Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Optimizing a hybrid process of electrolysis ultrasound and persulfate for remediation of petroleum contaminated soils using AI models.","authors":"Rozhan Feizi, Iman Parseh, Ali Zafarzadeh, Sahand Jorfi, Amir Sheikhmohammadi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06819-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06819-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research uses both RANSAC Regressor and Monte Carlo Optimization to improve the performance of electrolysis/ultrasound/persulfate system which detoxifies petroleum-contaminated soils. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) models used to optimize six process parameters showed X2 (humidity) and X3 (voltage) and X5 (surfactant) enhanced removal efficiency the most but X1 (pH) presented a robust negative impact. The selected optimal conditions for pollutant removal resulted from Monte Carlo simulations which specified X1 at 8.50 and X2 at 188.67 with X3 set to 2.45 and X4 at 0.64 and X5 at 0.07 and X6 at 198.02. The study supports AI-based models as strong tools which enable optimization of complex environmental remediation methods and enhance pollutant remediation procedures. The study hypothesis demonstrates that artificial intelligence models (RANSAC Regressor and Monte Carlo Optimization) precisely find crucial process parameters which enhance the efficiency of hybrid electrolysis/ultrasound/persulfate treatment in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soil. Hybrid remediation technologies receive improved performance efficiency through the application of AI optimization with RANSAC and Monte Carlo models combined. These discoveries lead to worldwide applications that use affordable flexible methods for treating petroleum-contaminated soils to be deployed extensively in global contaminated sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22555"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictive effect and clinical diagnosis significance of exosome-related genes for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma.","authors":"Xiaoqian Ding, Ling Li, Keqing Feng, Jie Zhang, Baokai Sun, Xueru Chu, Qi Zhang, Likun Zhuang","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-07286-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-07286-x","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial metabolic syndrome which could develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosomes could mediate intercellular communications and play key roles in the occurrence and development of many diseases including NAFLD and HCC. However, expressions and roles of the genes related to exosomes in NAFLD-related HCC remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the expressions and diagnostic values of exosome-related genes in NAFLD-related HCC. Firstly, two risk subgroups of patients with NAFLD-related HCC from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database were identified based on exosome-related genes. High levels of memory CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells and low expressions of immune checkpoint genes were observed in the group with highly expressed genes which could promote exosome secretion. Subsequently, the logistic regression analysis was used to identify the three selected exosome-related genes and generate the formula in the NAFLD-related HCC cohort based on the three selected exosome-related genes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed the good predictive power of the formula, and the area under the curve (AUC) of risk score was 0.736 for differentiating tumor tissues of NAFLD-related HCC patients from liver tissues of other groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) pathway enrichment analysis showed abundant metabolism-related pathways, including \"glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism\" and \"carbon metabolism pathway\" were screened out in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the high and low risk-score groups. The risk score was also positively correlated with memory CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells and negatively associated with immune checkpoint genes including programmed cell death 1 (PD1), programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PDL2). The results of mouse model showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of vacuolar protein sorting 45 homolog (VPS45) and vesicle associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5) were increased in the liver tissue of NAFLD-related HCC mice, and the exophilin 5 (EXPH5) expression was decreased. And the proportion of CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T cells was positively correlated with the relative mRNA expression of VPS45 and VAMP5, and negatively correlated with the relative mRNA expression of EXPH5 in liver tissues of NAFLD-related HCC mice. Finally, the prognostic potential of the exosome-related formula was analyzed in the HCC cohort from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, and patients in the group with highly expressed exosome-promoted genes showed significantly reduced overall survival (OS). We performed univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and found that risk score was an independent prognostic factor (HR = 1.75, 95% CI:1.20-2.54, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, patients in the high-risk group were more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs such as","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"23062"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and evaluation of specific blood MiRNAs as potential biomarkers in diagnostics of gastric Cancer.","authors":"Xize Li, Qingyu Wang, Zhouhan Xu, Xuesi Yang, Ruiqi Zhao, Haocheng Wang, Xueling Li, Jiping Zeng","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06773-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06773-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To provide a novel direction for the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). The differentially expressed blood microRNAs (miRNAs) in gastric carcinoma were screened through SangerBox using the datasets GSE113486, GSE112264, and GSE113740. The miRNA-target genes prediction, conduct Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were performed with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 6.8. STRING analysis was further investigated with Cytoscape. The correlations among the expression levels of key miRNAs and prognosis/diagnostic value in GC patients were determined by survival prognosis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the different expression levels of key miRNAs in human blood samples. In the process, the influence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on expression levels of miRNAs was analyzed with Gene Expression Omnibus 2R (GEO2R) in dataset GSE108307. To evaluate these findings, the expression level of Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), along with clinical markers used in the help of GC pathologic diagnosis, were measured and compared with the key miRNAs obtained in this study. The bioinformatics analysis identified five crucial blood miRNAs, including hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-125a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-4276, and hsa-miR-575. The detection in human blood samples combined with cross-analysis involving H. pylori infection, the expression levels of CagA and clinical markers underscored the significance and effectiveness of these specific miRNAs in early diagnosis and monitoring of gastric carcinoma. This study identified five potential blood miRNA biomarkers for GC through bioinformatics analysis coupled with detection in human blood samples, thus providing new possibilities for important biomarkers related to diagnosis and prognosis of GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22974"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-wave infrared (SWIR) polarization imaging using division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter.","authors":"Alaa Hamdoh, Yufei Gao, Oliver Spires, Neal Brock, Linan Jiang, Stanley Pau","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06757-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06757-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the polarization properties of materials in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum using a compact division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter. The polarimeter is constructed by packaging a micro-polarizer array on top of an InGaAs sensor. Experiments conducted in both indoor and outdoor environments revealed unique transparency, absorption, and polarization behaviors across various materials. Transparent materials such as plastics, silicon, and black glass exhibited high SWIR transmission, allowing internal visualization, while opaque materials like aluminum, wood, and water demonstrated strong absorption. Polarization analysis identified strong linear polarization in birefringent materials and minimal polarization in isotropic ones, with elliptical or circular polarization arising from mechanisms like total internal reflection, complex refractive index, and birefringence. Outdoor observations showed the interaction of polarized skylights with reflective surfaces, enhancing contrast and revealing surface features. These findings underscore the potential of SWIR polarization imaging for applications in non-destructive testing, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and optical communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral feature modeling with graph signal processing for brain connectivity in autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Ayesha Jabbar, Huang Jianjun, Muhammad Kashif Jabbar, Khalil Ur Rehman, Anas Bilal","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06489-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06489-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition associated with disrupted brain connectivity. Traditional graph-theoretical approaches have been widely employed to study ASD biomarkers; however, these methods are often limited to static topological measures and lack the capacity to capture spectral characteristics of brain activity, especially in multimodal data settings. This limits their ability to model dynamic neural interactions and reduces their diagnostic precision. To overcome these limitations, we propose a Graph Signal Processing (GSP)-based framework that integrates spectral-domain features with topological descriptors to model brain connectivity more comprehensively. Using publicly available fMRI and EEG datasets, we construct subject-specific connectivity graphs where nodes represent brain regions and edges encode functional interactions. We extract advanced GSP features such as Graph Fourier Transform coefficients, spectral entropy, and clustering coefficients, and combine them using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). These are classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel. The proposed model achieves 98.8% classification accuracy, significantly outperforming prior multimodal GSP studies. Feature ablation analysis reveals that spectral entropy contributes most to this improvement, with its removal resulting in a nearly 30% performance drop. Additionally, a 25% sparsity threshold in graph construction was found to maximize both robustness and computational efficiency. These findings demonstrate that incorporating frequency-domain information through GSP enables a more discriminative and biologically meaningful representation of ASD-related neural patterns, offering a promising direction for accurate diagnosis and biomarker discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22933"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic differential equation modeling approach for grading astrocytomas on brain MRI images.","authors":"Mahsa Raisi-Nafchi, Mahnoosh Tajmirriahi, Hossein Rabbani, Zahra Amini","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06144-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06144-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astrocytomas are among the most prevalent primary brain tumors and are classified into four grades by the World Health Organization. Accurate grading is essential for guiding treatment, as therapeutic strategies depend heavily on tumor grade. This paper presents a new preoperative classification method for astrocytomas, addressing the issue of data scarcity in medical imaging. This work leverages an advanced statistical modeling approach based on stochastic differential equations to analyze post-contrast T1-weighted brain MRI images that require minimal data and offer rapid processing times. In this method, the alpha-stable nature of MRI images is represented by applying a fractional Laplacian filter, and the parameters of the resulting alpha-stable distribution are fed to classifiers to detect the grade of astrocytomas. The method is implemented in both 1D and 2D processing modes, with customized preprocessing for each. Three classification algorithms were evaluated: support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and random forest. In the three-class classification task (Grades II-IV), the support vector machine exhibited superior performance, achieving accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.49%, 98.42%, and 99.23% in 2D mode, and 93.52%, 93.23%, and 96.72% in 1D mode. The results indicate that the proposed framework has the potential to significantly enhance preoperative grading of astrocytomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-dose radiotherapy is more effective than fractionation when combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma.","authors":"Carolina Cocito, Mylene Branchtein, Xi Kathy Zhou, Tatyana Gongora, Nadia Dahmane, Jeffrey Peter Greenfield","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06909-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06909-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common adult primary brain tumor, has an average survival of only 15-18 months. Recently, the combination of immune checkpoint blockers paired with radiotherapy has shown promise in preclinical murine GBM models. Human clinical trials have largely failed. One reason for this may be the discrepancy between radiation protocols utilized in preclinical models versus clinical practice. For translational relevance, defining correct and comparable radiation dosages and schedules to achieve optimal synergy with immunotherapeutic drugs, is essential. We used the GL261-based syngeneic mouse GBM model to compare the effects of two radiation regimens on tumor cell growth and survival. We assessed the in vivo effects of a single dose of 10 Gy (10Gyx1) or five consecutive doses of 2 Gy (2Gyx5) on the tumor immune microenvironment over time and compared their efficacy when combined with anti-PD-1 in vivo. Our data show that the 10Gyx1 regimen is more effective than 2Gyx5 at inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Both regimens preserved the antigen-presenting ability of both dendritic cells and local microglia, but 10Gyx1 led to the highest lymphocyte infiltration. The combination of radiation with the checkpoint blocker anti-PD-1 was advantageous for both radiation regimens with animals treated with the 10Gyx1 regimen surviving the longest. Our study highlights how radiation regimen choices may impact the translation of preclinical findings, and in particular, the effects of radiation and immunotherapy in GBM. This work and literature data on the effects of positive hypofractionation in human GBM patients suggest that applying fewer, higher-dose radiation fractions may benefit GBM patients and lead to tumoricidal effects without sacrificing favorable anti-tumor immune responders.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature abuse and Salmonella Typhimurium colonization disrupt the indigenous bacterial communities of pasteurized bovine milk over time.","authors":"Greeshma Bharathan, Balamurugan Sadaiappan, Bismi Phasaludheen, Dema Alneyadi, Sunil Mundra, Shabarinath Srikumar","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06838-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-06838-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even though the population structure of the bovine milk residential bacterial population is known, the alterations in the population structure associated with food safety issues, such as temperature abuse/pathogen colonization, are unknown. Here, alterations of the bacterial population, either incubated at 37 °C (temperature abuse) or inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (pathogen colonization), were characterized using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. At zero hour, the bacterial population of milk primarily constituted of Firmicutes and Thermi. Of the 218 genera identified, Thermus (37%) and Streptococcus (34%) were the most dominant. The 12-h incubation at 37 °C replaced almost 96% of the population by Firmicutes, exemplified by a remarkable increase in the abundance of the genus Bacillus. Concurrently, only 36 genera survived, with an abundance of Bacillus, which showed a 98-fold increase during the 12-h incubation. Similarly, only 150 genera remained after 12 h in Salmonella-inoculated milk. Both temperature abuse and Salmonella inoculation significantly reduce bacterial diversity and richness. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis between the control and Salmonella inoculated samples was significantly distinct at all times, confirming alterations in the bacterial population during Salmonella colonization. Even though the load of Firmicutes increased temporally, bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Macrococcus, and Serratia genera were depleted in Salmonella inoculated milk samples. Taken together, both experimental conditions, viz. temperature abuse and Salmonella contamination, demonstrated a significant drop in residential milk bacterial diversity. This general drop in bacterial diversity could allow Salmonella to occupy and colonize the milk matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal variation of leaf nutrient retranslocation in exotic and indigenous tree species in Zagros forests, Iran.","authors":"Mahnaz Karamian, Javad Mirzaei, Mehdi Heydari, Yahya Kooch, Daniel C-F S Dey","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09125-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-09125-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plantations in degraded forest areas in arid and semi-arid regions play a vital role in restoring ecosystems, controlling erosion, and supporting local livelihoods. However, little is known about how exotic and native tree species influence nutrient dynamics in soil and foliage, particularly regarding nutrient retranslocation. This study evaluated seasonal variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and nutrient retranslocation patterns over a 6-month period (early April to late September) in 30-year-old plantations of two exotic needleleaf species (Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica) and two indigenous broadleaf species (Amygdalus scoparia, Quercus brantii). The findings revealed significant differences among species groups. Broadleaf species generally exhibited higher concentrations of leaf nutrients (such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and lower C: N ratios than needleleaf species. Seasonal effects were evident, with leaf nutrient content generally higher in spring than in summer. The order of nutrient retranslocation was as follows: Ca < C < K < Mg < N < P. Further analysis using principal components highlighted the differences between broadleaf and needleleaf plantations in terms of soil and leaf nutrient status. These findings suggest that, due to its native status and greater contribution to soil fertility, Q. brantii is a suitable choice for reforestation in similarly degraded environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syringic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles mitigate glycation associated oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperglycaemic rat model.","authors":"Andleeb Rasheed, Sairah Hafeez Kamran, Misbah Hameed, Farhan Siddique, Sumera Latif, Mehvish Bibi, Roha Rizwan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-05469-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-05469-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syringic acid (SA), a phenolic compound, is found naturally in several plants, fruits, and vegetables and has numerous therapeutic attributes. The objective of the research was to investigate the possible impact of syringic acid nanoparticles (SANPs) on hyperglycemia, particularly in relation to advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species, and inflammation. SANPs were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized. Rats were divided into 5 groups, normal control, high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), HFFD + metformin (120 mg/kg), HFFD + SA (30 mg/kg) and HFFD + SANPs (15 mg/kg). Rats showed a remarkable decrease in body weight (↓31.61%) and fasting blood glucose levels (↓62.63%) in HFFD + SANPs group. The HbA1c decreased from 5.8 ± 0.05% in HFFD to 4.4 ± 0.12% in HFFD + SA and 4.1 ± 0.16% in HFFD + SANPs treatment groups. The administration of SANPs resulted in a considerable improvement (p < 0.001) in the activity of glyoxalase-1 (Glo1, 0.19 ± 0.003 U/mg protein), glyoxalase-2 (Glo2, 0.14 ± 0.002 U/mg protein) and hexokinase-2 (29.19 ± 2.24 ng/dL). There was a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels along with increased glutathione (GSH), superoxide-dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. The in-silico analysis indicated potential binding affinities with hexokinase 2 (-5.4), IL-6 (-5.7), catalase (-5.8), MDA (-5.4) and GSH (-5.1). Furthermore, these interventions resulted in enhancements in the plasma concentrations of lipid profile components as well as improvements in liver function tests and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8 and NF-κB. Utilization of SANPs holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating hyperglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}