei Zhao, Fuqiang Huang","doi":"10.1002/smll.202502544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202502544","url":null,"abstract":"1D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanowires (NWs) have attracted attention to act as energy storage and information technology materials, but the TMD NWs are unable to directly synthesized rather than hexagonal flakes due to the habit of in-planar isotropic crystal growth. Herein, the topological phase transformation is proposed to synthesize ultralong high-quality 2H-MoS2 NWs from a surface-to-interior sulfurization of isomorphic Mo2S3 NWs. Mo2S3 endows a crystal structure with the [MoS] chains inserted into the 2H-MoS2 crystal structure. The harvested MoS2 NWs are average in length >150 µm and diameter ≈400 nm, and the electrical conductivity of ≈150 S m-1 is much higher than the reported 2H-MoS2 flakes (10-2 S m-1). As a sodium-ion battery (SIB) anode, 2H-MoS2 NWs exhibit a high capacity of 705 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1. The capacity retention of 85.6% is achieved after 9500 cycles at 5 A g-1, superior to any reported TMD-based SIB anodes. Further in-situ structure characterizations reveal favorable reversible redox chemistry for 2H-MoS2 NWs, and excellent cycling stability stems from the homogeneous surface stress release of the NWs during sodiation/desodiation. This work provides an effective strategy for preparing TMD NWs with excellent electrochemical performance.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":" ","pages":"e2502544"},"PeriodicalIF":13.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Mind Map to Address the Next Generation of Artificial Photosynthesis Experiments

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202501385

Christian Mark Pelicano, Sonia Żółtowska, Markus Antonietti

引用次数: 0

Precision Strain Engineering in Perovskite Optoelectronics via Shock-Driven Gradient Annealing for Enhanced Stability and Light Response

IF 13.3 2区材料科学

Small Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202411306

Dingyue Sun, Feng Liu, Gary J. Cheng

{"title":"Precision Strain Engineering in Perovskite Optoelectronics via Shock-Driven Gradient Annealing for Enhanced Stability and Light Response","authors":"Dingyue Sun, Feng Liu, Gary J. Cheng","doi":"10.1002/smll.202411306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202411306","url":null,"abstract":"High-performance perovskite-based optoelectronic devices require low defect density and efficient charge carrier extraction to achieve optimal performance. However, residual tensile strain in perovskite films can reduce defect formation energy, negatively impacting charge mobility and increasing non-radiative recombination. This study introduces laser shock-driven gradient annealing (SDGA), a novel approach to strain management and crystallization control in perovskite films. SDGA utilizes laser-induced plasma shocks to achieve gradient annealing, effectively releasing residual strain and enhancing structural uniformity. By processing in a semi-sealed environment, this method mitigates challenges such as rapid evaporation and inconsistent crystallization common in open-environment annealing, reducing lattice distortion and improving film quality. The plasma-induced pressure drives solute diffusion and grain fusion, modulating the energy band structure and enhancing the n-type semiconductor properties of perovskite. Precise control of laser intensity allows for fine-tuned crystallization, yielding highly efficient and stable perovskite structures. Devices treated with SDGA demonstrate a responsivity of 19.93 Ma W−1 and detectivity of 7.21 × 109 Jones, significantly exceeding the 6.73 mA W−1 and 1.72 × 109 Jones of thermally annealed devices. Additionally, SDGA-treated photodetectors retain 87% of their initial photocurrent after 30 days in air. SDGA establishes a transformative approach for robust and efficient perovskite-based optoelectronic applications.","PeriodicalId":228,"journal":{"name":"Small","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":13.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0