{"title":"FACTOR OF INFLUENCE IN NORMATIVE THEORIES OF JOURNALISM","authors":"Z. Partyko","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-5","url":null,"abstract":"The purposeof the article is to determine whether the information of any media messages received by recipients may not affect them.Research methods: a) modeling (to reproduce the information processingof messagesby recipients); b) logical method (to prove the thesis); c) comparison (to compare the obtained result with the literature data).Resultsof the research. Modern so-called normative theories of journalism (authoritarian, libertarian, social responsibility, Soviet totalitarian) assumethat journalists, news agencies and the media should only \"inform\", but in no way influence the recipients. In this regard, there are such types of influence as energy, information and psychological. Then, based on the basic tenets of cybernetics, physics, information theory, mathematical statistics and psychology, the method of logical proof concludes that any messages perceived by recipients have all three types of influence on them, which can not beavoided.Conclusions.1. Any information perceived by recipients affects them energetically, informationally and psychologically. 2. In modern so-called normative theories of journalism, the provision that information providers (journalists, news agencies, mass media) are obliged only to \"inform\" recipients, without exerting any influence on them, should be considered erroneous. Therefore, in this segment, the relevant provisions of these theories of journalism require proper correction. 3. Instead, in theories of journalism, and more broadly -the media, it is correct to say that the impact of messages depends on the type of communication, growing in the direction from journalism to public relations, advertising, propaganda and information wars.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116633367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"QUANTUM JOURNALISM: PRINCIPLES OF METHODOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONALIZATION","authors":"O. Kholod","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to formulate the basic principles of methodological formulation of quantum journalism concept (Latin –«quantum journalism», abbreviated –QJ with the pronunciation [k’udzei]; in Ukrainian –«kudzhei»).Methodology.In the group of general methods, the method of monistic idealism was chosen, this presupposes the primacy of the spirit. In line with monistic idealism, we rely on the concept of quantum infinity. Among the empirical methods, the axiomatic method and the hypothetical-deductive method were used. The first, the axiomatic method, allowed to put forward positions that did not require proof. On their basis, the theses that formed the axiomatic theory of the functioning of quantum journalism were derived. The hypothetical-deductive method became the basis for making a hypothesis and further proving its validity by deduction.Conclusions.According to the results of the research, the basic principles of methodological systemization of quantum journalism were formulated. When studying the theoretical foundations of quantum journalism, it is necessary to use the potential of quantum theory (mainly its Copenhagen interpretation). The study of practical activities within quantum journalism is carried out based on the position that the trends recorded in the field of the micro-world have their transformations in the macro world. Quantum journalism is considered a social institution, which is a theoretical and practical form of social activity of specialists in social communications and is based on ideas that are hypothetically formulated in mathematics and quantum mechanics. In quantum journalism, the unit of analysis (as well as the unit of measurement) is a synergetic-convergent and cross-transmedia unity, the elements of which alone (in isolation) cannot represent the total action, on the one hand, and which alone do not represent the characteristics of the set, on the other. Keywords: quantum journalism, methodological institutionalization, quantum mechanics, institutionalization.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114369691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ARCHETYPICAL ASPECTS OF HERO IMAGE IN MODERN UKRAINIAN NON-INSTITUTIONAL MILITARY DISCOURSE","authors":"Tetyana Khraban","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-12-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-12-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to study the specifics of the archetypal aspects of the Hero image in modern Ukrainian non-institutional military discourse. Materials & methods. Discourse analysis was used to identify the characteristics of archetypal images and motifs. The application of psychoanalytic interpretation, the most characteristic feature of which is the accentuation of senses and the assumption of the self-sufficiency of experience, has directed attention to the symbolism of the unconscious, universal meanings and psychological mechanisms inherent in the text. The material for the article was text fragments, photos and comments to them with a total volume of 912 units, which were posted during 2020 on the pages of the social network groups Facebook \"Military service - Military Service\", \"Armed Forces of Ukraine\". Results & discussions. Hero-rescuer mythological archetype is at the heart of the Ukrainian non-institutional military discourse. Permanent mythological plot can be traced in the military discourse. Thus, the typical stages of the mythological Hero odyssey were observed: the beginning of the mythological Hero’s adventures is provoked by a catastrophe, which is caused by criminal actions of his enemies; the Hero sets off for a journey to restore the broken harmony; the villains prevent but the Hero passes the trials and wins his reward. His triumph can be represented as the liberation of his country from tyrant. Addressing the mythological plot carries a pragmatic purpose to overcome stress: the military needs unshakable faith in happy end of the problem situation (military conflict in eastern Ukraine) and the idea of mythological Hero helps soldiers to increase self-confidence. Thus, the Ukrainian non-institutional military discourse shows a relationship between the call to the mythological consciousness and coping strategies. Then, there is tendency observed in the military discourse that Hero archetypal image deviates from the archaic archetype framework and the Hero model with an emphasis on the Christian eschatological paradigm dominates. The motif of sacrifice accompanying the Hero image forms the archetypal image of the Hero-holy man. Conclusion. Two Hero models dominate in the Ukrainian non-institutional military discourse. The first model is distinguished by exaggeration. It is a Hero-superman image defined by similarity to mythological heroes, gods, titans. However, this Hero model is not only always accepted by the Ukrainian military but can sometimes arise rejection and protest against Hero-superman image. The second model is a collective image of Ukrainian culture. The People’s Hero model actualizes the features of a toiler who is not a professional soldier, he is a peaceful man. This archetypal image is distinguished by realism and contrast to the Hero-superman image. Key words: Hero archetype, archetypal image, non-institutional military discourse.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127877566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FEATURES OF MODELING IMAGES OF INTERVIEWER AND INTERVIEWER IN PRINTED MEDIA","authors":"Hanna Kholod","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-11","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research in the article was to clarify the features of modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee in print media. The study allowed expanding the theoretical basis in the study of interviews, filling in some gaps and outlining discussion points. The author's vision of the specifics of modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee in print media is proposed. A three-stage mechanism for modeling the images of the interviewer and the interviewee is presented. The specificity of the emergence and functioning of the communicative manipulative field between the participants of communication has been determined. A list of communicative manipulative techniques that can be activated when a manipulative field appears.Methods of description, analysis, synthesis and generalization were used. The following research procedure has become the methodology: 1) among the theoretical material, scientific works related to the topic we are going to have been selected; 2) scientific articles, monographs are analyzed, 3) controversial statements are highlighted in them and the author's point of view regarding the subject of research is presented; 4) the author's concept of modeling the image of the interviewer and the interviewee is proposed.The results and discussionmade it possible to formulate conclusions. Firstly, the images of the interviewer and the interviewee go through the followingstages of modeling: the formation of the aforementioned images during the communicative process, the transformation of the images of the interviewer and the interviewee while working on a journalistic text, modeling in the mind of the recipient the imagesof the interviewer and the interviewee, determined by the specifics of the perception and interpretation of the proposed information by the representative. media audience. Secondly, the images of the interviewer and the interviewee are multivariate. The factors of multivariate are the purpose of the interview, the communicative situation, the participants in communication, their worldview orientations, discourse, epistemic characteristics of the participants in communication, the transformation of images due to the work process and the specifics of perception, as well as the interpretation of information by the media audience.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134299268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A PSYCHOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE “THEORY OF MIND” OFTURKISH BILINGUAL CHILDREN","authors":"H. Kyuchukov","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2021-12-1-9","url":null,"abstract":"This article presentsthe results of a study with Turkish preschool bilingual children living in Berlin, Germany. This article aims to examine the influence between the level of proficiency in the mother tongue (first language L1) and the official language (second language L2) on the one hand and the “theory of mind” on the other, or more precisely, how the lexical knowledge of L1 and L2 and the understanding of interrogative sentences used with a verb indicating mental states helps to understand the ToM.Research methods and techniques. The study included 18 Turkish-German bilingual children attending a kindergarten in Berlin, Germany. The children were divided into two age groups: 1 g of 4–5 year-olds (8 children) and 2 gr. of 5-6 year-olds (10 children) and were tested in their native Turkish and then in German. The testing was performed in the kindergarten in a separate room, where only the experimenter and the examined child were present. The children are offered the classical tests for “theory of mind”, as well as language tests related to the comprehension of interrogative sentences, containing a verb showing a mental state and comprehension and production of vocabulary in native Turkish and German as a second language for them.The resultsshow that vocabulary is not an important factor, and mastery of interrogative sentences is the factor that helps to understand the “theory of mind”. The results obtained were analyzed statistically by means ofthe t-test.Children with German-Turkish bilingualism understand the vocabulary of their mother tongue well and it is obviously in their passive vocabulary, but this knowledge has not yet passed into their active vocabulary. German vocabulary predominates in the children's active vocabulary. With regard to the level of mastery of interrogative sentences, children are equally good at interrogative sentences in both languages.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"48 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133685973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ON INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS IN THE PROCESS OF MEDIATION","authors":"Hans Elbeshausen","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-9","url":null,"abstract":"This essay starts with the observation that the practice of mediation in cultural institutions can become outmoded and -detached from its institutional context -an empty gesture. The process of mediation itself -so the assumption -must be mediated if it is to have any effect. I am interested in sketching an analytical design that can be used to study the mediating structures of mediation. Mediating structures are defined as institutionalorder. Its guiding idea and criteria of rationality, together with social, cultural or political expectations, shape the conditions under which the mediation practice of cultural institutions develops. Historical Institutionalism serves as a theoretical framework. Central concepts will be explained looking at the successful establishment of libraries at Danish hospitals around 1930 and at their abrupt closure, which started around 1985. The essay refers to a methodological point of view, which says that the content of a concept is developed and specified by its use.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123875752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Communicative-compensatory Processes on Social Network","authors":"Tetyana Khraban, Igor Khraban","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"The aimof the article is to identify the specifics of communicative-compensatory processes on social network. Materials & methods. In order to achievethat objective, the general scientific research methods: analysis, classification, observation, description were used. In addition, as part of an integrated sociolinguistic approach, discourse analysis and a quantitative research method were used. Publications posted in the Ukrainian sector of an American online social media and social networking service Facebook served as an input for the research. Results & discussions. The study identified three modes of communicative-compensatory processes, which are arranged in descending order according to their proportions: 1)communicative-compensatory process characterized by a correlation with the defense mechanism “overcompensation”. During this process personal growth and radical transformations of the whole personality occur on the basis of the dialogical mutual affirmation of “I” and “You”. At the linguistic level, such mode is manifested owing to the use of a preferable image (real or illusory) to affirm one’s strength, significance, value, that is, for self-assertion and rising in status; 2)process characterized by a correlation with the defense mechanism “direct compensation” and which shows itself as adaptive in nature and does not contribute to the personal growth. At the linguistic level such mode is manifested in the individual concentrating on his own interests, feelings and needs and orientation on consumption; 3)process characterized by a correlation with the defense mechanism “illusive overcompensation” and which nature is emotional vampirism. At the linguistic level such mode is manifested in the watching out for another person’s imaginary or real flaws with the purpose of emphasizing and exaggerating. Conclusion. A specific feature of communicative-compensatory processes in social networks is that they mainly act as representations of the compensatory functionof autocommunication. The dominant form of compensatory autocommunication in social networks is an internal monologue. The verbal implementation of communicative-compensatory processes in social networks are: 1)posts in which the protest gains the power of critical confrontation and is a synonym for the right to individual free development; 2)posts aimed at humiliation and criticism; 3)posts containing advice, support, comfort to the troubled “I”.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129219833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MODERN UKRAINIAN PUBLICISM: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS","authors":"I. Pavlyuk","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-7","url":null,"abstract":"The purposeof this article is to study the philosophical and psychological, ideological and historically natural states and trends of changes in modern Ukrainian journalism in the context of its potential deepening of democratic freedoms, coverage of war issues, global universal problems.The methodological basis of our study is the distinction betweenthe concepts of Ukrainian-language and Ukrainian-language journalism, informativeness and journalistic-analytical on the level of subjectivized emotions in the text, which in the communicative plane turn it into metatext, because journalism itself includes in various, preferably harmonious, propositional, analytical, simple display). Among our research methods: phenomenological, comparative, psychoanalytic (probing archetypes), hermeneutic, deconstructivist (search for non-systemic meanings in texts and meanings of consciousness).As a result of the study, a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian modern journalism in the context of changes in forms, forms, their genre modifications and transformations, in particular −in propaganda and demagoguery, modernization of technical means of dissemination of journalistic texts taking into account internal socio-political processes (chaotic) nature of information developmentof society in Ukraine) and external geopolitical challenges.The obtained results allowed us to formulate the following conclusions.Ukrainian modern journalism is a consolidating information and propaganda enzyme, co-creator of ideological matrices, taking into account the preservation of national identity and features of modern world media culture:its multimedia, interactivity, implementation in electronic media, where the dynamic development of information technology and the expansion of information , and produce and retransmit it, which symbolizes the emergence of a new type of journalism in Ukraine.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114886687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN UKRAINE","authors":"A. Bessarab, T. Hyrina, I. Antonenko, Yana Zoska","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-10","url":null,"abstract":"The purposeof the study is to formulate an overall picture of the role of mass communication in the socialization of people with disabilities through social communication project initiatives in Ukraine.The achievement ofthis goal included the fulfillment of the following tasks: analysis of sources on thistopic; questioning and establishing the primary information and communication needs of persons with disabilities as a media audience through an expert survey.Research methods and techniques. During the researchwhen elaborating the sources on the topic there were used the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparativeanddescriptive methods. The basis of the study is an expert survey. In order to identify the primary information and communication needs of this category of media audience, thesurvey was conducted among social workers who deal with people with disabilities in Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhia, Lviv and Khmelnitsky regions. Via online questionnaireservice «Google Forms»there were collected 66responses from January 20, 2020 tillFebruary 3, 2020. The comments which were received earlier or later the survey timelines were disregarded.Results. The results of the survey among social workers whose activities are related to people with disabilities in Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lviv and Khmelnitsky regions give grounds to state that for people with disabilities there are promising prospects of constructing an «elastic web» of inclusive social and communication mediaspace in a complex of contact and digital projects, especially initiated and implemented in the media sector. In particular, the experts highlighted the absolute need ofpeople with disabilities to enhance socialization by expanding their daily circle of communication.Conclusions.Within the framework of scientific discourse, the comprehension of this problem is promising in terms of the development of a model of communication relations establishment in moderninclusive poly-platform media space.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121419451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FEATURES OF THE 1993 INTERVIEW WITH THE KINOKURER NEWSPAPER","authors":"Hanna Kholod","doi":"10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51423/2524-0471-2020-11-2-11","url":null,"abstract":"Problem.The article is a continuation of the study of the processes of decanonization of the interview genre in the early 1990s. It clarifies the specifics of the interviews published in the newspaper \"Kinokurer\" (1993), through the analysis of materials at the semantic, compositional, figurative, linguistic, paralinguistic levels.Methodology. The descriptive method allowed to record everything that is needed to cover the research topic. Analysis and synthesis contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the specifics of the content, composition, design, image system of interviews published in the newspaper \"Kinokurer\" (1993). The object of the research is an interview in the newspaper \"Kinokurer\" (1993). The subject of the research is the specifics of the interview in the newspaper \"Kinokurer\" (1993). The purpose of the study is to find out the peculiarities of the interview in the newspaper \"Kinokurer\" (1993).Conclusions.Thus, in the newspaper \"Kinokurier\" (1993), in addition to classic interviews with different compositional variability and interviews-monologues, journalistic texts are used, in which the interview is dominant and which have the following modifications: genre combination, genre conglomerate, genre inlay, contributing to the maximum presentation of the image of the interviewee on the semantic, compositional, speech, paralinguistic levels. In journalistic texts, where there are interviews of foreign origin and textual additions of domestic journalists, the range of disclosure of the image of the interviewee increases due to the intercultural component.","PeriodicalId":222739,"journal":{"name":"Social Communications: Theory and Practice","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124505705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}