Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Optimising Pre-race Physical Preparation for Sprint Events at Major Championships Under New Rule Changes and Competition Formats.","authors":"James Aggett, Craig Pickering, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie, Megan E Shephard, Christopher J Stevens","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02556-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02556-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Championship sprint outcomes are often decided by margins as small as hundredths or even thousandths of a second, placing great importance on optimising every aspect of race-day preparation. At major championships, the interval between warm-up and race start includes time in a designated Call Room and can exceed 50 min, long enough to compromise the physiological benefits of the warm-up. Whilst this delay is not new, recent World Athletics technology regulations prohibit heated garments in the Call Room, and athletes must now enter the track wearing only their race kit, making muscle temperature and neuromuscular readiness harder to maintain. The addition of mixed relay events further increases exposure to repeated pre-race transition periods. This leading article therefore reviews the determinants of sprint performance most sensitive to the pre-race period and evaluates acute strategies that may help preserve or restore readiness on the day of competition. Particular attention is given to evidence-informed strategies that complement the main warm-up and can be implemented within current competition regulations. Passive heat maintenance and plyometric conditioning activities appear to offer the greatest practical relevance within current Call Room constraints, with maintenance of muscle temperature an important consideration for preserving sprint and power performance. While there is relevant supporting research, no study has simulated the exact demands of a major championship sprint event, and recommendations therefore rest on mechanistic rationale and applied practice as well as direct evidence. These include a same-day priming session ~ 4-6 h before competition, passive insulation to attenuate muscle temperature decline during the transition period, and a brief plyometric or short acceleration stimulus 8-16 min before race start, with athletes encouraged to establish their individual responses in training and simulated competition.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Validity of Estimating the Maximal Oxygen Consumption by Consumer Wearables: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Expert Statement of the INTERLIVE Network.","authors":"Pablo Molina-Garcia, Hannah L Notbohm, Moritz Schumann, Rob Argent, Megan Hetherington-Rauth, Julie Stang, Wilhelm Bloch, Sulin Cheng, Ulf Ekelund, Luis B Sardinha, Brian Caulfield, Jan Christian Brønd, Anders Grøntved, Francisco B Ortega","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02547-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02547-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Resistance Training-Induced Skeletal Muscle Growth Improve Local Muscular Endurance?","authors":"Matthew A Chatlaong, William B Hammert, Kealey J Wohlgemuth, Jeremy P Loenneke, Matthew B Jessee","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02539-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02539-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skeletal muscle growth occurs in response to training with a wide range of loads, despite traditionally being linked to high-load resistance training and maximal strength development. A body of literature suggests that with lower loads, training near fatigue/task failure is an important stimulus for muscle growth. We consider that training-induced adaptations often improve performance in the specific activity that stimulated them (e.g., increased cardiac output and endurance exercise). Accordingly, we explore skeletal muscle growth as a compensatory adaptation to intense fatiguing exercise, possibly serving a functional role in maintaining/prolonging force generation during disruptive fatigue-related processes. Our aims were to: (1) contextualize a possible relationship between training-induced skeletal muscle growth and fatigue resistance given the common framing of muscle growth driving greater strength, (2) examine previous resistance training studies assessing both muscle growth and endurance to evaluate whether their changes coincide with one another, and (3) consider speculatively the physiological condition(s) in which training-induced muscle growth could contribute to local muscular endurance. We highlight that absolute muscular endurance and muscle growth frequently improve together, discuss potential mechanisms (e.g., increased myofilament content, enhanced oxygen delivery, and metabolic adaptations), and consider the critical power/force framework to identify loading conditions where training-induced growth may have beneficial effects. Although muscle growth and absolute muscular endurance adaptations often co-occur, no causal relationship can currently be established between them. For example, neural and metabolic changes inherent to resistance training may be driving increased endurance. Future research clarifying this relationship could refine resistance training approaches and broaden our understanding of skeletal muscle growth's functional role.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Effects Associated with the Female Athlete Triad: Emerging Evidence Statement from the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition.","authors":"Emma O'Donnell, Nancy I Williams, Madhusmita Misra, Aurelia Nattiv, Elizabeth Joy, Mary Jane De Souza","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02525-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02525-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This is an emerging evidence statement from the Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition. This paper complements the 2025 updates to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statements addressing the State of the Science and Clinical Guidelines for Screening, Diagnosis, Treatment and Return to Play. This paper examines emerging evidence of cardiovascular alterations in Triad-affected female athletes with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and functional hypothalamic oligomenorrhea, including vascular, hemodynamic, autonomic and lipid perturbations. The clinical significance of these surrogate markers of cardiovascular function and their long-term cardiovascular implications remain to be determined. Notwithstanding, the current work extends existing Triad frameworks by recognizing cardiovascular perturbations potentially associated with energy deficiency and hypoestrogenism as an important consideration in female athlete health. We outline an evidence-informed research framework, including longitudinal, dose-response, and multimodal assessments, to characterize the onset, magnitude, physiological significance, and reversibility of cardiovascular alterations in athletes with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and functional hypothalamic oligomenorrhea. By integrating evidence from sports physiology, endocrinology, and cardiovascular medicine, this state-of-the-science synthesis provides a roadmap for future research, screening, and intervention strategies. It also underscores the importance of evaluating cardiovascular health as a potential component of the broader physiological consequences of energy deficiency, alongside menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"If Not All Paths Lead to Mental Fatigue, Perhaps Mental Fatigue Is Not the Destination.","authors":"Giorgio Varesco, Nicholas H van den Berg, Antonio Martin","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02548-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02548-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":11.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149184382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect Size Calculation Procedures in Exercise Intervention Meta-Analyses: A Scoping Review","authors":"Simon Nolte, Theresa Siepe, Jennifer Murphy, Oliver J. Quittmann, Daniel Memmert, Robert Rein","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02549-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02549-7","url":null,"abstract":"Background Meta-analyses require the calculation of effect sizes for all included studies. The most common experimental design in exercise intervention studies is the pre-post control design. A number of different approaches exist for calculating effect sizes for this design, and it is currently unknown which calculation methods are actually used in the published exercise science literature and how this might impact results. Methods We extracted all meta-analyses ( <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 101) published in six journals over a 2-year period where the primary studies used a pre-post control design. We recalculated randomly selected primary study effect sizes in each meta-analysis to determine the calculation methods used and compare them to the reported methods. An example case was used to illustrate the impact of using different calculation methods on meta-analysis outcomes. Results We identified a total of 50 unique combinations of calculation methods among the <jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 91 meta-analyses for which we could determine the calculation procedure. Most researchers used change score-based standardized mean differences. These required the imputation of a pre-post correlation, for which most authors used fixed benchmarks instead of evidence-based or previously reported values. Reporting was often incomplete and we identified major issues in the calculation of at least 27 articles. We demonstrate that different calculation methods can yield different meta-analysis outcomes. Conclusions Effect size calculation procedures vary widely, which can affect meta-analysis outcomes and mislead their interpretation. A considerable number of published meta-analytical findings in exercise science may differ when other reasonable or corrected calculation methods are used. We provide recommendations on how to choose an appropriate effect size method for the pre-post control design. We encourage researchers to transparently report and justify the procedures used and perform sensitivity analyses when performing meta-analyses.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149150071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repetitive Head Impacts During Contact Sports and Fluid Biomarkers of Neural Damage: A Meta-analysis","authors":"Marloes I. Hoppen,Suzie Kamps,Everard G. B. Vijverberg,Joost G. Daams,Charlotte E. Teunissen,Jaap Oosterlaan,Marsh Königs","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02529-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02529-x","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background Growing evidence indicates that former professional contact sports athletes are at increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, potentially linked to repetitive head impacts (RHI). Research into the acute effects of RHI on fluid biomarkers of neural damage can contribute to the identification of underlying pathophysiological processes. Objectives: To systematically aggregate the acute effect of contact sport participation on fluid biomarkers of neural damage. Methods MEDLINE, Embase and SPORTDiscus were searched up to 18 July 2024. Studies that were included assessed fluid biomarkers of neural damage before and within 24 h after a single session of contact sport participation. Studies on mild traumatic brain injury were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Exposure tool and the Risk of Bias Tool 2. The level of evidence was synthesized according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Meta-analysis was performed for natural and experimental exposure to RHI separately, while also differentiating for contact sports and biomarkers in subsequent analyses. Results Thirthy-three studies (representing 892 participants) were included for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis on natural exposure revealed medium-to-large-sized elevations across blood biomarkers for fight sports ( k = 7), American Football ( k = 9) and football (soccer) ( k = 2). Very few studies (8%) controlled for the confounding effects of physical exercise or blood volume change, introducing considerable risk of bias. Meta-analysis on experimental exposure to football heading revealed no significant change in blood biomarkers of neural damage ( k = 11, n = 236, d = 0.108, 95% CI = −0.047 to 0.263, p = 0.172), and the experimental heading groups also showed no difference in pre–post change compared with control groups ( k = 8, heading = 174, controls = 151, d = −0.115, 95% CI = −0.452 to 0.223, p = 0.505). Conclusion The current literature provides convincing evidence for acute elevations of blood biomarkers after a single session of contact sports participation. However, due to considerable risk of bias in existing literature, this evidence is very uncertain regarding the acute effect of contact sports participation on brain integrity (GRADE level of evidence: very low). On the basis of meta-analysis of the available literature (including S100B, neurofilament light chain and total-tau), the evidence is very uncertain about the acute effects of football heading on brain integrity within 24 h after exposure (GRADE level of evidence: very low). In the light of the increased risk of neurodegenerative disease in former professional contact sport athletes, there is a need for well-powered and controlled prospective studies on the acute and long-term effects of contact sport participation on brain integrity. Trial Registry PROSPERO number: CRD42023461119.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Oxygen Transport Cascade During Maximal-Intensity Exercise in Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetes: A Narrative Review","authors":"Julien Aucouturier,Sémah Tagougui,Frédéric Daussin,Serge Berthoin,Elsa Heyman","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02540-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02540-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Resisted Sprint Training and Sprint Performance and Related Physical Capacities: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses","authors":"João Bruno,Raynier Montoro-Bombú,Rohit Kumar Thapa,Hugo Sarmento","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02538-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02538-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breaking Barriers: What is the Probability of Achieving Mile World Records in the Near Future?","authors":"Alejandro Alda-Blanco,Andrew M. Jones,Fernando González-Mohíno","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02545-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02545-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"288 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149088355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}