Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Incidence, Temporal Trends, and Surgical Shift of Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","authors":"Roula Kotsifaki, Peter Malliaras, Christopher Byron, Joao Marques, Vasileios Korakakis","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02397-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02397-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Achilles tendon rupture is a severe injury affecting active and non-active populations, with considerable consequences on mobility, return to sport, and long-term function. Population-based incidence estimates provide important information for public health policy and resource allocation.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the global incidence of Achilles tendon rupture, evaluate temporal trends over six decades, and analyze subgroup differences by sex, age, region, and sport participation. Additionally, we examined trends in surgical treatment over time.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Six databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, Index Medicus, and Google Scholar) were searched through April 2025 to identify population-based studies reporting Achilles tendon rupture incidence. Only studies based on registries or representative samples were included. Random-effects models were used to pool incidence rates, and meta-regressions assessed time trends and subgroup differences. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years and stratified by sex, age, country, geographic region, and sport participation. Surgical treatment trends were analyzed using quadratic meta-regression. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-eight studies reporting Achilles tendon ruptures from 1950 to 2022 were included, representing over 630 million individuals and 568,000 Achilles tendon rupture cases. The pooled global incidence was 15.7 per 100,000 person-years, spanning from 6.1 in 1979 to 31.1 per 100,000 person-years in 2021, with an average annual increase of 2.7% (95% confidence interval 2.0-3.3%). Male individuals exhibited a three-fold higher incidence than female individuals (pooled ratio 3.18; 95% confidence interval 2.50-4.04). Incidence peaked in male individuals aged 30-49 years (42.6 per 100,000 person-years) and in female individuals aged 40-49 years (17.2 per 100,000 person-years). Approximately 68% of Achilles tendon rupture were sport related. A significant shift in treatment patterns was observed: surgical repair rates peaked in 2003 and declined thereafter, indicating an increase in conservative treatment over the last 2 decades.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The incidence of Achilles tendon rupture has risen steadily over the last six decades, with the greatest burden observed among middle-aged physically active men. A majority of ruptures are sport related, highlighting the need for preventive interventions. Surgical treatment has declined since 2003, reflecting shifts toward conservative management. These findings underscore the importance of continued surveillance, targeted prevention, and individualized treatment stra","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147616777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Measurement and Application of Critical Speed and D' in Running: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Mitchell Anderson,Surendran Sabapathy,Blayne Arnold,Clint Bellenger,Filip Kolodziej,Phillip Bellinger","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02410-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02410-x","url":null,"abstract":"Critical speed (CS) represents the maximal metabolic steady state in running, and D' represents the finite distance capacity above CS. However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal measurement and modelling methods to obtain CS and D' estimates, how CS and D' influence running performance, or how CS and D' have been applied within a training environment. The aims of this scoping review were to determine the specific protocols and modelling methods that have been implemented to quantify CS and D' in running; the deterministic potential of CS and D' for running race performance; and the application of CS and D' in individualising running training prescription. The PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews were followed. PubMed, Scopus, Embase and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched, and studies were screened for eligibility. A total of 124 studies were included in the review, of which 23 investigated CS as the maximal metabolic steady state, 68 investigated different measurement or modelling methods on CS and D', 16 examined different measurement methods on CS only, six investigated D' reconstitution, 26 studies explored the relationship between CS or D' and running performance, and 16 applied CS and D' modelling to individualise training prescription. CS has been validated as the boundary between the heavy- and severe-intensity domains while there is a far smaller body of research investigating D' reconstitution; however, variations in testing protocols may influence CS and D' estimation. Of importance to coaches and athletes is that CS and D' balance are particularly strong determinants of middle- and long-distance running performance (mile to marathon, and 5000 and 10,000 m, for CS and D' balance, respectively), and modelling of CS and D' provides an avenue to individualise training prescription.Open Science Framework (OSF) registration: https://osf.io/rq2h3 .","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147599554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time to Blow the Whistle on Mental Fatigue in Soccer Referees: A Current Opinion on the Impact of Cognitive and Physical Demands on Performance and Training Interventions.","authors":"Arthur Le Deuff,Christopher Carling,Mathieu Nedelec","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02426-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02426-3","url":null,"abstract":"Soccer referees play a crucial role in maintaining the laws and spirit of the game. Since the early 2000s, research has focused on understanding and enhancing their performance. However, research on mental fatigue in soccer referees remains in its early stages. This Current Opinion article aims to critically summarize current knowledge of this phenomenon in soccer referees and highlight areas requiring future research. It explores how cognitive and physical demands during matches contribute to mental fatigue development, its potential impact on refereeing performance, and how pre-match, half-time, and post-match interventions might help alleviate or aid recovery from this phenomenon. Although only a small number of studies have investigated mental fatigue in soccer referees, evidence suggests that the combination of intense and prolonged cognitive and physical demands makes both field and assistant referees susceptible to mental fatigue during matches. This phenomenon may negatively impact multiple performance components, particularly decision-making accuracy. Although interventions such as brain endurance training, mindfulness practices, structured routines, recovery strategies, and sleep optimization could help mitigate mental fatigue, the application of these modalities in and around match play remains unexplored in refereeing populations, representing a critical research gap.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147585630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological Outcomes of Physical Activity Interventions in Persistent Postconcussive Symptoms: A Scoping Review","authors":"Bayan Dehghani, Chase J. Ellingson, J. Patrick Neary, Jyotpal Singh","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02421-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02421-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147586627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep and Circadian Interventions to Improve Athletes' Mental Health, Mood and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Elie Walsh, Josh Leota, Minh Huynh, Sarah K Liddle, Sean P A Drummond, Elise R Facer-Childs","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02387-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-025-02387-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sleep and circadian interventions (e.g. interventions aimed at promoting circadian alignment and supporting stable well-entrained sleep-wake patterns) are predominantly implemented in athletes to improve performance, recovery and adaptation to travel. Emerging evidence from the broader population demonstrates that improving sleep and circadian health can also improve mental health, mood and well-being.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the current evidence on the effectiveness of sleep and circadian interventions for improving mental health, mood and well-being in athlete populations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven databases (CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to 23 September, 2024 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies involved athletes (participating in sport at any level) and evaluated sleep or circadian interventions aimed at improving sleep and/or circadian health, with mental health, mood or well-being outcomes. Sleep interventions directly manipulated sleep through behavioural, environmental or educational approaches. Studies without a comparator/baseline, using indirect methods (e.g. brainwave entrainment) to improve sleep or solely sleep restriction, were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality and risk of bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Data were synthesised using a multi-level random-effects meta-analysis and pre-specified meta-regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 21 sleep and circadian interventions have been implemented in sporting environments to improve the mental health of athletes. The interventions that have been investigated are constrained by limited sample sizes, a lack of female representation, a low-quality study design and inconsistent measurement of mental health, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions of the efficacy of these strategies. The results of the meta-analysis showed that sleep and circadian interventions had a more substantial impact on positive affect compared to negative (β = 0.68, p < 0.001). The interventions were also found to be more effective in improving anxiety, tension and vigour compared to other subjective mood states. The limited interventions with a circadian component (e.g. light exposure) consistently found improvements in outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sleep and circadian interventions appear to have the strongest effects on positive affect, anxiety, tension and vigour in athletes. Future research should address the limitations of existing studies by focusing on diverse and representative samples, incorporating a longer term follow-up after interventions, using consistent mental health measurements and developing interventions specificall","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"997-1011"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Public Health to Player Health: Introducing the Disability-Adjusted Sporting Year (DASY) Metric for Measuring Injury and Illness Burden in Sport.","authors":"Eric G Post,Ashley N Triplett,Avinash Chandran,Travis Anderson","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02423-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02423-6","url":null,"abstract":"Injury and illness burden in sports has traditionally been quantified using severity and time-loss metrics, which focus narrowly on days missed from sport. These measures fail to capture the full spectrum of health consequences, particularly those associated with non-time-loss injuries, chronic conditions, and lingering impairments following return to play. To address this gap, we propose the disability-adjusted sporting year (DASY), a novel metric adapted from the public health framework of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The DASY incorporates both the immediate and long-term health impact of sport-related injuries and illnesses by summing years of sport lost (YSL) and years lived with injury (YLI), weighted by condition-specific disability weights derived from broad population surveys. By anchoring assessments in athlete health rather than sport participation alone, the DASY enables a more comprehensive, equitable, and athlete-centered approach to surveillance, clinical decision making, and policy development. This manuscript outlines the theoretical foundation, calculation framework, and potential applications of the DASY metric, with the goal of advancing how health burden is evaluated in sport. By shifting the focus from return-to-play timelines to overall health loss, the DASY aligns athlete welfare more closely with broader public health standards and offers a robust tool for comparative risk assessment across sporting contexts.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast Tumor Blood Flow, Disease Progression, and Treatment Response: The Role of Exercise.","authors":"Olívia M Ruberti, Guilherme D Telles, Sophie F M Derchain, Rafaela B Araújo, Dhyana Lima, Henrique Bortolozo, Luís Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Eva Zopf, Rodrigo Menezes Jales, Miguel S Conceição","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02392-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40279-026-02392-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. A key driver of tumor progression and resistance to therapy is abnormal vascularization, which leads to heterogeneous blood flow, hypoxia, impaired drug delivery, and increased malignancy. Emerging clinical evidence suggests that breast tumor Doppler ultrasound parameters can predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, highlighting the potential of tumor blood flow as a prognostic biomarker. In this context, strategies to modulate tumor perfusion-particularly through non-pharmacological approaches-are of growing interest. Exercise has shown promise in promoting vascular remodeling, improving oxygenation, and enhancing treatment efficacy. This narrative review discusses current evidence on the role of tumor blood flow in disease progression and therapeutic response, with special emphasis on the modulatory effects of exercise training. We also explore how tumor blood flow is assessed, briefly outlining key methodologies such as Doppler ultrasound, contrast-enhanced imaging, and perfusion-related biomarkers, and their relevance for interpreting exercise-induced vascular adaptations, its association with tumor aggressiveness, and the interplay between exercise and oncological therapies. Understanding how exercise influences tumor hemodynamics may pave the way for innovative adjuvant strategies in breast cancer management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"913-926"},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13124782/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146053576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task Failure in Endurance Sports: A Review.","authors":"Juan-José Pérez-Díaz,José-Antonio Salas-Montoro,James Hopker,Mikel Zabala","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02377-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02377-1","url":null,"abstract":"Task failure in endurance sports represents a complex and multifaceted phenomenon likely arising from the dynamic and intricate interaction between peripheral and central mechanisms. Traditional models of fatigue have long emphasized a gradual and inevitable decline in performance because of metabolic, neuromuscular, and cardiovascular limitations. Research has also highlighted that task failure may not only be a product of this progressive deterioration but could also result from acute and unpredictable disruptions at the central level (e.g., psychological factors such as perceived effort) that compromise the athlete's ability to sustain effort. This review examines the existing literature on task failure, critically describing what is currently known about the influence of peripheral (physiological processes at the skeletal muscle and neuromuscular junction) and central mechanisms (neural processes in the brain and spinal cord, which may integrate physiological and psychological components). Finally, we identify gaps in the current literature and propose directions for future research to refine our understanding of the interplay between peripheral and central contributors to task failure, emphasizing the need for integrative approaches to optimize endurance performance.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147583916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key Factors Impacting Performance Health During Growth and Maturation in Adolescent Competitive Aesthetic and Acrobatic Athletes: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Alison S Fitch,Jocelyn Mara,Felicity Lord,Gordon Waddington","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02416-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02416-5","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAesthetic and acrobatic sports place high physical demands on youth athletes during critical periods of growth and maturation. These sports often involve intense training loads from an early age, which can influence physical development, injury risk, long-term health outcomes and performance.OBJECTIVESThe objectives were (1) to conduct a systematic review addressing key factors impacting performance health during growth and maturation in aesthetic and acrobatic high-performance youth athletes and (2) to investigate current methods for evaluating growth and maturation in this athletic population.DESIGNThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed.METHODSThe protocol was registered on the PROSPERO International prospective register (CRD42021261883). The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO were searched for relevant studies up to 27 September 2025. Inclusion criteria were any sub-elite and elite athletes in aesthetic and acrobatic sports 18 years or under, a quantitative measurement of maturation and/or growth status/process in reference to the athlete's health outcome. Two independent authors screened search results, performed data extraction and assessed risk of bias using the quality assessment tool developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with the Research Triangle Institute (RTI) international.RESULTSThe results were reported on the basis of identifying 5 common themes amongst 65 studies and involving a total of 7782 participants; bone health; injury, illness and pain as outcomes; and anthropometric, biomechanical and training and performance as associated factors. Nutrition was also identified as a common interacting factor across themes. Growth and maturation measures and methods varied across studies. The review found that gymnastics training positively impacts bone health in prepubertal athletes, particularly in weight-bearing sites, although the risk of bone health injury increases around puberty possibly owing to later menarche, lower bone age and nutritional deficiencies. Dance studies show mixed results on bone health outcomes. Anthropometric and biomechanical factors including shorter stature, hypermobility and scoliosis and flexibility-strength imbalances may influence injury risk in association with being prepubescent. Later menarche, inadequate energy intake and discipline-specific bone development may contribute to tendon injuries, bone stress and overuse injuries in post-pubertal aesthetic and acrobatic athletes. Regular pre-pubertal gymnastics supports superior balance development. Training intensity can influence psychological stress and illness, particularly pre menarche, and male athletes respond differently to training than females during growth and maturation. Energy availability, along with psychological and behavioural factors may further affect injury, illness and performance ou","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147524584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which Exercise Prescriptions Improve Physical Fitness in Patients with Breast Cancer Before, During, and Following Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Vinicius S S Cassaroti, Maurício R Lopes, Guilherme H D Palma, Paola S Cella, Loriane R L C Godinho, Tatiana G Azevedo, Jonathan H C Nunes, Mayra B S Borges, Rafael Deminice","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02390-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02390-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise is now recognized as an essential component of the cancer care continuum. However, the optimal exercise prescriptions to improve physical fitness in breast cancer remain under debate.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>In a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), we investigated how exercise affects muscular strength, fat-free mass, functional exercise capacity (FEC) and cardiorespiratory fitness during pretreatment, active treatment, and post-treatment for breast cancer. We also investigated how exercise mode, frequency, intensity, supervision, and duration of intervention affect breast cancer survivors' physical fitness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched four electronic databases to identify RCTs examining exercise's effects on muscular strength, fat-free mass, functional exercise capacity, FEC, and cardiorespiratory fitness in women with breast cancer. We calculated pooled effects (SMD) using the software Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on phases of cancer care and exercise mode, frequency, intensity, supervision, and duration of intervention.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across 68 randomized controlled trials (N = 4,158), exercise significantly increased muscular strength (Hedges' g = 0.66, 95% CI 0.46-0.85), FEC (Hedges' g = 1.04, 95% CI 0.56-1.52), cardiorespiratory fitness (Hedges' g = 0.96, 95% CI 0.45-1.47), and fat-free mass (Hedges' g = 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.20). However, these effects varied according to the phase of cancer care and exercise prescription characteristics, including modality, frequency, supervision, intensity, and duration. During active treatment, combined exercise significantly improved muscular strength, FEC, and cardiorespiratory fitness, but not fat-free mass. In contrast, post-treatment exercise significantly enhanced muscular strength, fat-free mass, and FEC, with no significant effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. Data for evaluating exercise's pretreatment effects were insufficient. The greatest improvements across outcomes were observed with supervised combined aerobic-resistance exercise programs performed at least three times per week for a minimum of 12 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although exercise improves breast cancer survivors' physical fitness, its effects differ depending on its mode, frequency, intensity, supervision, and total duration in addition to the phase of cancer care.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147514608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}