Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Demonstration of accurate ID-VG characteristics modeling in SiC mosfets using separated artificial neural networks with small training dataset.","authors":"Manopat Chankla, Bang-Ren Chen, Shivendra Kumar Singh, Yogesh Singh Chauhan, Wen-Jay Lee, Nan-Yow Chen, Songphol Kanjanachuchai, Tian-Li Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03005-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03005-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study developed a novel approach based on separated artificial neural networks (ANNs) to efficiently and accurately model the drain current (I_D)-gate voltage (V_G) characteristics of silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs efficiently and accurately. We found that a single ANN cannot model the entire I_D-V_G range under a large ON/OFF current ratio (10^- 12 to 10^- 1 mA/mm), which is often observed in wide-bandgap semiconductor technologies, such SiC MOSFETs. To address this problem, we developed a method that involves using two ANNs, one each for the ON- and OFF-states. A transition layer is also used to model the transition between the ON- and OFF-states. We evaluated our method on training datasets of various sizes. This method achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) exceeding 99.96% on 3000 I_D-V_G curves when training was conducted using only 150 randomly selected curves, with a modeling time of less than 10 s. Our approach can thus be used to accurately and efficiently model the I_D-V_G characteristics of semiconductor devices with large ON/OFF current ratios, such as SiC MOSFETs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18941"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced modeling of salt-inducible kinase (SIK) inhibitors incorporating protein flexibility through molecular dynamics and cross-docking.","authors":"Jorge Luis Valdés-Albuernes, Erbio Díaz-Pico, Sergio Alfaro, Julio Caballero","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03699-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03699-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Salt-inducible kinases (SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3) regulate metabolism and immune responses, making them promising targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Understanding inhibitor selectivity among isoforms is crucial for therapeutic development. In this study, 44 compounds were investigated as SIK inhibitors using molecular modeling. A flexible treatment of the kinases via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations captured binding site conformational changes, followed by molecular docking to generate protein kinase (PK)-ligand complex models. Ligand orientations were validated against crystallographic data using LigRMSD and interaction fingerprints (IFPs). A genetic algorithm was applied to select conformations that maximize correlation between docking energies and biological activities, yielding R² values of 0.821, 0.646, and 0.620 for SIK1, SIK2, and SIK3, respectively. Our results highlight the importance of protein flexibility in achieving accurate correlations between docking energies and experimental pIC₅₀ values, enhancing inhibitor selectivity predictions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction and performance verification of an automated assembly system for aero engine principal shaft enabled by multi sensor fusion.","authors":"Xiaodong Huang, Zhenyu Liu, Gaokun Shi, Jianrong Tan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03142-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03142-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assembly of the low-pressure turbine rotor (LPTR) of an aero-engine requires the principal shaft to be inserted along the center of the aero-engine shaft hole precisely. The application of appropriate sensors is imperative for ensuring these aspects. In this paper, a custom automated assembly system (AAS) is developed for the LPTR assembly. First, we describe the overall structure and operation of the AAS. The sensor technology employed in the system is also described in detail, including its composition and principle of operation. Second, the kinematic model of attitude adjustment unit (AAU) is established based on the pose of the aero-engine and the LPTR. The kinematic equation of the AAS is developed based on the position closure approach which is more compact and coordinate free unlike the D-H method. Furthermore, the working principle of the integrated management control system of the working parts is introduced. Finally, the one-time assembly success rate and the assembly time are tested to verify the performance of the AAS. The results showed that the one-time assembly success rate and the assembly time both improvement compared to manual. Therefore, the application of many types of sensors is beneficial for the automation and precision assembly of the AAS.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using physics-informed derivative networks to solve the forward problem of a free-convective boundary layer problem.","authors":"Kaiwei Cong, Guangjin Li, Yifan Sun, Hairui Ren","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03918-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41598-025-03918-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have become powerful tools for solving various nonlinear differential equations. Although several PINN-based approaches have been widely applied to some types of boundary layer problem, certain complex parameter settings or boundary conditions can still lead to training failures, regardless of whether shallow or deep networks are used. In this paper, we apply physics-informed derivative networks (PIDNs), a simple variant of PINNs to solve a classical free-convective boundary layer problem characterized by intricate parameter setups and boundary conditions. This problem is governed by a coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), derived from Kuiken's similarity transformation. Experimental results show that PIDNs can consistently solve this ODE system with only a small, shallow network, whereas traditional PINNs cannot achieve this under the same configurations. The numerical results confirm that PIDNs produce solutions that closely match established numerical methods across all parameter settings tested and, in some cases, outperform certain analytical approaches. Notably, the model converges without relying on any known solutions beyond boundary and initial conditions during training, which is often challenging within the PINNs framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18766"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grid resource data differentiation standard based on CIM model.","authors":"Fupeng Li, Wenyuan Bai, Shaobo Liu, Yiming Zhang, Mingkang Guo","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03420-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03420-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aiming at the problem of differential data processing of power grid resources, this paper puts forward a power grid data processing method based on Common Information Model (CIM) model. CIM integrates various departments of enterprises using modern computer technology, covering multiple links, and optimizes automation management in the manufacturing industry through the integration of software and hardware. By analyzing the characteristics and relations between single type and different types of power grid resource data, this paper stratifies and combines the power grid equipment and resources in CIM model, forming a brand-new data processing mode. This model can not only solve the problem of heterogeneity of power grid resource data, but also effectively integrate and process data from different sources and formats. In the process of data processing, regression analysis is used to adjust and optimize according to the actual data to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the data. The experimental results show that this method can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of data processing, and can better reflect the characteristics and status of power grid resources, which has high practical value.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18804"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the association between episodic future thinking and learning engagement under intrinsic motivation mediation and teacher support moderation.","authors":"Fang Wang, Xiaoquan Pan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03894-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03894-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Episodic future thinking has become an emerging area of psychological research in recent years as an important factor in predicting learning behavioral engagement. Despite previous research has confirmed that episodic future thinking has a significant correlation with individuals' behavior, the exploration of the association between episodic future thinking and learning engagement in conjunction with both internal factors (e.g. motivation) and external factors (e.g. teacher support) has been left unspecified. Informed by previous research, this study constructed a hypothesized model to explore the association between episodic future thinking and learning engagement, and to examine the roles of intrinsic motivation and teacher support. A questionnaire was administered to 361 undergraduates at a comprehensive university in Eastern China using the scales of Episodic Future Thinking, Learning Engagement, Intrinsic Motivation, and Teacher Support. The research results showed that episodic future thinking positively predicted learning engagement (β = 0.318, t = 3.635, P < 0.001). Intrinsic motivation was the mediating variable of the association between episodic future thinking and learning engagement (β = 0.484, SE = 0.077, CI [0.332, 0.634]) with a mediation effect size of 0.603. Teacher support moderated the relationship between intrinsic motivation and learning engagement (β = 0.292, t = 3.218, P < 0.001). The findings of this study suggest that undergraduates' episodic future thinking is positively associated with learning engagement through intrinsic motivation, and teacher support plays a moderating role in this process. Based on the findings, this study proposed to give full play to the role of episodic future thinking in the learning process of undergraduates by making positive interventions to stimulate learners' positive mental states and enhance learning engagement, and to construct an internal and external psychological regulation mechanism of intrinsic motivation and teacher support. This study contributes to revealing the psychological driving force behind students' learning behaviors and providing more targeted guidance for educational practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osprey optimization algorithm for distributed generation integration in a radial distribution system for power loss reduction.","authors":"P Rajakumar, P M Balasubramaniam, Arunkumar Munimathan, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, Mohammad Imtiyaz Gulbarga, Chinnaiyan Senthilpari","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-02411-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02411-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many optimization algorithms were proposed in the past and optimized the distributed generation (DG) in the radial power distribution networks. However, most of the algorithms suffer from poor convergence and local optima stagnation issues due to the complicatedness of the problem. Several new algorithms and enhanced algorithms are recently developed to resolve numerous engineering problems. In this study, an optimization method is developed using the Osprey optimization algorithm (OOA) to determine the best possible solution for the complex DG placement problem. The proposed OOA method optimizes the appropriate size and location for a Type I and III DG to reduce the RDS's real power losses (RPL). The adequacy of the proposed technique is investigated on the IEEE 33-bus and 118-bus radial PDNs. Furthermore, a real-time Malaysian 54-bus radial PDN is considered to verify the adaptability of the proposed approach. The proposed technique optimized DG placement has minimized the RPL in the IEEE 33-bus radial PDN by 52.47% (Type-I) and 71.95% (Type-III) and likewise, in the Malaysian 54-bus radial PDN the power losses are cut down by 72.56% (Type-I) and 94.88% (Type-III). Moreover, the proposed OOA technique provided better results than the popular and recent optimization techniques cited in literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18775"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gpr109A in TAMs promoted hepatocellular carcinoma via increasing PKA/PPARγ/MerTK/IL-10/TGFβ induced M2c polarization.","authors":"Cong Li, Hongan Zhang, Yanchun Liu, Ting Zhang, Feng Gu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-02447-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02447-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To delineate Gpr109A's role and mechanisms in modulating the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Employing Gpr109A-knockout mice and in vitro co-cultures of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with macrophages, this study utilized a suite of techniques, including lentiviral vectors for stable cell line establishment, Western blotting, cell scratch, CCK-8, transwell assays, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and phagocytosis assay to assess various cellular behaviors and interactions. Gpr109A deletion markedly reduced the oncogenic potential of H22 cells, both in vivo and when co-cultured with knockout macrophages, impairing their growth, invasion, and migration. In Gpr109A-knockout macrophages, an upregulation of MerTK and a reduction in immunosuppressive cytokine release were observed, indicating a shift towards an M2c macrophage phenotype. This shift is linked to Gpr109A's role in promoting protease overexpression and inhibiting SHP2 phosphorylation, crucial for enhancing cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness. Gpr109A significantly influences macrophage polarization to the M2c type, augmenting hepatocellular carcinoma cell aggressiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising the mechanical properties of concrete for non-structural applications through partial replacement of fine aggregates with wastewater sludge.","authors":"Kobe Samuel Mojapelo, Williams Kehinde Kupolati, Everardt Andre Burger, Julius Musyoka Ndambuki, Jacques Snyman, Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku, Idowu David Ibrahim","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-04151-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04151-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the potential of wastewater sludge (WWS) as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in non-structural concrete to optimise its mechanical properties while mitigating environmental impacts. WWS from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), Mankweng, Polokwane, and Seshego, in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was used to replace sand at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) were used to characterise the organic compositions of the sludge and sludge-based concrete. The environmental safety of the sludge-based concrete was then assessed through the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) at 28, 90, and 140 days, ensuring compliance with heavy metal leaching limits. The results demonstrate that at a 5% replacement level, the concrete maintained an average compressive strength of 25 MPa after 90 days, meeting general construction standards for non-structural and low load-bearing applications. The incorporation of wastewater sludge had low leachable heavy metals, with TCLP results confirming all tested metals remained below regulatory limits throughout. However, increasing WWS content beyond 10% resulted in higher porosity, reduced compressive strength, and increased water absorption, which compromise durability. The findings highlight the importance of optimising replacement levels and mix design to balance sustainability, mechanical performance, and regulatory compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18956"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical analysis of influencer attributes and social satisfaction effects on purchase intentions in chinese social media.","authors":"Yifan Yao, Dongxia Meng, Xiaoguang Wei","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-03336-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03336-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Underpinned by attribution theory and source credibility theory, this study investigates how influencer characteristics and customer's prior product knowledge affect purchase decisions in the context of social media marketing. A conceptual model incorporating nine potential antecedents was developed based on identified research gaps. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted using data from an online survey of 363 respondents who follow entertainment-type influencers. Results reveal that social satisfaction mediates the relationship between influencer characteristics and purchase intention, while customers' product knowledge moderates this mediated relationship. Specifically, visual aesthetics and denotative inspiration significantly influence social satisfaction, whereas influencer level and connotative inspiration show no significant effects. The study contributes to the theoretical understanding of influencer marketing by integrating attribution theory in a digital context, particularly within the Chinese market. These findings offer practical insights for businesses and marketers in optimizing influencer selection and content strategies, with particular relevance for the rapidly evolving Chinese social media landscape.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"18860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144182862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}