Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Sports Metaresearch: An Emerging Discipline of Sport Science and Medicine","authors":"John Warmenhoven, Paolo Menaspà, David N. Borg, Simine Vazire, Nicole White, Kristin Sainani, Sophia Nimphius, Aaron J. Coutts, Franco M. Impellizzeri","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02181-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02181-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inadequacies in the conduct and quality of research are well established across many research domains, including sport science and medicine. Metaresearch—the practice of performing research on research—is presented as a practical vehicle for improving research quality through evaluating the research processes. This article introduces the concept of metaresearch to sport as a new sub-field of sport science. The broad types of metaresearch are introduced, with a mapping of current sports metaresearch activity across these areas. Interdisciplinary centres aimed at improving scientific quality across other fields are also introduced to sport, and specific considerations for beginning metaresearch are provided for sport. This includes, for example, not performing metaresearch poorly, beginning evaluative metaresearch early to intervene before bad practice becomes normalised, leveraging required interdisciplinary expertise depending on the metaresearch question and undertaking an ethical approach for carrying out evaluation of research quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143758080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: \"Female Tendons are from Venus and Male Tendons are from Mars, but Does It Matter for Tendon Health?\"","authors":"Laura Cristina Morales Cifuentes, Gonzalo Andrés Montaño Rozo, Alejandra Duarte","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02197-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02197-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143743485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat","authors":"Carl James, Borja Muniz-Pardos, Mohammed Ihsan, Ka-Kay Lo, Wing-Kai Lam, Dani Peña Iglesias, Konstantinos Angeloudis, Yi Teng, Jiao Jiao, Ke Hu, KaKi Wong, Fergus Guppy, Sébastien Racinais, Samuel Chalmers, Sergio Migliorini, Kenneth Wu, Yannis Pitsiladis","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Core temperature (T_CORE), skin temperature (T_TORSO) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Seventeen triathletes displayed a T_CORE &gt; 40.0 °C and two &gt; 41.0 °C. Peak T_CORE was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; <i>p</i> = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Changes in T_CORE for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak T_TORSO was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). T_TORSO reduced during the swim (<i>p</i>_bonf &lt; 0.001), then increased during the bike (<i>p</i>_bonf &lt; 0.001) but not run (<i>p</i>_bonf = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; <i>p</i>_bonf &lt; 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, <i>p</i>_bonf &lt; 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min⁻¹) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min⁻¹) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min⁻¹, <i>p</i>_bonf &lt; 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak T_CORE responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated T_CORE &gt; 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. T_CORE may rise &gt; 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under <i>Blue</i> flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under <i>Red/Black</i> flag conditions (&gt; 30.1 °C WBGT).</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Machine Learning Model for Post-Concussion Musculoskeletal Injury Risk in Collegiate Athletes","authors":"Claudio C. Claros, Melissa N. Anderson, Wei Qian, Austin J. Brockmeier, Thomas A. Buckley","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02196-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02196-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Emerging evidence indicates an elevated risk of post-concussion musculoskeletal injuries in collegiate athletes; however, identifying athletes at highest risk remains to be elucidated.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to model post-concussion musculoskeletal injury risk in collegiate athletes by integrating a comprehensive set of variables by machine learning.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A risk model was developed and tested on a dataset of 194 athletes (155 in the training set and 39 in the test set) with 135 variables entered into the analysis, which included participant’s heath and athletic history, concussion injury and recovery-specific criteria, and outcomes from a diverse array of concussion assessments. The machine learning approach involved transforming variables by the weight of evidence method, variable selection using L1-penalized logistic regression, model selection via the Akaike Information Criterion, and a final L2-regularized logistic regression fit.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A model with 48 predictive variables yielded significant predictive performance of subsequent musculoskeletal injury with an area under the curve of 0.82. Top predictors included cognitive, balance, and reaction at baseline and acute timepoints. At a specified false-positive rate of 6.67%, the model achieves a true-positive rate (sensitivity) of 79% and a precision (positive predictive value) of 95% for identifying at-risk athletes via a well-calibrated composite risk score.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>These results support the development of a sensitive and specific injury risk model using standard data combined with a novel methodological approach that may allow clinicians to target high injury risk student athletes. The development and refinement of predictive models, incorporating machine learning and utilizing comprehensive datasets, could lead to improved identification of high-risk athletes and allow for the implementation of targeted injury risk reduction strategies by identifying student athletes most at risk for post-concussion musculoskeletal injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143712928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Sprinting and Jumping Performance Between Maturity Status Groups in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"James Baker, Paul Read, Philip Graham-Smith, Marco Cardinale, Thomas W. Jones","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02198-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02198-2","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Large interindividual differences can exist in the timing and tempo of growth and maturation of youth athletes. This can provide significant physical performance advantages to young athletes who mature in advance of their peers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this systematic review was to determine the magnitude of differences in sprinting and jumping performance in youth of different maturity status (classified as pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity [PHV]) (aged &lt; 18 years) to enhance the evaluation of performance.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Eligibility criteria for inclusion were as follows: (1) the study had cross-sectional data available; (2) participants were male and/or female ≤ 18 years of age; (3) a somatic measure of maturity was used to identify maturity status (e.g. Mirwald or Khamis-Roche methods) with at least two maturity status classifications present; (4) the study included a measurement of sprinting speed (e.g. 10–100-m sprint data) and/or jump tests commonly used to assess power (e.g. countermovement jump [CMJ]). Searches were conducted up to November 2024 in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus and preprint servers SportRxiv and medRxiv to identify any unpublished trials. Risk of bias and study quality was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies (AXIS). Meta-analysis was computed using a random-effects model.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The search identified 1578 studies. From those, 40 studies were identified for qualitative assessment and quantitative synthesis. In the primary analysis, 21 studies provided data for measures of speed, and 19 studies provided data for measures of power using jump tests. Sprinting and jumping performance increased with advancing maturity status and overall effect sizes were predominantly moderate to large between maturity groups. Pre-PHV versus post-PHV comparisons found moderate to large overall effect sizes (ES) for sprinting performance (10-m ES 1.34 [95% CI 0.87–1.80]; 20-m ES 1.40 [95% CI 0.85–1.96]; and 30-m ES 0.93 [95% CI 0.15–1.76] sprint times) and large to very large ES for the jump tests (CMJ ES 1.53 [95% CI 1.14–1.92]; squat jump ES 1.32 [95% CI 0.70–1.94]; and standing long jump ES 2.18 [95% CI 1.32–3.04]). When comparing consecutive maturity groups (i.e. pre- to circa-PHV and circa- to post-PHV), ES were predominantly moderate across the sprinting and jumping measures, with only a trivial difference found in 30-m sprint time (ES 0.45 [95% CI 0.21–0.69]) for the circa- to post-PHV comparisons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Large differences exist in sprinting and jumping performance between the least and most mature male athletes (pre- and post-PHV), with trivial to moderate ES indicated between consecutive groups (e.g. pre- and circa-PHV). Practitioners working with youth athletes should","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiological Correlates of Head Injuries in School-Level Rugby Union: A 10-Year Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis","authors":"Riaan van Tonder, Hofmeyr Viljoen, Christelle Ackermann","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02195-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02195-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Sport-related concussion (SRC) in rugby union is common and carries a high injury burden, especially among children. Computed tomography (CT) imaging is commonly used to assess rugby-related head injuries, including SRC, subjecting children to ionising radiation. In addition, there is concern about the relationship between SRC, repetitive head impacts and neurodegeneration.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>To review and correlate the imaging findings of head injuries in school-level rugby players from a public tertiary referral centre and a private multi-centre radiology service.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Design</h3><p>Descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional correlational study for the 2014–2023 period.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Anonymised data were collected from the radiological information systems of a tertiary referral centre and a private radiology provider. Data included participant age, imaging modality, study type, date, findings and SRC status. The public and private datasets were analysed using descriptive and comparative statistics.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>A total of 369 cases were identified (public <i>n</i> = 132, 36%). Mean participant age was 15 (± 2.5) years, with 78% (<i>n</i> = 289) clinically deemed to have an SRC. CT was performed in 347 (94%) cases, with abnormal findings reported in 50 studies (public <i>n</i> = 32). The most common findings were craniofacial fractures (<i>n</i> = 28) and intracranial injuries (<i>n</i> = 19). The sensitivity of CT for detecting SRC was 14%. Public sector participants were more likely to have an SRC (odds ratio: 8.39; 95% CI 8.37–8.41, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>CT demonstrates limited utility in the context of SRC beyond detecting craniofacial fractures or surgical emergencies, reinforcing clinical assessment as the diagnostic cornerstone. Protocol optimisation should prioritise radiation risk mitigation through strict adherence to paediatric low-dose guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143703281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Neutral Risk Framework for Active Participation Across the Lifespan: A Call to Action for Using Risk in Movement Contexts as a Tool for Human Flourishing","authors":"Melanie Stuckey, Brandy Tanenbaum, Dean Kriellaars","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02199-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02199-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional risk management approaches focus on the prevention of negative short-term physical outcomes, such as injury. While the relationship between risk and harm has been useful for reducing workplace and transport injuries, it is inappropriate in movement contexts such as sport, leisure and education, where engagement with risk can be an important contributor to healthy human development and flourishing across the lifespan. We propose a neutral definition of risk informed by the 2009 International Organization for Standardization as the basis of a framework to support a rational approach to decision making around risk in movement contexts. The framework proposed herein considers the probability of all potential outcomes (positive, neutral, or negative) that could impact human development across the lifespan. Viewpoints from multiple timepoints (immediate to multi-generational) and levels (participant(s), proximal observers, local community, society) are included. The framework proposes two outcome streams: physical and psychosocial to avoid the pitfalls of a singular focus. The perception of risk is an individual experience that is subject to interpretation; as such, stakeholders relevant to the activity under consideration and representative of the intersectional identities of the community in which it takes place should be included in the process. This framework provides a rational approach for movement communities to adopt adequate safety practices (as opposed to surplus safety) in the creation and ongoing maintenance of movement opportunities that support flourishing for all.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Therapies for Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness: An Umbrella and Mapping Systematic Review with Meta-meta-analysis","authors":"Szczepan Wiecha, Igor Cieśliński, Paweł Wiśniowski, Maciej Cieśliński, Wojciech Pawliczek, Paweł Posadzki, Robert Prill, Joanna Zając, Maciej Płaszewski","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02187-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02187-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Delayed-onset muscle soreness commonly arises from intense and unaccustomed physical exercise, leading to reduced muscle strength, increased pain and inflammation. A number of systematic reviews evaluating physiotherapeutic treatments for delayed-onset muscle soreness have been published since the 1990s. However, these systematic reviews frequently yield conflicting findings, further impeding clinical practice.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The primary aim of this study was to summarise the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in alleviating delayed-onset muscle soreness through an umbrella review. Additionally, we evaluated the risk of bias in systematic reviews, synthesised their findings, and categorised the evidence strength to provide practical insights for clinicians and researchers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;An umbrella review with a meta-meta-analysis was conducted. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, PEDro and Epistemonikos were searched from 1998 to February 2024. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials of any treatments used post-exercise by physiotherapists to reduce delayed-onset muscle soreness in healthy adults, regardless of their physical activity, were eligible. A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included systematic reviews. Corrected covered areas were calculated to address the overlap of primary trials in the included systematic reviews. An evidence map was created to categorise and visualise the effects of interventions using a multi-dimensional approach, based on the effect size and strength of evidence (Class I–V), i.e. the number of cases, Hedges’ &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;-value, heterogeneity, Egger’s test and excess of significance bias test.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Twenty-nine systematic reviews with 863 unique randomised controlled trials, addressing 24 distinct physiotherapeutic treatments, met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen systematic reviews were of critically low methodological quality, with only two rated as high quality. The evidence map suggests significant effects in pain reduction immediately post-exercise for contrast therapy (Class II), cooling therapy and cryostimulation (Class IV); 24 h: massage therapy (Class III) and cooling therapy, contrast therapy, electrical stimulation, cryostimulation, phototherapy, heat therapy (Class IV); 48 h: compression, contrast therapy, kinesiotaping and cryostimulation (Class III) and cooling therapy, massage, phototherapy, heat therapy (Class IV); 72 h: kinesiotaping (Class III) and contrast therapy, cooling therapy, massage, phototherapy, vibration (Class IV); 96 h: compression, phototherapy, and contrast therapy (Class IV). The effect sizes (Hedges’ &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;) ranged from 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.46, ","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protein Nutrition for Endurance Athletes: A Metabolic Focus on Promoting Recovery and Training Adaptation","authors":"Oliver C. Witard, Mark Hearris, Paul T. Morgan","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02203-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an evidence-based update on the protein needs of endurance athletes with a focus on high-quality metabolic studies conducted on the topics of recovery and training adaptation over the past decade. We use the term ‘protein needs’ to delineate between the concepts of a daily protein requirement and per meal protein recommendations when devising scientific evidence-based protein guidelines for the endurance athlete to promote post-exercise recovery, enhance the adaptive response to endurance training and improve endurance performance. A habitual protein intake of 1.5 g/kg of body mass (BM)⁻¹·day⁻¹ is typical in male and female endurance athletes. Based on findings from a series of contemporary protein requirement studies, the evidence suggests a daily protein intake of ~ 1.8 g·kgBM⁻¹·day⁻¹ should be advocated for endurance athletes, with the caveat that the protein requirement may be further elevated in excess of 2.0 g·kgBM⁻¹·day⁻¹ during periods of carbohydrate-restricted training and on rest days. Regarding protein recommendations, the current lack of metabolic studies that determine the dose response of muscle protein synthesis to protein ingestion in relation to endurance exercise makes it difficult to present definitive guidelines on optimal per meal protein intakes for endurance athletes. Moreover, there remains no compelling evidence that co-ingesting protein with carbohydrate before or during endurance exercise confers any performance advantage, nor facilitates the resynthesis of liver or muscle glycogen stores during recovery, at least when carbohydrate recommendations are met. However, recent evidence suggests a role for protein nutrition in optimising the adaptive metabolic response to endurance training under conditions of low carbohydrate and/or energy availability that represent increasingly popular periodised strategies for endurance athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143666000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' Response to Nicolò et al.: \"A Ventilatory Control Model Explaining the Respiratory Compensation Point\".","authors":"Daniel A Keir, Silvia Pogliaghi, Erin Calaine Inglis, Juan M Murias, Danilo Iannetta","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02206-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02206-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143670814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}