Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Long-Term Effects of a 5-Year Randomized Controlled Exercise Trial on Brain Volumes and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A 4-Year Post-Intervention Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Line Skarsem Reitlo,Jasmine Pani,Dorthe Stensvold,Ulrik Wisløff,Asta Kristine Håberg","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02434-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02434-3","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe lasting effects of exercise on brain health in older adults are poorly documented.OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to assess the long-term, post-intervention effects 4 years after a 5-year exercise intervention on brain volumes and cognitive abilities in older adults.METHODSA total of 106 older adults (70-77 years at baseline) from the randomized controlled trial (RCT) Generation 100 study randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), or a control group following national physical activity guidelines for 5 years were included. Post-intervention assessment was performed 9 years after inclusion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and exercise characteristics were acquired at baseline and after 1, 3, 5, and 9 years. Cognitive abilities were assessed with verbal list learning, pattern separation, and odor identification tests at baseline and 9 years. Linear mixed models were used to examine the interaction between exercise group and time on brain volumes. The analyses were repeated, including self-reported exercise behaviors (intensity and duration) as covariates. To examine the general effect of exercise intensity independent of group, a separate model was run across all participants with self-reported exercise intensity as independent variable. For cognition, linear regressions examined associations between exercise group and self-reported exercise intensity on cognitive scores at 9 years, and hippocampal volume loss over time on cognitive scores at 9 years. Whether baseline peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) predicted brain volumes and cognitive scores at 9 years was tested with linear regression.RESULTSThe time × group interaction revealed greater hippocampal volume loss in the HIIT compared with the control group 4 years after the intervention ended, similar to what was found during the intervention. We did not find that self-reported exercise behavior was associated with hippocampal volume over time. Across all participants, greater hippocampal volume loss was associated with poorer verbal memory at 9 years. The test scores on verbal memory and pattern separation did, however, not differ between the groups, but the MICT, and trending for the HIIT group, had higher odor identification scores at 9 years. Higher baseline VO2peak predicted larger cortical volume and better pattern separation score at 9 years across intervention groups, in line with what was observed during the intervention.CONCLUSIONSThe control group, which followed the national physical activity guidelines, had the lowest hippocampal volume loss over time, even 4 years after the end of a 5-year exercise intervention in fit older adults. Furthermore, higher baseline VO2peak provided protective effects on both cortical volume and pattern separation ability across almost a decade, independent of exercise group.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01666340 (registered 16 August 2012).","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situations Leading to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.","authors":"Patrick Mai,Steffen Willwacher,Lina Rahlf,Tim Hoenig,Luca Braun,Carlo von Diecken,Kevin Bill,Dominik Fohrmann,Tron Krosshaug,Karsten Hollander,Thomas Gronwald,Jan Wilke","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02436-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02436-1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in many sports and impose substantial performance and long-term health burdens. A quantitative synthesis of real-world, video-identified game situations can inform sport-specific prevention methods.OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to identify game situations and movement patterns leading to ACL injury in different sports.DESIGNSystematic review with meta-analysis.DATA SOURCESPubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for studies analyzing video recordings of ACL injuries sustained by athletes of any sex during training or competition. Random effects meta-analyses of prevalence and moderator analyses (sport as a factor) were performed.RESULTSIn total, 39 articles (1551 video-verified ACL injuries) of on-average moderate quality (Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies [QA-SIVAS]) scale mean 66%) were included. Noncontact (n = 745), indirect contact (n = 533), and direct contact (n = 273) mechanisms were reported, with notable sport-specific differences. Across all injuries, the most frequent contexts were ball action (45.7%), pressing/tackling (40.9%), and cutting (36.6%). Within noncontact cases, cutting (53.8%), pressing/tackling (50.2%), decelerating (38.9%), and landing (30.1%) were the most prevalent actions, whereas being tackled was most frequent in indirect contact cases (56.1%). For direct contact injuries, pooled action-specific estimates were available for being tackled (23.9%) and pressing/tackling (24.2%). Injuries typically occurred at high horizontal speed (53.8%; noncontact 70.7%), were more frequent during ball possession (67.5%) and offensive play (55.4%), and happened more early in time within the first 25% of the game in football (37.5%) and netball (37.8%).CONCLUSIONSThe identified patterns support the use of mechanism-specific, sport-tailored prevention strategies (e.g., technique/strength, neurocognitive functioning for noncontact, perturbation-based drills for indirect contact, and rules/choice of equipment for knee-directed contact). Methodological improvements, such as harmonized and more detailed injury reporting, are needed to refine risk estimates.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Individual Resistance Training Variables on Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Philip Lyristakis,Daniel Wundersitz,Stephen Cousins,Minh Huynh,Emma Zadow,Brett A Gordon","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02432-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02432-5","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDResistance training (RT) is used to develop muscle strength for a variety of health and performance benefits. Because of the complexity of variable integration in a RT programme, it is unclear how manipulating RT variables influences the overall dosage (sets × repetitions × exercises × intensity × frequency × duration) expressed as a relative dosage (arbitrary units [au]) or absolute dosage (kilograms) and its effect on muscle strength development.OBJECTIVESWe aimed to investigate how RT volume, intensity and dosage influence muscle strength, and if any individual prescription variable is more important than others for developing muscle strength.METHODSFour databases were systematically searched. Only randomised controlled trials that recorded dynamic muscle strength and provided sufficient training variable data were included. Meta-regressions were performed on pooled muscle strength data, individually for the quadriceps and chest muscle groups, and RT dosage calculations. Quadratic non-linear regressions were performed to investigate if a change in volume, intensity, duration and dosage as continuous variables, as well as frequency, sex and age as categorical variables predicted the change in muscle strength.RESULTSThere were 157 articles that contained appropriate data for analysis. A significant dose response for muscle strength for all outcomes was identified (p < 0.01). A plateau in muscle strength was identified at 887,000 au for chest and 773,000 au for quadriceps strength, where further increasing the dosage did not maintain or increase the rate at which muscle strength developed. Non-linear models identified volume and intensity as significant predictors of the relationship between dosage and muscle strength development for relative chest strength. Duration was a significant predictor for relative quadriceps strength.CONCLUSIONSThere is a non-linear dose-response effect for RT dosage and muscle strength, indicating there is no further benefit obtained from increasing dosage beyond 773,000-887,000 au. The variables that influence muscle strength are different between muscle groups, suggesting that the interaction between dosage and individual variables may differ between muscle groups and therefore, to optimise muscle strength development, specific training variables should be prioritised when developing RT programmes. These findings reflect relative changes in strength among primarily untrained individuals and a clear relationship with absolute strength in trained populations could not be determined.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147702117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary Incontinence in Women Athletes: Umbrella Review and Meta-analysis of Sport-Related Factors.","authors":"Nuria Domínguez-Pérez,Irene Sevilla-Arrabal,Beatriz Navarro-Brazález,María Torres-Lacomba,Javier Courel-Ibáñez","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02438-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02438-z","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDUrinary incontinence is frequently reported in women athletes, yet prevalence estimates vary widely and are commonly interpreted using broad sport classifications that may not capture pelvic floor loading.OBJECTIVEWe aimed to synthesise evidence on urinary incontinence prevalence in adult women athletes and examine whether commonly used sport classifications or reported training exposure explain between-cohort variability.METHODSFive databases were searched (January 2010-September 2025) for systematic reviews reporting urinary incontinence prevalence in women athletes to conduct an umbrella review. Eligible primary observational studies were identified from included reviews and forward citation tracking to conduct a de novo random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression restricted to adult women athletes (aged 18-45 years).RESULTSFourteen systematic reviews were included, most rated as low or critically low confidence. Thirty-two primary studies (120 cohorts; n = 4649) were meta-analysed, all rated as high or moderate quality. Urinary incontinence prevalence showed substantial between-cohort heterogeneity. In meta-regression analyses, prevalence did not differ significantly across sport discipline, impact category, or sport modality. Weekly training volume was the most consistently reported exposure metric and showed a positive association with urinary incontinence odds (6% per additional hour/week; p = 0.011), within the constraints of limited intensity and pelvic floor-specific exposure data, with no evidence of effect modification by impact category or competitive level. Competitive level showed a non-robust directional trend toward higher prevalence among professionals (p = 0.08).CONCLUSIONSCommonly used sport-label classifications showed limited explanatory value for urinary incontinence prevalence in women athletes when applied as stand-alone proxies for exposure, and may misdirect screening and prevention strategies. Within the current heterogeneous and cross-sectional evidence base, cumulative training exposure emerged as the most consistently reported correlate of urinary incontinence prevalence. These findings highlight the need for prospective studies using standardised training metrics with pelvic floor-specific measures to better characterise a multi-dimensional pelvic floor exposure.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"441 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147695012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Are the Acute and Chronic Effects of Initial Military Training on Physiological and Neuromuscular Performance in Military Populations? A Narrative Review.","authors":"Sean C McCleary,Aaron Uthoff,Matt R Cross","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02431-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02431-6","url":null,"abstract":"Initial military training (IMT) is designed to physically and mentally transition recruits from civilian to military personnel, typically lasting 6-14 weeks. Accordingly, the content and focus of IMT appear variable, and it is important to understand what effects this training has on recruits. This study reviewed existing literature regarding the acute and chronic effects of IMT on physiological and neuromuscular performance. Using a systematic style search strategy (Google Scholar, EBSCO, PubMed, Medline), 28 relevant studies were identified, focusing on longitudinal (n = 26) and acute (n = 6) effects. The included studies were performed in various branches of the military, but primarily the army, across nations. They rarely disclosed the nature of activities involved, but tended to follow a progressive structure, culminating in scenario-based training specific to their respective branch, to emphasise skills learned earlier in the course. Findings indicate that training causes an acute decrease in strength and power, along with increased cardiovascular strain and maximal oxygen consumption, with these effects being more pronounced in females. Longitudinally, recruits demonstrated improvements in cardiorespiratory endurance, full-body strength and upper-body muscular endurance; however, performance gains typically plateaued by the eighth week. This plateau, most evident in recruits with higher baseline fitness, suggests potential fatigue accumulation from sleep restriction and high physical activity, or a late-stage shift in training focus that provides insufficient stimulus. These results underscore a critical need for standardised assessment protocols to address literature heterogeneity and enhance the comparability of training outcomes across military populations.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147663901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.","authors":"Christopher L Mendias,Tariq M Awan","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0","url":null,"abstract":"Peptides are short chains of amino acids with a unique pharmacological niche between small-molecule drugs and large proteins. Their use in sports medicine is rapidly expanding, driven by patient demand for accelerated injury recovery and performance enhancement. While numerous peptide drugs have undergone a rigorous approval process that evaluates both safety and efficacy, a parallel \"gray market\" of unapproved compounds has emerged, operating largely outside of regulatory oversight. Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-1295, FS-344 (follistatin-344), GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper), ipamorelin, MOTS-C (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), sermorelin, SS-31 (elamipretide), tesamorelin (Egrifta), Tβ4 (thymosin beta-4), and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment). Many unapproved peptides demonstrate favorable tissue repair and metabolic outcomes in animal models, but rigorous human safety data are scarce, and there is potential for serious harm to patients. This narrative review focuses on the utilization of peptides in sports medicine, and alternative treatments that may be considered. We provide a framework to navigate patient discussions about peptides to better facilitate evidence-based practices for musculoskeletal healing and athletic performance. We also discuss the placebo effect as a mediator of peptide efficacy, and how social media amplifies this effect.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147655916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anaerobic and Aerobic Energy System Contribution During Maximal Exercise: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Paul B Gastin,Haresh T Suppiah","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02414-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02414-7","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe capacity to generate energy during exercise is dependent on the bioenergetic pathways within muscle cells. These pathways include the phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative phosphorylation systems, which work together to resynthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and meet the energy demands of exercise. Understanding the relative contributions of these systems during maximal exercise has theoretical and practical importance for optimizing athletic performance and training.OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to systematically review literature on the relative contributions of anaerobic and aerobic energy systems during single bouts of maximal exercise across various durations. The goal was to consolidate evidence from multiple methodologies to provide a more precise understanding of energy system interactions and inform both theoretical knowledge and practical applications in sports performance and training.METHODSA systematic search was conducted across seven electronic databases, including CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 1984 to January 2020. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed, English-language research that examined energy system contributions during maximal exercise in adults (≥ 18 years). Data extraction focused on participant details, exercise trial specifics, assessment methods, and relative energy system contributions. Studies were categorized on the basis of their assessment approach. Nonlinear regression modeling was used to estimate anaerobic and aerobic contributions across different exercise durations.RESULTSA total of 102 studies were included, providing 311 individual data points (mean results from studies comprising 78% male, 12% female, 11% mixed adult samples). The oxygen deficit (OD) method was used in 66 studies, mixed methods (MM) in 33 studies, and theoretical models (TM) in 7 studies. The data reviewed indicated that the anaerobic system predominates in short-duration maximal exercise, up until approximately 75-80 s. The maximal exercise duration that derived equal contributions from both the anaerobic and aerobic energy systems was 78.6 s (95% confidence interval [95% CI] ± 1.1 s), with longer durations contributing an increasingly greater proportion of aerobic energy to the total energy supply. Comparison of regression curves showed no differences between running and cycling or training status but revealed small significant effects of measurement method and pacing strategy.CONCLUSIONSThis review refines previous estimates of energy system contributions during maximal exercise, reaffirming the dynamic interplay between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. The findings emphasize the importance of considering both energy systems in training strategies and highlight the need for more precise measurement techniques. Athletes and coaches can optimize performance by tailoring high-intensity training, work-rest ratios, and pacing strategies to improve ana","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147655957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instrumented Mouthguards in Women's Rugby League: Quantifying the Incidence and Probability of Head Acceleration Events at Group and Individual Levels.","authors":"James Tooby, Sean Scantlebury, Cameron Owen, Mily Spiegelhalter, Kathryn Dane, Carolyn A Emery, Matthew Kitchin, Gemma Phillips, Thomas Sawczuk, Isla Shill, Kevin Till, Dane Vishnubala, Ben Jones","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02420-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02420-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Head acceleration event (HAE) exposure is a concern in sport owing to potential effects on brain health. Despite growth in the sport's growing in popularity, HAE exposure in women's rugby league has yet to be quantified.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of the study was to examine HAE incidence and probability across Women's Super League rugby league players, including position- and player-specific HAE incidence and probability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) were worn by 136 players during the 2024 season, across 48 video-analysed matches, resulting in 568 player matches with iMG data. The incidence of HAEs and the probability of HAEs from ball-carries and tackle attempts were estimated using generalised linear mixed models and average positions on an individual-player basis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average incidence of HAEs exceeding 25 g ranged from 0.40 to 0.65 per median playing time for back positions and 0.54 to 0.66 for forward positions. The probability of recording an HAE exceeding 25 g during a ball-carry was 1.33% and a tackle-attempt was 1.28%. Some individuals had higher HAE incidence and probability compared with position group means (e.g. one player exhibited an average of 1.77 HAEs exceeding 25 g per match, over double the average for their position).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study quantifies HAE incidence and probability in women's rugby league match-play, allowing for the comparison of HAE exposure with other sports. Overall, HAE incidence is lower than previously reported for men's rugby league and for women's rugby union. However, given elevated HAE incidence in some players, continued HAE monitoring using iMGs is necessary for managing the potential risks of HAE exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147646677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Advanced Resistance Training Prescription Methods on Strength, Power, Hypertrophy, and Performance Adaptations in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.","authors":"Nicholas Cowley,Vaughan Nicholson,Ryan Timmins,Gabriella Munteanu,Jonathon Weakley","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02428-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02428-1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAdvanced resistance training methods are commonly promoted as superior for long-term improvements in physical qualities and performance capacities. However, at present, there is no clear evidence that advanced resistance training methods are better than traditional approaches, or than one another, in promoting adaptation in healthy adults.OBJECTIVESThis systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis aimed to (1) compare advanced methods of resistance training prescription and their effects on strength, power, hypertrophy, and performance adaptations in healthy adults; (2) identify variables that may influence adaptations following specific resistance training methods; and (3) provide a rank order of advanced resistance training methods in their effectiveness for developing each physical capacity.METHODSThis review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension statement for network meta-analyses (PRISMA-NMA). Five databases were searched, with studies included if they were peer-reviewed investigations, written in English, and compared at least two of eight resistance training methods (i.e. traditional resistance training or one of seven advanced methods). Furthermore, studies must have assessed strength, power, hypertrophy, jump, or sprint adaptations. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool V.2. Bayesian network meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed to quantify the differences between resistance training methods and identify any variables that may moderate adaptations.RESULTSStrength and power adaptations were similar across all resistance training methods, with all relative effects from Bayesian network meta-analyses having 95% credible intervals (CrIs) that crossed zero. Consequently, rankings of resistance training methods for strength and power adaptations should be interpreted cautiously due to the lack of any meaningful differences across the separate networks-although network meta-regressions revealed that rest redistribution schemes may be more beneficial for the development of strength in females in comparison to males. Flywheel training resulted in superior jump adaptations, with a greater benefit seen from shorter interventions and lower training volume load. However, rest redistribution schemes resulted in greater jump adaptations than flywheel training with a higher frequency of sessions. A systematic review of the literature also revealed no resistance training method that consistently induces superior adaptations for hypertrophy and sprint performance.CONCLUSIONSWhen aiming to develop a range of physical capacities, there is no clear benefit from using advanced methods over traditional resistance training for inducing adaptation in untrained to moderately trained individuals. However, advanced methods can still be beneficial for practitioners to implement. If practitioners prescribe advanced resistance training methods, it is i","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147636104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Chronic Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading vs. Constant-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Xing Zhang,Jonathon Weakley,Hansen Li,Daniel Marcos-Frutos,Amador García-Ramos","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02422-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02422-7","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAccentuated eccentric loading (AEL) is a resistance training (RT) method applying greater eccentric- than concentric-phase load to intensify the training stimulus; however, despite its common use, a comprehensive and quantitative review remains lacking.OBJECTIVEThe aim was to compare acute responses and chronic adaptations between AEL and constant-load RT, and examine whether effects vary by AEL protocol (submaximal, maximal, supramaximal).METHODSPubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and EBSCO were searched from inception through July 3, 2024; eligible English-language studies were included. Pooled and subgroup meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models.RESULTSForty-nine studies involving 773 participants were included. Although considerable variance exists in certain outcomes, our estimated effects suggest that, compared to constant-load RT, AEL results in (1) similar acute responses in loads lifted during the concentric phase (standardized mean difference [SMD] =  - 0.16; p = 0.48), mechanical performance at submaximal loads during the concentric phase (SMD =  - 0.07; p = 0.37), countermovement jump height both immediately (SMD =  - 0.06; p = 0.86) and delayed (SMD =  - 0.23; p = 0.44) post-intervention, maximal voluntary isometric force immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.03; p = 0.89), blood lactate concentration during the intervention (SMD =  - 0.06; p = 0.78), testosterone concentration immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.68; p = 0.15), creatine kinase concentration both immediately (SMD = 0.09; p = 0.72) and delayed (SMD = 0.14; p = 0.48) post-intervention, cortisol concentration immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.39; p = 0.05), heart rate during the intervention (SMD = 1.18; p = 0.07), acute muscle swelling immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.26; p = 0.42), muscle electrical activity during the concentric phase (SMD =  - 0.01; p = 0.90), and muscle soreness both immediately (SMD = 0.28; p = 0.30) and delayed (SMD = 0.18; p = 0.28) post-intervention; (2) greater acute responses in blood lactate concentration immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.44; p = 0.03), growth hormone concentration immediately post-intervention (SMD = 0.50; p = 0.01), muscle electrical activity during the eccentric phase (SMD = 0.37; p = 0.01), and rating of perceived exertion immediately post-intervention (SMD = 1.72; p = 0.01); (3) similar chronic adaptations in maximal concentric strength (SMD = 0.12; p = 0.41), maximal eccentric strength (SMD = 0.19; p = 0.58), maximal isometric strength (SMD = 0.03; p = 0.93), countermovement jump height (SMD = 0.04; p = 0.87), muscle fascicle angle (SMD =  - 0.10; p = 0.77), muscle fascicle length (SMD = 0.90; p = 0.17), and muscle cross-sectional area (SMD =  - 0.06; p = 0.84).CONCLUSIONWhile AEL augments the eccentric-phase stimulus (higher eccentric load and muscle electrical activity), it also increases metabolic stress and perceived effort, implying a need for longer, more frequent inter-s","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"276 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147625688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}