Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Athletic Tasks: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis for Prescription Variables and Research Methods","authors":"Kai Xu, Anthony J. Blazevich, Daniel Boullosa, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, MingYue Yin, YuMing Zhong, YuHang Tian, Mitchell Finlay, Paul J. Byrne, Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Ran Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02170-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) has demonstrated efficacy in acutely improving athletic performance. However, its distinction from general warm-up (GW) effects remains ambiguous, and experimental designs adopted in most PAPE studies exhibit important limitations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The aims of this work are to (i) examine the effects of research methodology on PAPE outcomes, (ii) explore PAPE outcomes in relation to comparison methods, performance measures, GW comprehensiveness, recovery duration, participants’ characteristics, conditioning activity (CA) parameters, and (iii) make recommendations for future PAPE experimental designs on the basis of the results of the meta-analysis.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Four databases were searched for peer-reviewed English-language literature. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and PEDro scale. PAPE groups were compared with control groups, pre-conditioning activity (pre-CA) performances were compared with post-conditioning activity (post-CA) performances throughout a verification test in PAPE groups, and control groups were compared before and after the “rest” period using a three-level meta-analysis. Further analyses, including subgroup analysis and both linear and nonlinear meta-regression methods, were used to explore the effect of different moderating factors on PAPE magnitude. A subgroup analysis of GW comprehensiveness was conducted using four classification methods. One method classified GW as non-comprehensive (stretching or jogging only), partially comprehensive (stretching, jogging, and low-intensity self-weighted dynamic exercises), and comprehensive (adding maximal or near-maximal intensity CAs to a partially comprehensive GW). The other three classifications were adjusted according to the type and number of GW exercises. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>The final analysis included 62 PAPE studies (1039 participants, male: <i>n</i> = 857, female: <i>n</i> = 182) with a high risk of bias and low certainty of pooled evidence. A trivial PAPE effect was observed from pre- to post-CA (effect size [ES] = 0.12, 95% CI [0.06 to 0.19], prediction intervals [PI] = − 0.29 to 0.54); a small PAPE effect was observed when compared with a control group (ES = 0.30, 95% CI [0.20 to 0.40], PI [− 0.38 to 0.97]). The slightly greater effect against control resulted from a small decrease in performance in control groups (ES = − 0.08, 95% CI [− 0.13 to − 0.03], PI [− 0.30 to 0.14]), but there was no relationship with between PAPE recovery time (<i>β</i> = − 0.005, <i>p</i> = 0.149). Subgroup analyses showed that PAPE magnitude was greater for non-comprehensive GWs (ES = 0.16) than comprehensive (ES = 0.01) and partially comprehensive GWs (ES = 0.11). In contrast,","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143027177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Relating to Sprint Swimming Performance: A Systematic Review","authors":"Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Catarina C. Santos, Dennis-Peter Born, Óscar López-Belmonte, Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Ross H Sanders, Raúl Arellano","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02172-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02172-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Swimming performance depends on a wide variety of factors; however, the interaction between these factors and their importance varies between events. In sprint events, the characterized pacing underlines its specific development, as swimmers must achieve the highest possible speed while sustaining it to the greatest extent possible.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The aim of this review was to identify the key factors underlying sprint swimming performance and to provide in-depth and practical evidence-based information to optimize performance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>The review protocol was not registered. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched up to October 31, 2023. Studies involving competitive swimmers and investigating sprint swimming performance were included, while studies conducted with young or masters’ swimmers, triathletes or waterpolo players or not investigating sprint swimming performance were excluded. The Downs and Black Quality Assessment Checklist was performed on the included articles to assess the methodological quality.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>After applying the PICOS framework, 39 of the 1330 articles initially identified were included according to the PRISMA guidelines. The included records focused mainly on dry-land strength and in-water forces of both upper and lower limbs. A wide range of kinematic variables were also examined, together with the importance of anthropometric and various physiological parameters.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>This review highlights the importance of developing muscular strength and effectively transferring it to performance in the water. The evidence suggests that muscular development should prioritize enhancing velocity and effective displacement, rather than merely increasing force and performance in loaded tests. However, further research is needed to confirm this. While in-water forces have been well studied, there is a notable lack of analysis regarding drag. The optimal balance between stroke rate and stroke length should be determined individually, with a primary focus on achieving a high stroke length from a high stroke rate. Although anthropometry may play an important role in performance, the interaction of these traits appears to be complex, suggesting that other factors may be more important in determining performance outcomes. From a physiological perspective, the results indicate that the lactate peak and rate of accumulation should be thoroughly developed. Notwithstanding, this review shows the lack of a solid body of knowledge on the importance of anaerobic and especially aerobic factors. Finally, the absence of a list of potential confounders, together with the lack of high-quality studies involving elite swimmers (level 1 and 2), complicates the interpretation of the results.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Persisting Post-Concussion Symptoms Among Collegiate Athletes and Military Cadets: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","authors":"Lauren T. Rooks, Giulia Bertò, Paul F. Pasquina, Steven P. Broglio, Thomas W. McAllister, Michael A. McCrea, Franco Pestilli, Nicholas L. Port","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02168-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02168-0","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Persisting post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) is a condition characterized by prolonged recovery from a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and compromised quality of life. Previous literature, on the basis of small sample sizes, concludes that there are several risk factors for the development of PPCS.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We seek to identify protective and risk factors for developing slow recovery or persisting post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) by analyzing medical history, contact sport level, setting, and the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) assessments at baseline and post-injury.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Patients and Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We studied 47,860 unique collegiate athletes and Military Service Academy (MSA) cadets enrolled in the 30-site National Collegiate Athletic Association and Department of Defense (NCAA-DoD) Concussion Assessment Research and Education (CARE) Consortium prospective cohort study of baseline and post-injury data from 2014 to 2019. Medical histories and preseason baselines (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 60,720), along with SCAT and BSI-18 examinations (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 5379) conducted within 48 h post-injury, were analyzed. PPCS is defined as cleared for return to play (RTP) &gt; 29 days.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Of 5073 concussions, the median (95% CI) and mean (SD) RTP were 15.2 (4.8–82.6) days and 22.2 (23.0) days, respectively, with 891 developing PPCS. Sex, high SCAT score, high BSI-18 score, and delayed reporting produced small effect sizes on RTP (&lt;i&gt;d&lt;/i&gt; = 0.22–0.44). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of developing PPCS indicated the following risk factors: SCAT total score &gt; 45 (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.58–2.30), female sex (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.53–2.13), concussion history (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.29–2.52), and delayed reporting (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.20–1.67). In contrast, protective factors against developing PPCS were: being a limited-contact (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.25–0.47), noncontact (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.24–0.51) or contact sport athlete (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.28–0.41); and receiving the concussion at practice (OR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.53–0.77) or in competition (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.34–0.56). Athletes diagnosed with a learning disability and taking a neurostimulant were more protected than those who were not (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26–0.76 versus OR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.49–1.05, respectively). A prognostic model using these variables offers poor sensitivity (9%) but high specificity (98%) in identifying PPCS (AUC = 0.72).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study of 5073 concussions indicates that female sex, high symptom burden, and prior concussion are risk factors for slow recovery. In addition, learning disability, contact sport, and concussion in competition are protective against slow recovery. The neurostimulant results suggest that clinicians","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: The Relationship Between Running Biomechanics and Running Economy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","authors":"Bas Van Hooren, Ivan Jukic, Maartje Cox, Koen G. Frenken, Iker Bautista, Isabel S. Moore","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02157-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02157-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Optimizing Resistance Training for Sprint and Endurance Athletes: Balancing Positive and Negative Adaptations","authors":"Bas Van Hooren, Per Aagaard, Anthony J. Blazevich","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02162-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02162-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142987428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Alzheimer’s Disease Polygenic Risk Score with Concussion Severity and Recovery Metrics","authors":"Kaitlyn M. Dybing, Thomas W. McAllister, Yu-Chien Wu, Brenna C. McDonald, Steven P. Broglio, Jason P. Mihalik, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Joshua T. Goldman, Jonathan C. Jackson, Andrew J. Saykin, Shannon L. Risacher, Kelly N. H. Nudelman","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02150-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02150-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Identification of genetic alleles associated with both Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and concussion severity/recovery could help explain the association between concussion and elevated dementia risk. However, there has been little investigation into whether AD risk genes associate with concussion severity/recovery, and the limited findings are mixed.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>We used AD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and <i>APOE</i> genotypes to investigate any such associations in the NCAA-DoD Grand Alliance CARE Consortium (CARE) dataset.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>We assessed six concussion outcomes in 931 participants, including two recovery measures (number of days to asymptomatic and to return to play (RTP)) and four severity measures (scores on SAC and BESS, SCAT symptom severity and total number of symptoms). We calculated the PRS using a published score and performed multiple linear regression to assess the relationship of the PRS with outcomes. We also used ANOVAs, <i>t</i>-tests, and chi-square tests to examine outcomes by <i>APOE</i> genotype.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Higher PRS was associated with longer injury to RTP time in the normal RTP (&lt; 24 days) subgroup (<i>p</i> = 0.024). A one standard deviation increase in the PRS resulted in a 9.89 hour increase to RTP time. This result was no longer significant after inclusion of covariates. There were no other consistently significant effects.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Our findings suggest high AD genetic risk is not associated with more severe concussions or poor recovery in young adults. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings in larger samples with longer follow-up using PRS calculated from diverse populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Talent Identification: Time to Move Forward on Estimation of Potentials? Proposed Explanations and Promising Methods","authors":"Adrien Sedeaud, Audrey Difernand, Quentin De Larochelambert, Yannis Irid, Chloé Fouillot, Nolwenn Pinczon du Sel, Jean-François Toussaint","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02171-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02171-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The scientific literature on talent identification is extensive, with significant advancements made over the past 30 years. However, as with any field, the translation of research into practice and its impact on the field have been slower than anticipated. Indeed, recent findings highlight a pervasive relative age effect, the effects of maturation being often overlooked, disparate populations between young and senior performers, and a necessity to embrace a holistic approach. However, simple elements can be implemented to avoid some of these known biases. This review synthesizes recent advancements, critically examines key elements to consider in talent identification, and proposes promising avenues for enhancement. These include (1) understanding and illustrating early performance influences, (2) implementing individualized performance trajectory models, (3) applying corrective adjustments based on relative, biological, and training age, and (4) improving estimation of potentials through a holistic approach that integrates “life pathways”. In light of these necessary improvements, it seems opportune to propose a semantic shift to generate a change in both conceptual and operational paradigms. The proposed terminology of “estimation of potential” is based on a semantic and mathematical definition, which operationalizes its conceptualization. This study suggests that understanding the trajectories of transitions from youth to senior categories in each sport, coupled with a holistic approach centered on individual performance progressions across the three ages, would be a possible path toward estimating potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142981181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological Interventions to Improve Elite Athlete Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Wei Wang, Matthew J. Schweickle, Emily R. Arnold, Stewart A. Vella","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02173-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02173-3","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Mental wellbeing, one continuum alongside mental illness in a dual-continua mental health model, has attracted less attention compared with substantial studies concerning mental illness amongst elite athletes. Notably, the promotion and protection of mental wellbeing contribute to not only a positive status of flourishing but also a reduction in the future risk of mental illness, which can potentially facilitate a status of complete mental health. Despite the critical role of wellbeing promotion and protection, there are limited evidence-based strategies to design and implement wellbeing interventions in elite athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This review aims to identify the different types of interventions to improve mental wellbeing amongst elite athletes and meta-analyse their effects. Further, the study aims to narratively identify the factors affecting implementation success in elite athletes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Peer-reviewed articles were systematically searched through five electronic databases (SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PSYCArticles, Academic Search Complete and MEDLINE) in July 2023 and updated in May 2024. To enrich the overall findings and reduce the risk of publication bias, grey literature was also included in this review. Dissertations and theses were the main foci and were searched in September 2023 and updated in May 2024. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effects of the different types of interventions on mental wellbeing. Further, a narrative synthesis under the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research was conducted to identify the potential factors that influenced the implementation success.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A total of 27 studies were found from peer-reviewed and grey literature, of which 15 studies were subject to meta-analyses. Results indicated that psychological skills training (SMD = 0.78, 95% CI 0.24, 1.32), third-wave interventions (SMD = 0.32, 95% CI 0.01, 0.63) and positive psychology interventions (SMD = 0.58, 95% CI 0.31, 0.85) were all potentially effective in improving overall wellbeing amongst elite athletes. However, when quasi-experimental studies in the third-wave interventions were removed for the sensitivity analysis, the effect was no longer significant. Further, 11 facilitators and 3 barriers to implementation success were identified, of which adaptability, coach and teammate support, and instructor’s capacity to connect with athletes were the key facilitators, and busy schedules and complex intervention contents were the main barriers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This review indicated that psychological skills training, third-wave interventions and positive psychology interventions could be potentially effective for elite athlete mental we","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Lifelong Exercise Counteract Low-Grade Inflammation Associated with Aging? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Iñigo M. Pérez-Castillo, Ricardo Rueda, Hakim Bouzamondo, Diego Aparicio-Pascual, Alberto Valiño-Marques, Jose López-Chicharro, Felipe Segura-Ortiz","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02152-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02152-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aging is associated with sustained low-grade inflammation, which has been linked to age-related diseases and mortality. Long-term exercise programs have been shown to be effective to for attenuating this process; however, subsequent detraining might negate some of these benefits. Master athletes, as a model of lifelong consistent exercise practice, have been suggested to present similar inflammatory profiles to untrained young adults. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether maintaining training habits throughout life can completely counteract low-grade inflammation associated with aging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;We aimed to systematically evaluate comparisons of baseline inflammatory profiles in Master athletes, untrained middle-aged and older adults, and untrained young individuals to elucidate whether lifelong exercise can counteract low-grade inflammation associated with aging.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, and a protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024521339). Studies reporting baseline systemic levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in Master athletes and untrained controls were eligible for inclusion. A total of six databases (PubMed [MEDLINE], Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science [WoS]) were searched in September 2024, and studies were independently screened by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool for cross-sectional trials, and random-effect meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMDs) of inflammatory markers were conducted to evaluate comparisons between Master athletes and age-matched untrained middle-aged and older adults as well as Master athletes and young untrained subjects. Subgroup analyses were performed based on exercise intensity and type, and participants’ sex.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;A total of 17 studies (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 649 participants) were included both in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Lifelong exercise appears to attenuate increases in baseline C-reactive protein, and to elevate anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 levels compared with untrained middle-aged and older adults (C-reactive protein: SMD − 0.71, 95% confidence interval − 0.97, − 0.45, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 0%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.78; IL-10: SMD 1.44, 95% confidence interval 0.55, 2.32, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 87%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.00001). Statistical significance was maintained in C-reactive protein and IL-10 sub-analyses. No difference in tumor necrosis factor-α levels was observed between Master athletes and untrained middle-aged and older adults (SMD 0.40, 95% confidence interval − 0.15, 0.96, &lt;i&gt;I&lt;","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142940262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Muscle Growth and Dynamic Strength Adaptations Induced by Unilateral and Bilateral Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Witalo Kassiano, João Pedro Nunes, Bruna Costa, Alex S. Ribeiro, Jeremy P. Loenneke, Edilson S. Cyrino","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02169-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02169-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Currently, great debate exists over the proposed superiority of some resistance exercises to induce muscular adaptations. For example, some argue that unilateral exercise (meaning one limb at a time) is superior to bilateral exercises (meaning both limbs). Of note, an evidence-based answer to this question is yet to be determined, particularly regarding muscle hypertrophy.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of unilateral versus bilateral resistance training on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2 (RoBII) tool was used to judge the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small-sample corrections.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>After retrieving 703 studies, 9 met the criteria and were included in the meta-analyses. We found no significant differences in muscle hypertrophy between bilateral and unilateral training [effect size (ES): − 0.21, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): − 3.56 to 3.13, <i>P</i> = 0.57]. Bilateral training induced a superior increase in bilateral strength (ES: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.16–0.96, <i>P</i> = 0.01). In contrast, unilateral training elicited a superior increase in unilateral strength (ES: − 0.65, 95% CI: − 0.93 to − 0.37, <i>P</i> = 0.001). Overall, studies presented moderate risk of bias.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>On the basis of the limited literature on the topic, we found no evidence of differential muscle hypertrophy between the two exercise selections. Strength gains appear to follow the principle of specificity.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"204 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}