Differences in Sprinting and Jumping Performance Between Maturity Status Groups in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Large interindividual differences can exist in the timing and tempo of growth and maturation of youth athletes. This can provide significant physical performance advantages to young athletes who mature in advance of their peers.

Objective

The aim of this systematic review was to determine the magnitude of differences in sprinting and jumping performance in youth of different maturity status (classified as pre-, circa- or post-peak height velocity [PHV]) (aged < 18 years) to enhance the evaluation of performance.

Methods

Eligibility criteria for inclusion were as follows: (1) the study had cross-sectional data available; (2) participants were male and/or female ≤ 18 years of age; (3) a somatic measure of maturity was used to identify maturity status (e.g. Mirwald or Khamis-Roche methods) with at least two maturity status classifications present; (4) the study included a measurement of sprinting speed (e.g. 10–100-m sprint data) and/or jump tests commonly used to assess power (e.g. countermovement jump [CMJ]). Searches were conducted up to November 2024 in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus and preprint servers SportRxiv and medRxiv to identify any unpublished trials. Risk of bias and study quality was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross‐Sectional Studies (AXIS). Meta-analysis was computed using a random-effects model.

Results

The search identified 1578 studies. From those, 40 studies were identified for qualitative assessment and quantitative synthesis. In the primary analysis, 21 studies provided data for measures of speed, and 19 studies provided data for measures of power using jump tests. Sprinting and jumping performance increased with advancing maturity status and overall effect sizes were predominantly moderate to large between maturity groups. Pre-PHV versus post-PHV comparisons found moderate to large overall effect sizes (ES) for sprinting performance (10-m ES 1.34 [95% CI 0.87–1.80]; 20-m ES 1.40 [95% CI 0.85–1.96]; and 30-m ES 0.93 [95% CI 0.15–1.76] sprint times) and large to very large ES for the jump tests (CMJ ES 1.53 [95% CI 1.14–1.92]; squat jump ES 1.32 [95% CI 0.70–1.94]; and standing long jump ES 2.18 [95% CI 1.32–3.04]). When comparing consecutive maturity groups (i.e. pre- to circa-PHV and circa- to post-PHV), ES were predominantly moderate across the sprinting and jumping measures, with only a trivial difference found in 30-m sprint time (ES 0.45 [95% CI 0.21–0.69]) for the circa- to post-PHV comparisons.

Conclusion

Large differences exist in sprinting and jumping performance between the least and most mature male athletes (pre- and post-PHV), with trivial to moderate ES indicated between consecutive groups (e.g. pre- and circa-PHV). Practitioners working with youth athletes should consider how these differences may impact performance in the athlete’s sport, and regularly assess individual maturity to accurately evaluate performance against age and maturity group benchmarks to account for large differences in maturity that exist within chronological age groups. It should be noted we observed inconsistencies in maturity thresholds and test methods; thus, standardization is required for future research.