Carl James, Borja Muniz-Pardos, Mohammed Ihsan, Ka-Kay Lo, Wing-Kai Lam, Dani Peña Iglesias, Konstantinos Angeloudis, Yi Teng, Jiao Jiao, Ke Hu, KaKi Wong, Fergus Guppy, Sébastien Racinais, Samuel Chalmers, Sergio Migliorini, Kenneth Wu, Yannis Pitsiladis
{"title":"Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat","authors":"Carl James, Borja Muniz-Pardos, Mohammed Ihsan, Ka-Kay Lo, Wing-Kai Lam, Dani Peña Iglesias, Konstantinos Angeloudis, Yi Teng, Jiao Jiao, Ke Hu, KaKi Wong, Fergus Guppy, Sébastien Racinais, Samuel Chalmers, Sergio Migliorini, Kenneth Wu, Yannis Pitsiladis","doi":"10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Objectives</h3><p>Core temperature (T<sub>CORE</sub>), skin temperature (T<sub>TORSO</sub>) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Methods</h3><p>Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Results</h3><p>Seventeen triathletes displayed a T<sub>CORE</sub> > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak T<sub>CORE</sub> was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; <i>p</i> = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (<i>p</i> = 0.001). Changes in T<sub>CORE</sub> for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak T<sub>TORSO</sub> was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (<i>p</i> < 0.001). T<sub>TORSO</sub> reduced during the swim (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> < 0.001), then increased during the bike (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> < 0.001) but not run (<i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> < 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> < 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min<sup>−1</sup>) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min<sup>−1</sup>) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min<sup>−1</sup>, <i>p</i><sub>bonf</sub> < 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Conclusion</h3><p>Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak T<sub>CORE</sub> responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated T<sub>CORE</sub> > 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. T<sub>CORE</sub> may rise > 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under <i>Blue</i> flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under <i>Red/Black</i> flag conditions (> 30.1 °C WBGT).</p>","PeriodicalId":21969,"journal":{"name":"Sports Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sports Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"SPORT SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives
Core temperature (TCORE), skin temperature (TTORSO) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).
Methods
Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).
Results
Seventeen triathletes displayed a TCORE > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak TCORE was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; p = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (p = 0.001). Changes in TCORE for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak TTORSO was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (p < 0.001). TTORSO reduced during the swim (pbonf < 0.001), then increased during the bike (pbonf < 0.001) but not run (pbonf = 1.00). World Cup athletes (3.15 ± 0.23 m) displayed longer strides (HK-Elites: 2.64 ± 0.35 m; Amateurs: 2.18 ± 0.30 m; pbonf < 0.001), shorter contact times (209.3 ± 13.7 ms; HK-Elites: 237.8 ± 23.0 ms; Amateurs: 262.9 ± 31.0 ms, pbonf < 0.001) and higher stride frequency (182.9 ± 6.3 strides.min−1) than HK-Elites (173.9 ± 6.8 strides.min−1) and Amateurs (173.2 ± 8.7 strides.min−1, pbonf < 0.001), which were comparable. There were no biomechanical changes over time and no interactions.
Conclusion
Different athlete categories displayed comparable peak TCORE responses. Amateur triathletes tolerated TCORE > 40.0 °C without heat illness symptoms. TCORE may rise > 41 °C during a sprint triathlon held under Blue flag conditions (~ 26 °C WBGT), questioning the suitability of sprint-distance triathlons as a safer alternative to Olympic-distance triathlons under Red/Black flag conditions (> 30.1 °C WBGT).
期刊介绍：
Sports Medicine focuses on providing definitive and comprehensive review articles that interpret and evaluate current literature, aiming to offer insights into research findings in the sports medicine and exercise field. The journal covers major topics such as sports medicine and sports science, medical syndromes associated with sport and exercise, clinical medicine's role in injury prevention and treatment, exercise for rehabilitation and health, and the application of physiological and biomechanical principles to specific sports.
Types of Articles:
Review Articles: Definitive and comprehensive reviews that interpret and evaluate current literature to provide rationale for and application of research findings.
Leading/Current Opinion Articles: Overviews of contentious or emerging issues in the field.
Original Research Articles: High-quality research articles.
Enhanced Features: Additional features like slide sets, videos, and animations aimed at increasing the visibility, readership, and educational value of the journal's content.
Plain Language Summaries: Summaries accompanying articles to assist readers in understanding important medical advances.
Peer Review Process:
All manuscripts undergo peer review by international experts to ensure quality and rigor. The journal also welcomes Letters to the Editor, which will be considered for publication.
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