Sports Medicine最新文献

{"title":"The Uptake of Preregistration, and Its Impact on the Proportion of Supported Hypotheses, in Sports Science.","authors":"Hunter Bennett, Henry Blake, Noah d'Unienville, James Murray, Jordan Fox","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02451-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02451-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The proportion of studies with results supporting their hypotheses has been implausibly high in sports science, suggesting the widespread presence of questionable research practices (QRPs). Preregistration is recommended to mitigate QRPs.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the uptake of preregistration in sports science journals, and its association with the proportion of supported hypotheses. The influence of journal quartile on these factors was also examined. Differences in hypothesis reporting between published manuscripts and original preregistrations were also explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 2006 original research articles published from 19 journals in 2024 were included, of which 201 (10.0%) were preregistered, and 1205 provided a hypothesis (60.0%). Logistic regression analyses assessed whether preregistration frequency and the proportion of supported hypotheses varied across journal quartiles (i.e., quartile 1, 2, 3, and 4, as ranked by SCImago).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of preregistered studies that had results supporting their hypotheses (45%) were significantly lower than non-preregistered studies (56%) (X² (1) 5. 5978; P = 0.018), although the effect size was negligible (V = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.13). Quartile 3 and 4 journals had less preregistrations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.17, 0.41) and supported hypotheses (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.55, 0.97) than quartile 1 journals. Of 134 preregistered papers with a hypothesis, 93 (69.4%) either did not have a hypothesis in their original preregistration or presented a different hypothesis from what was reported in the preregistration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The uptake of preregistration in sports science is low, and its effectiveness is limited, possibly owing to researchers not adhering to preregistered research plans and adopting QRPs.</p><p><strong>Preregistration: </strong>This study was prospectively preregistered on the Open Science Framework https://osf.io/c8jfm/files/osfstorage ).</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147843033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"35 Years of Joyner's Endurance Performance Model: Assessing the Contribution of Physiological Determinants of Performance Proxies in 888 Individuals from Recreational to World Class.","authors":"Loïs Mougin, Stephen J Bailey, Andrew M Jones, Michael J Joyner, Stephen A Mears, Rhona Pearce, Michele Zanini","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02439-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02439-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endurance performance is predicted by maximal oxygen uptake, its fractional utilisation at lactate threshold (FU_LT) and exercise economy. These variables are used to estimate speed or power at lactate threshold (LT) and lactate turnpoint (LTP), which serve as performance proxies.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the relationships between these variables in a large cohort of runners and cyclists and quantified their relative contributions to performance prediction.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>495 runners (105 females) and 393 cyclists (42 females) completed incremental exercise tests to determine maximal oxygen uptake (running [R]: 56 mL/kg/min, 3.94 L/min; cycling [C]: 52 mL/kg/min, 3.99 L/min), economy (R: 220 mL/kg/km; C: 14.7 mL/min/W), FU_LT (R: 78%; C: 70%), FU_LTP (R: 88%; C: 84%), and speed or power at LT (R: 12.0 km/h; C: 190 W) and LTP (R: 13.9 km/h; C: 240 W). Single and multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relationship and relative contribution of physiological determinants to performance proxies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Speed or power at LT and LTP correlated strongly and positively with maximal oxygen uptake (R² = 0.65-0.77; P < 0.001), and inversely with economy (R² = 0.24-0.26; P < 0.001). In contrast, trivial relationships were observed with FU_LT (R² ≤ 0.04; P = 0.01-0.05) or FU_LTP (R² ≤ 0.01; P = 0.01-0.09). Regression models estimating LT and LTP from physiological determinants showed very strong agreement with measured performance proxies (R² = 0.94-0.99; P < 0.001), indicating consistency in their relative contribution to performance proxies. Maximal oxygen uptake contributed most to performance proxies (65-76%) followed by running economy (20-24%), with marginal contributions from FU_LT or FU_LTP (4-11%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that maximal oxygen uptake and economy collectively predict ~ 95% of speed or power at LT and LTP, and by extension performance, whilst the contribution of FU_LT or FU_LTP is limited in populations with heterogeneous characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a Fundamental Theoretical Definition for Athletic Injury: Metaphysics, Logic, and Mathematics.","authors":"Judd T Kalkhoven","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02418-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02418-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Athletic injury remains inadequately conceptualised and poorly defined. Existing definitions lack the conceptual clarity and logical coherence required to support its maturation into a scientifically meaningful and reliably investigable concept. Related constructs that are often integrated into various operational definitions, such as pain and athlete availability, are frequently conflated as fundamental criteria, producing conceptual instability through semantic vagueness, category conflation, and logical contradiction. These deficiencies in conceptual understanding have hindered the development of precise theoretical and operational frameworks capable of supporting formalisation and have, more broadly, undermined the critical scientific principles of predictability, testability, falsifiability, and reproducibility. To address this, this article employs a systematic process of metaphysical analysis and Carnapian explication, grounded in Aristotelian essentialism and classical logic, to develop a new, scientifically robust theoretical definition of athletic injury. This approach utilises well-established logico-philosophical tools such as thought experiments, boundary tests, and deductive reasoning to evaluate the conceptual coherence of existing definitions, and to establish a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for an athletic injury to exist. Through this process, commonly conflated concepts (Symbebekós, 'accidental properties') are examined for logical independence and disentangled from essential properties (To ti ēn einai, 'what it is to be'), revealing the logical structure that anchors this construct in observation and enables its expression within a coherent, logico-mathematical predictive framework. The outcome is an integrative framework that aligns the theoretical, observational, and mathematical dimensions of athletic injury and associated constructs, such as injury severity, recovery, and rate of recovery, into a unified, formalised system of mathematically defined and interrelated entities for consistent application in mathematical modelling, including prediction, simulation, and causal inference. This paves the way for advancements in the assessment and modelling of athletic injury and related phenomena.</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147821043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sports Medicine : Supplement.","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02430-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02430-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147781630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caffeine Use in Sport: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Acute Side Effects and Implications for Athlete Health and Safety","authors":"Raoof Negaresh, Shihab Aldin Ahmad Al-Riyami, Majid Mardaniyan Ghahfarrokhi, Juan Del Coso, Zohreh Karimi, Marziyeh Yaghoobi, Reza Bagheri","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02441-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02441-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147739351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Athlete Hydration: Beyond Performance Toward Long-Term Health","authors":"Rúben Francisco, Lawrence E. Armstrong","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02440-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02440-5","url":null,"abstract":"Research on fluid-electrolyte balance in athletes has largely emphasized acute hydration strategies to preserve performance, particularly under conditions of prolonged exercise and heat stress. While this focus has yielded valuable practical guidance, it has overshadowed the potential long-term health implications of habitual low water intake (LWI). Emerging evidence from non-athletic populations indicates that chronic LWI, often characterized by persistently elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP) and concentrated urine, may increase renal, endocrine, and metabolic strain, showing associations with insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and chronic disease risk. Notably, evidence suggests that up to 40% of the non-athletic population fail to meet the fluid intake recommendations. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of athletes are habitually classified as low drinkers (i.e., ~ 58% consuming &lt; 35 mL·kg <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ·day <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ), despite being exposed to recurrent and substantial fluid and electrolyte losses during training and competition. Although total body water may remain within normal ranges in these individuals, markers of renal concentrating stress suggest sustained activation of fluid-regulatory systems. Whether this physiological state poses long-term health risks for athletes remains unknown. This short communication argues that habitual LWI represents an underappreciated and potentially modifiable health risk in athletic populations. We highlight critical gaps in longitudinal and mechanistic research, calling for a paradigm shift in sports nutrition that recognizes total daily water intake as both a performance variable and a determinant of long-term health.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The FIFA Female Health Project: Delivering Evidence-Based Strategies to Support Health and Performance in Women's Football.","authors":"Charles R Pedlar,Katrine Okholm Kryger","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02424-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02424-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147731657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport for Development and Peace Reviews: A Systematic Scoping Review","authors":"Kazem Hozhabri, Umair Asif, Louis-Charles Pitre, Karen Petry, Simona Šafaříková, Jean-Jacques Rondeau, Paquito Bernard, Tegwen Gadais","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02433-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02433-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147733708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Effects of a 5-Year Randomized Controlled Exercise Trial on Brain Volumes and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A 4-Year Post-Intervention Follow-Up Study.","authors":"Line Skarsem Reitlo,Jasmine Pani,Dorthe Stensvold,Ulrik Wisløff,Asta Kristine Håberg","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02434-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02434-3","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe lasting effects of exercise on brain health in older adults are poorly documented.OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to assess the long-term, post-intervention effects 4 years after a 5-year exercise intervention on brain volumes and cognitive abilities in older adults.METHODSA total of 106 older adults (70-77 years at baseline) from the randomized controlled trial (RCT) Generation 100 study randomized into high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), or a control group following national physical activity guidelines for 5 years were included. Post-intervention assessment was performed 9 years after inclusion. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and exercise characteristics were acquired at baseline and after 1, 3, 5, and 9 years. Cognitive abilities were assessed with verbal list learning, pattern separation, and odor identification tests at baseline and 9 years. Linear mixed models were used to examine the interaction between exercise group and time on brain volumes. The analyses were repeated, including self-reported exercise behaviors (intensity and duration) as covariates. To examine the general effect of exercise intensity independent of group, a separate model was run across all participants with self-reported exercise intensity as independent variable. For cognition, linear regressions examined associations between exercise group and self-reported exercise intensity on cognitive scores at 9 years, and hippocampal volume loss over time on cognitive scores at 9 years. Whether baseline peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) predicted brain volumes and cognitive scores at 9 years was tested with linear regression.RESULTSThe time × group interaction revealed greater hippocampal volume loss in the HIIT compared with the control group 4 years after the intervention ended, similar to what was found during the intervention. We did not find that self-reported exercise behavior was associated with hippocampal volume over time. Across all participants, greater hippocampal volume loss was associated with poorer verbal memory at 9 years. The test scores on verbal memory and pattern separation did, however, not differ between the groups, but the MICT, and trending for the HIIT group, had higher odor identification scores at 9 years. Higher baseline VO2peak predicted larger cortical volume and better pattern separation score at 9 years across intervention groups, in line with what was observed during the intervention.CONCLUSIONSThe control group, which followed the national physical activity guidelines, had the lowest hippocampal volume loss over time, even 4 years after the end of a 5-year exercise intervention in fit older adults. Furthermore, higher baseline VO2peak provided protective effects on both cortical volume and pattern separation ability across almost a decade, independent of exercise group.CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01666340 (registered 16 August 2012).","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situations Leading to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.","authors":"Patrick Mai,Steffen Willwacher,Lina Rahlf,Tim Hoenig,Luca Braun,Carlo von Diecken,Kevin Bill,Dominik Fohrmann,Tron Krosshaug,Karsten Hollander,Thomas Gronwald,Jan Wilke","doi":"10.1007/s40279-026-02436-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-026-02436-1","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in many sports and impose substantial performance and long-term health burdens. A quantitative synthesis of real-world, video-identified game situations can inform sport-specific prevention methods.OBJECTIVEThe aim of the study was to identify game situations and movement patterns leading to ACL injury in different sports.DESIGNSystematic review with meta-analysis.DATA SOURCESPubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for studies analyzing video recordings of ACL injuries sustained by athletes of any sex during training or competition. Random effects meta-analyses of prevalence and moderator analyses (sport as a factor) were performed.RESULTSIn total, 39 articles (1551 video-verified ACL injuries) of on-average moderate quality (Quality Appraisal for Sports Injury Video Analysis Studies [QA-SIVAS]) scale mean 66%) were included. Noncontact (n = 745), indirect contact (n = 533), and direct contact (n = 273) mechanisms were reported, with notable sport-specific differences. Across all injuries, the most frequent contexts were ball action (45.7%), pressing/tackling (40.9%), and cutting (36.6%). Within noncontact cases, cutting (53.8%), pressing/tackling (50.2%), decelerating (38.9%), and landing (30.1%) were the most prevalent actions, whereas being tackled was most frequent in indirect contact cases (56.1%). For direct contact injuries, pooled action-specific estimates were available for being tackled (23.9%) and pressing/tackling (24.2%). Injuries typically occurred at high horizontal speed (53.8%; noncontact 70.7%), were more frequent during ball possession (67.5%) and offensive play (55.4%), and happened more early in time within the first 25% of the game in football (37.5%) and netball (37.8%).CONCLUSIONSThe identified patterns support the use of mechanism-specific, sport-tailored prevention strategies (e.g., technique/strength, neurocognitive functioning for noncontact, perturbation-based drills for indirect contact, and rules/choice of equipment for knee-directed contact). Methodological improvements, such as harmonized and more detailed injury reporting, are needed to refine risk estimates.","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147708493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}