Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Guiding Evidence-Based Classification in Para Sporting Populations: A Systematic Review of Impairment Measures and Activity Limitations","authors":"Taylor M. Wileman, Marnee J. McKay, Daniel A. Hackett, Timothy J. Watson, Jennifer Fleeton, Ché Fornusek","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02132-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02132-y","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>As the focus of classification shifts towards an evidence-based approach, it is crucial to establish a robust system that relies on valid and reliable measures of impairment to ensure legitimate and competitive opportunities for all Para athletes. However, the lack of methods that possess the necessary measurement properties for assessing impairments in Para sporting populations presents significant challenges to developing an evidence-based classification system.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objective</h3><p>This review aimed to identify and evaluate measures of impairment and activity limitation measures that have been used to assess eligible impairments in Para sport athletes for potential use in evidence-based classification.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched from their earliest record to December 2023.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Fifty-one articles were identified, with twenty-one studies focusing on physical impairment measures. Isometric and grip strength emerged as effective measures. Coordination measures, such as tapping tasks, showed variations with performance. Additionally, six studies focused on intellectual impairments, revealing differences between impaired and non-impaired athletes through generic cognitive tests. Vision impairment measures, including visual acuity and visual field assessments, displayed varying associations with performance across sports.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusions</h3><p>Although research on evidence-based classification in Para sport is limited, this review provides valuable insights for sports in developing a testing battery that adheres to evidence-based protocols. Ongoing research efforts by sport governing bodies to prioritise research in this area will improve our understanding of the impairment–performance relationship, leading to better decision making and increased credibility in Para sport classification systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"198 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgement to Referees and the Editorial Board.","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02147-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02147-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142682865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Kinesiophobia on Time to Clinical Recovery in Collegiate Athletes with Concussion","authors":"Daniel J. Rosenblum, Jacob E. Resch","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02144-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02144-8","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several factors such as acute symptom severity, premorbid anxiety, and depression have been associated with concussion recovery. Elevated kinesiophobia has been associated with recovery from musculoskeletal conditions, as well as increased reaction time and vestibular–ocular motor dysfunction following concussion. However, kinesiophobia has yet to be evaluated as a modifier of concussion recovery time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study was designed to evaluate the role of acute kinesiophobia levels on days until clinical recovery in collegiate athletes with concussion. We hypothesized that collegiate athletes with elevated Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) scores would take a greater number of days to achieve clinical recovery compared with athletes with lower values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Division I collegiate athletes diagnosed with a concussion (&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt; = 113, 19.9 ± 1.5 years, 42% female) participated in this descriptive laboratory study. Participants were assigned to high [≥ 37 (H-TSK, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 54)] or low [&lt; 37 (L-TSK, &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 59)] TSK groups on the basis of the first TSK values recorded within 72 h of their concussion. Participants were also administered the Revised Head Injury Scale (HIS-r) to assess symptom severity within 72 h of injury. The Immediate Postconcussion and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) battery was administered at baseline and used to gather demographic variables such as biological sex, age, history of anxiety/depression, and concussion history, and as part of the athletes’ symptom-free assessment. Days until clinical recovery between H-TSK and L-TSK groups were compared using a Mann–Whitney &lt;i&gt;U&lt;/i&gt; test. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between TSK and days until clinical recovery in addition to other modifiers of recovery. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate days until clinical recovery as a function of the TSK total score, controlling for the HIS-r and ImPACT variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Days until clinical recovery was significantly longer in the H-TSK group (median difference = 2.5 days, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) compared with the L-TSK group. A significant, moderate positive correlation between the TSK score and days to clinical recovery (&lt;i&gt;ρ&lt;/i&gt; = 0.45, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) was observed, which was also the strongest correlation among all variables. Our regression model demonstrated that for every point increase on the TSK, days until clinical recovery increased by 0.23 while controlling for total symptom severity, age, concussion history, psychiatric history, and biological sex (&lt;i&gt;β&lt;/i&gt; = 0.23, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.018). All other variables entered into the regression were not statistically significant.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusions&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our data suggest that athletes with TSK ","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142678520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a Tool to Characterize Exercise and Physical Activity: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Pedro Afonso Valente, Sandra I Mota, Ana Teixeira, Elisabete Ferreiro, Hugo Sarmento, Inês Cipriano, João R Campos, Luís Rama, Paulo J Oliveira","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02139-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02139-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Over the past few decades, the scientific community has recognized the impact of physical activity on health and performance. In parallel, researchers have been actively exploring novel methodologies to analyze the physiological and metabolic responses to exercise. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool in this effort, offering the potential to provide unique insights into exercise-related changes at the molecular level.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The primary goal of this systematic review is to confirm the viability of utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of the biochemical changes associated with physical exercise and its potential applications.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This systematic review adhered to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and examined studies employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze exercise and physical activity, focusing on a biological sample collection and spectral analysis. Four databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched, and inclusion criteria encompassed original English-language studies involving human participants aged 18-50 years, a biological sample collection (urine, saliva, and blood), and the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The studies were analyzed considering the type of exercise or sport that was investigated, and also the type of spectral analysis conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The review encompassed 15 studies that demonstrated the versatility of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in assessing various aspects of exercise, including metabolism, cardiovascular responses, and muscular fatigue. The largest study evaluated 57 athletes from several different sports. On average, almost all the studies were performed with around 20 athletes. Notably, the technique's holistic approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of the complex network of metabolites and proteins within the human body. Data analysis methodologies, particularly when coupled with machine learning, show great potential for advancing the field of sports science.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy emerges as a promising tool for monitoring and enhancing the performance of high-level athletes, preventing overtraining or even over-reaching, and assessing metabolism. Its accuracy, efficiency, and affordability also make it a candidate for broader applications in assessing the health and fitness of the general population. Future research should explore its applicability across diverse exercise modalities and demographic groups, aiming to prescribe exercise plans that consider a multitude of parameters for larger, more intricate exercise cohorts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical trial registration: &lt;/strong&gt;The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of ","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations Between Instrumented Mouthguard-Measured Head Acceleration Events and Post-Match Biomarkers of Astroglial and Axonal Injury in Male Amateur Australian Football Players","authors":"Lauren J. Evans, William T. O’Brien, Gershon Spitz, Steven Mutimer, Becca Xie, Lauren P. Giesler, Brendan P. Major, James W. Hickey, Spencer S. H. Roberts, Biswadev Mitra, Terence J. O’Brien, Sandy R. Shultz, Stuart J. McDonald","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02138-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02138-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Background</h3><p>Advances in instrumented mouthguards (iMGs) allow for accurate quantification of single high-acceleration head impacts and cumulative head acceleration exposure in collision sports. However, relationships between these measures and risk of brain cell injury remain unclear.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Aim</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to quantify measures of non-concussive head impact exposure and assess their association with blood glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light (NfL) and phosphorylated-tau-181 (p-tau-181) levels in male Australian football players.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>A total of 31 athletes underwent in-season (24 h post-match) and post-season (&gt; 5 weeks) blood collections and/or wore HITIQ Nexus A9 iMGs measuring peak linear (PLA) and rotational (PRA) acceleration. Match footage was used to verify and code impacts. Blood GFAP, NfL, and p-tau-181 were quantified using Simoa and natural log transformed for analysis. Associations between post-match biomarkers and within match maximum single impact and cumulative PLA/PRA were assessed with linear mixed models.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>In-season versus post-season elevations were found for GFAP (mean difference 0.14, 95% CI 0.01–0.26, <i>p</i> = 0.033), NfL (mean difference = 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.32, <i>p</i> = 0.001) and p-tau-181 (mean difference = 0.49, 95% CI 0.33–0.65, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Post-match GFAP was associated with maximum single impact PLA (<i>B</i> = 0.003, 95% CI 0.0002–0.005, <i>p</i> = 0.036), cumulative PLA (<i>B</i> = 0.001, 95% CI 0.0002–0.002, <i>p</i> = 0.017), cumulative PRA (<i>B</i> = 0.01, 95% CI 0.002–0.02, <i>p</i> = 0.014), and impact number (<i>B</i> = 0.03, 95% CI 0.003–0.05, <i>p</i> = 0.029) within a single match. Change in NfL levels between two-matches correlated with cumulative PLA (<i>r</i> = 0.80, 95% CI 0.38–0.95, <i>p</i> = 0.005), PRA (<i>r</i> = 0.71, 95% CI 0.19–0.92, <i>p</i> = 0.019) and impact number (<i>r</i> = 0.63, 95% CI 0.05–0.89, <i>p</i> = 0.038).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Maximum and cumulative head accelerations in Australian football, measured by iMGs, were associated with elevated blood biomarkers of brain injury, highlighting the potential of both technologies for head impact management in collision sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142673210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Head Kinematics Associated with Off-Field Head Injury Assessment (HIA1) Events in a Season of English Elite-Level Club Men’s and Women’s Rugby Union Matches","authors":"David Allan, James Tooby, Lindsay Starling, Ross Tucker, Éanna Falvey, Danielle Salmon, James Brown, Sam Hudson, Keith Stokes, Ben Jones, Simon Kemp, Patrick O’Halloran, Matt Cross, Melanie Bussey, Gregory Tierney","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02146-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02146-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate head kinematic variables in elite men’s and women’s rugby union and their ability to predict player removal for an off-field (HIA1) head injury assessment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Instrumented mouthguard (iMG) data were collected for 250 men and 132 women from 1865 and 807 player-matches, respectively, and synchronised to video-coded match footage. Head peak resultant linear acceleration (PLA), peak resultant angular acceleration (PAA) and peak change in angular velocity (dPAV) were extracted from each head acceleration event (HAE). HAEs were linked to documented HIA1 events, with ten logistical regression models for men and women, using a random subset of non-case HAEs, calculated to identify kinematic variables associated with HIA1 events. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to describe thresholds for HIA1 removal.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Increases in PLA and dPAV were significantly associated with an increasing likelihood of HIA1 removal in the men’s game, with an OR ranging from 1.05–1.12 and 1.13–1.18, respectively. The optimal values to maximise for both sensitivity and specificity for detecting an HIA1 were 1.96 krad⋅s⁻², 24.29 g and 14.75 rad⋅s⁻¹ for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively. Only one model had any significant variable associated with increasing the likelihood of a HIA1 removal in the women’s game—PAA with an OR of 8.51 (1.23–58.66). The optimal values for sensitivity and specificity for women were 2.01 krad⋅s⁻², 25.98 g and 15.38 rad⋅s⁻¹ for PAA, PLA and dPAV, respectively.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>PLA and dPAV were predictive of men’s HIA1 events. Further HIA1 data are needed to understand the role of head kinematic variables in the women’s game. The calculated spectrum of sensitivity and specificity of iMG alerts for HIA1 removals in men and women present a starting point for further discussion about using iMGs as an additional trigger in the existing HIA process.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142643187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Length and Active Force for Submaximal Skeletal Muscle Contractions: a Review.","authors":"Haiko Bruno Zimmermann, Brian R Macintosh, Juliano Dal Pupo","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02140-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02140-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The force-length relationship is usually obtained for isometric contractions with maximal activation, but less is known about how sarcomere length affects force during submaximal activation. During submaximal activation, length-dependent alterations in calcium sensitivity, owing to changes in cross-bridge kinetics (rate of attachment and/or detachment), result in an activation-dependent shift in optimal length to longer sarcomere lengths. It is known that sarcomere length, as well as temperature and phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin, can modify Ca²⁺ sensitivity by altering the probability of cross-bridge interaction. This altered calcium sensitivity is particularly important for submaximal force levels, as it can change the shape of the length dependence of force, with peak force occurring at sarcomere lengths longer than those associated with maximal filament overlap. In athletic contexts, contractions typically do not reach maximal intensity. Therefore, understanding that the ability to produce force under both maximal and submaximal conditions can differ, and that peak force can be generated at different lengths, could influence the development of targeted training regimens optimal for each sport.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142628456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Cardiorespiratory Fitness Following Exercise Training Prescribed Relative to Traditional Intensity Anchors and Physiological Thresholds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data","authors":"Samuel J. R. Meyler, Paul A. Swinton, Lindsay Bottoms, Lance C. Dalleck, Ben Hunter, Mark A. Sarzynski, David Wellsted, Camilla J. Williams, Daniel Muniz-Pumares","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02125-x","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Background&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is unknown whether there are differences in maximal oxygen uptake (&lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;) response when prescribing intensity relative to traditional (TRAD) anchors or to physiological thresholds (THR).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Objectives&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;The present meta-analysis sought to compare: (a) mean change in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt;, (b) proportion of individuals increasing &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; beyond a minimum important difference (MID) and (c) response variability in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; between TRAD and THR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Electronic databases were searched, yielding data for 1544 individuals from 42 studies. Two datasets were created, comprising studies with a control group (‘controlled’ studies), and without a control group (‘non-controlled’ studies). A Bayesian approach with multi-level distributional models was used to separately analyse &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change scores from the two datasets and inferences were made using Bayes factors (BF). The MID was predefined as one metabolic equivalent (MET; 3.5 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;In controlled studies, mean &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change was greater in the THR group compared with TRAD (4.1 versus 1.8 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF &gt; 100), with 64% of individuals in the THR group experiencing an increase in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; &gt; MID, compared with 16% of individuals taking part in TRAD. Evidence indicated no difference in standard deviation of change between THR and TRAD (1.5 versus 1.7 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 0.55), and greater variation in exercise groups relative to non-exercising controls (1.9 versus 1.3 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 12.4). In non-controlled studies, mean &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; change was greater in the THR group versus the TRAD group (4.4 versus 3.4 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 35.1), with no difference in standard deviation of change (3.0 versus 3.2 mL kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; min&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, BF = 0.41).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Prescribing exercise intensity using THR approaches elicited superior mean changes in &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; and increased the likelihood of increasing &lt;span&gt;({V})&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2max&lt;/sub&gt; beyond the MID compared with TRAD. Researchers designing future exercise training studies should thus consider the use of THR approaches to prescribe exercise intensity where possible. Analysis comparing interventions with controls suggested the existence of intervention response heterogeneity; however, evidence was not obtained for a difference in response variability between THR and TRAD. Future primary research should be conducted with adequate power to investigate the scope of inter-in","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142610239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Tissue to System: What Constitutes an Appropriate Response to Loading?","authors":"Tim J. Gabbett, Eric Oetter","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02126-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02126-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optimal loading involves the prescription of an exercise stimulus that promotes positive tissue adaptation, restoring function in patients undergoing rehabilitation and improving performance in healthy athletes. Implicit in optimal loading is the need to monitor the response to load, but what constitutes a normal response to loading? And does it differ among tissues (e.g., muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage) and systems? In this paper, we discuss the “normal” tissue response to loading schema and demonstrate the complex interaction among training intensity, volume, and frequency, as well as the impact of these training variables on the recovery of specific tissues and systems. Although the response to training stress follows a predictable time course, the recovery of individual tissues to training load (defined herein as the readiness to receive a similar training stimulus without deleterious local and/or systemic effects) varies markedly, with as little as 30 min (e.g., cartilage reformation after walking and running) or 72 h or longer (e.g., eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage) required between loading sessions of similar magnitude. Hyperhydrated and reactive tendons that have undergone high stretch–shorten cycle activity benefit from a 48-h refractory period before receiving a similar training dose. In contrast, bone cells desensitize quickly to repetitive loading, with almost all mechanosensitivity lost after as few as 20 loading cycles. To optimize loading, an additional dose (≤ 60 loading cycles) of bone-centric exercise (e.g., plyometrics) can be performed following a 4–8 h refractory period. Low-stress (i.e., predominantly aerobic) activity can be repeated following a short (≤ 24 h) refractory period, while greater recovery is needed (≥ 72 h) between repeated doses of high stress (i.e., predominantly anaerobic) activity. The response of specific tissues and systems to training load is complex; at any time, it is possible that practitioners may be optimally loading one tissue or system while suboptimally loading another. The consideration of recovery timeframes of different tissues and systems allows practitioners to determine the “normal” response to load. Importantly, we encourage practitioners to interpret training within an athlete monitoring framework that considers external and internal load, athlete-reported responses, and objective markers, to contextualize load–response data.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142598292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DyNamic Interactive Anticipation-Time for a Paradigmatic Shift.","authors":"Rouwen Cañal-Bruland, David L Mann","doi":"10.1007/s40279-024-02135-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02135-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Everyday human interactions require observers to anticipate the actions of others (e.g., when walking past another in a corridor or choosing where to hit a ground stroke in tennis). Yet, experimental paradigms that aim to examine anticipation continue to use simplistic designs that are not interactive and therefore fail to account for the real-life, social nature of these interactions. Here we propose a fundamental, paradigmatic shift toward a \"dynamic interactive anticipation\" paradigm that models real-life interactions. We propose that it will change the way behavioral experimentalists study anticipation and spark theory development by unravelling the mechanisms underlying anticipation in real-time interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}