Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Development and application of high-performance drilling hole protection materials.","authors":"Xuebo Zhang, Yuhang Wang, Jianliang Gao, Linxiu Han, Xinhui Ge, Ming Yang, Shengcheng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-90076-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90076-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The instability and collapse of the extraction borehole seriously affects the gas extraction effect, and it is of great significance to study the efficient borehole protection technology to improve the stability of the borehole and ensure the gas extraction effect. The purpose of this study is to develop an environmentally friendly borehole protection material with high strength, high permeability and controllable setting time, and then propose a borehole synergistic protection technology for in-hole screen protection and grouting reinforcement. The foaming agent mother liquor was obtained by hydrolysis of human slag, the composite protein foaming agent was prepared by improving the compounding of the mother liquor, pulverized coal was used instead of fly ash as mineral admixture, the water-cement ratio, material ratio and foaming agent addition amount of the optimal grouting material were determined by orthogonal tests, and the foam concrete with high strength and high permeability was prepared, and its on-site construction feasibility was verified by the dynamic curing characteristics experiment of coagulation time and fluidity. Finally, the borehole synergistic protection technology of in-hole screen protection and grouting reinforcement was proposed, and industrial tests were carried out in the field. The results showed that: (1) Sodium hydroxide hydrolyzed human hair residue was used as a composite protein foaming agent mother liquor material, and the optimal foam performance was determined to be 2 g/L sodium laureth sulfate (SLS) + 0.3% calcium stearate through the compound improvement experiment. (2) Pulverized coal replaces the commonly used material fly ash as concrete admixture, which can effectively use waste resources, improve the strength and durability of concrete, and reduce carbon emissions and environmental pollution. (3) The prepared hole protection material has high permeability and compressive strength, when the water-cement ratio is 0.7:1, the foam content is 25 ml, the pulverized coal is 30 g, the silica fume is 5 g, and the polypropylene is 0.2 g, the compressive strength of the material is 13.665 MPa, the permeability is 2.12MD, the porosity is 22.019%, and the coagulation time is 401 min to 418 min, which meets the requirements of initial solidification within 1-3 days. The fluidity is 320 mm, which is in line with the field experiment. (4) The proposed screen pipe and grouting borehole collaborative protection technology can realize the internal and external coordinated protection of the borehole, the grouting outer layer protection can be poured and solidified according to the shape of the borehole and the falling coal and rock, the inner layer protection of the screen pipe can enhance the stability of the borehole and the grouting material after solidification, effectively prevent the instability and collapse of the borehole wall, ensure the smooth borehole extraction channel, and effectively improve the gas extr","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11367"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jorunnamycin A induces apoptosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, spheroids, and patient-derived organoids by modulating KRAS-mediated survival pathways.","authors":"Hnin Ei Ei Khine, Utid Suriya, Thanyada Rungrotmongkol, Supakarn Chamni, Yanxi Lu, Alan Bénard, Bin Lan, Debabrata Mukhopadhyay, David Chang, Andrew Biankin, Regine Schneider-Stock, Robert Grützmann, Rungroch Sungthong, Christian Pilarsky, Chatchai Chaotham","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95766-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95766-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, frequently driven by oncogenic KRAS mutations. Among these, KRAS G12D is the most prevalent, contributing to chemoresistance and limiting the efficacy of current therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of jorunnamycin A (JA), a bioactive compound derived from the marine sponge Xestospongia, in PDAC. Molecular docking analyses were performed to assess JA's binding affinity for various KRAS protein variants. The synergistic effects of JA in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents were evaluated using the Bliss independence model in pancreatic cancer cell lines and patient-derived PDAC organoids harboring distinct KRAS mutations. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed to examine the impact the molecular mechanisms underlying JA's anticancer activity. JA demonstrated potent anticancer activity against PDAC cells, irrespective of their KRAS mutation status. In silico molecular docking and protein suppression studies indicated a strong binding affinity between JA and KRAS G12D. Synergistic interactions between JA and various PDAC chemotherapeutic agents, including oxaliplatin, SN-38, paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine, were observed using the Bliss independence model. Notably, co-treatment with JA at a 10-fold lower concentration significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin, reducing its IC₅₀ values around tenfold. This synergistic impact was further validated in both KRAS G12D spheroids and patient-derived PDAC organoids harboring KRAS G12D and other KRAS variants. Mechanistically, the JA-oxaliplatin combination enhanced caspase-3/7 activation, suppressed key KRAS-mediated survival pathways (STAT3, B/C-RAF, AKT, and ERK), and led to the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-2). These findings highlight JA as a promising therapeutic candidate for PDAC, particularly in the context of KRAS G12D-driven tumors. Further investigations into its pharmacokinetics and clinical feasibility are warranted to explore its full potential in PDAC treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assignment of hybrid laser and microwave inter-satellite links for navigation satellite systems.","authors":"Nan Wang, Leyuan Sun, Yuankun Fang, Zhengkai Lu, Qiancheng Ding, Chengzhuo Wang, Wende Huang","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95869-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95869-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A hybrid network comprising both laser and microwave inter-satellite links (ISLs) has been established within navigation satellite constellations. Leveraging the flexible construction of microwave links and the high ranging accuracy and communication efficiency of laser links, a collaborative link scheme was proposed. With Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) and communication delay serving as performance indices, multi-objective optimization models for hybrid ISLs were established, incorporating complex constraints. Assignment algorithms based on Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and the standard Genetic Algorithm (GA) were proposed. The effectiveness of the collaborative link scheme and the assignment algorithms was evaluated through simulations. The results indicated that each satellite could establish 18.4 ISLs per minute on average. The average PDOP of hybrid links for geosynchronous orbit (GEO) / inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites were 1.5 and 1.1, respectively. The average communication delay from overseas to anchor satellites via pure laser links was approximately 0.15 s. When some laser links were unavailable, the remaining available laser ISLs could collaborate with microwave ISLs to provide a transmission route with a maximum delay of 3.2 s. It was demonstrated that the collaborative link scheme and assignment algorithms effectively addressed the hybrid link assignment problem, considering both inter-satellite ranging and communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a multivariable prognostic prediction model for skin tears in older nursing home residents.","authors":"Monira El Genedy-Kalyoncu, Bettina Völzer, Jan Kottner","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95944-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95944-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skin tears are traumatic wounds and are among the most prevalent skin conditions in older adults, particularly those in long-term care facilities. These injuries can lead to complications such as infection, pain, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare costs. This study aimed to identify risk factors for skin tear development in nursing home residents aged 65 years or older and to develop a predictive prognostic model. A secondary data analysis was performed on long-term care nursing home residents ≥ 65 years who participated in a cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Berlin, Germany, from April 2019 to June 2021. A total of 101 residents were included. At week 12, 19 residents (18.8%) developed at least one skin tear. The best-fit predictive model identified lower Body Mass Index, lower Barthel Index scores, presence of xerosis cutis on the legs, and regular corticosteroid use as significant risk factors for skin tear development. The model demonstrated good discriminatory ability (area under the curve: 0.823), with sensitivity and specificity rates of 73.7% and 74.4%, respectively. These risk factors could help identify at-risk individuals, enabling targeted preventive measures. However, the model requires validation in a prospective cohort to confirm its applicability in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143772807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic activity of tafasitamab and metronomic chemotherapy on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma through inhibition of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.","authors":"Marta Banchi, Maria Christina Cox, Paola Orlandi, Arianna Bandini, Fabio Stefanelli, Silvio Chericoni, Guido Bocci","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95476-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95476-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tafasitamab is a novel humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, designed for the treatment of B-cell malignancies. Our study aims to enhance the direct, non-immune-mediated, activity of tafasitamab (TAFA) with the combination of metronomic chemotherapy (mCHEMO), including vinorelbine (mVNR) and etoposide (mETO), in preclinical models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In vitro, the 144 h exposure of thrice-weekly mVNR, daily mETO, and single-dose TAFA significantly inhibited the viability of human CD19⁺ DLBCL cell lines (i.e., Toledo, OCI-LY3, and SU-DHL10) in a concentration-dependent manner. In all cell lines, the concomitant treatment with TAFA and mVNR or mETO showed a marked synergism, except for TAFA + mETO on SU-DHL10 cells. The TAFA + mCHEMO treatments promoted apoptosis, and the TAFA + mVNR combination significantly inhibited, already after 24 h, the phosphorylation of GSK3α/β, mTOR, p70S6K, RPS6, and TSC2 proteins in DLBCL cells. TAFA significantly increased the VNR and ETO intracellular concentrations in all DLBCL cells after 24 h, except for ETO levels in SU-DHL10. The TAFA + mCHEMO treatment strongly reduced the ABCB1, ABCG2, and c-MYC gene expression in SU-DHL10 cells. In vivo, the TAFA + mVNR combination was well tolerated, significantly reduced the volumes of subcutaneous DLBCL masses, and increased the overall survival of mice affected by systemic DLBCL. We report additional mechanisms to enhance the direct activity of TAFA with mCHEMO synergistically in DLBCL cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the use of this combination schedule into future clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise robust aircraft trajectory prediction via autoregressive transformers with hybrid positional encoding.","authors":"Youyou Li, Yuxiang Fang, Teng Long","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-96512-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96512-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aircraft trajectory prediction is vital for ensuring safe and efficient air travel while addressing challenges in complex and dynamic environments. Current trajectory prediction models often struggle in noisy scenarios due to their lack of robustness. This study introduces the Noise-Robust Autoregressive Transformer, a novel model that enhances prediction reliability by integrating noise-regularized embeddings within a multi-head attention equipped with hybrid positional encoding. This model effectively captures essential temporal-spatial relationships and manages positional information more precisely across varied trajectories. Moreover, we formulate the robust trajectory prediction problem as an autoregressive approach that models the encoding of historical data and the decoding of future positions as a sequence-to-sequence learning problem. Our approach effectively captures positional encodings for the complex spatial-temporal variations in aircraft trajectory prediction, improving long-term prediction accuracy while achieving real-time responsiveness. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate our improvement over existing aircraft trajectory prediction methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counterclockwise block-by-block knowledge distillation for neural network compression.","authors":"Xiaowei Lan, Yalin Zeng, Xiaoxia Wei, Tian Zhang, Yiwen Wang, Chao Huang, Weikai He","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-91152-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91152-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Model compression is a technique for transforming large neural network models into smaller ones. Knowledge distillation (KD) is a crucial model compression technique that involves transferring knowledge from a large teacher model to a lightweight student model. Existing knowledge distillation methods typically facilitate the knowledge transfer from teacher to student models in one or two stages. This paper introduces a novel approach called counterclockwise block-wise knowledge distillation (CBKD) to optimize the knowledge distillation process. The core idea of CBKD aims to mitigate the generation gap between teacher and student models, facilitating the transmission of intermediate-layer knowledge from the teacher model. It divides both teacher and student models into multiple sub-network blocks, and in each stage of knowledge distillation, only the knowledge from one teacher sub-block is transferred to the corresponding position of a student sub-block. Additionally, in the CBKD process, deeper teacher sub-network blocks are assigned higher compression rates. Extensive experiments on tiny-imagenet-200 and CIFAR-10 demonstrate that the proposed CBKD method can enhance the distillation performance of various mainstream knowledge distillation approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11369"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PET imaging of differentiated thyroid cancer with thyrotropin-alfa.","authors":"Grayson R Gimblet, Pratheek Reddy, Michelle M Holland, Hailey A Houson, Jason Whitt, John A Copland, Saad S Kenderian, Renata Jaskula-Sztul, Suzanne E Lapi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-94923-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-94923-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyrotropin-alfa is an FDA approved recombinant human TSH agonist. This study represents a preclinical evaluation of thyrotropin-alfa as a thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)-targeted PET radiopharmaceutical, [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-thyrotropin-alfa. [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-thyrotropin-alfa was synthesized by conjugating p-SCN-Bn-deferoxamine (DFO) to thyrotropin-alfa in a molar ratio of 3:1 (DFO:thyrotropin-alfa) and radiolabeling with ⁸⁹Zr (t_1/2 = 78.4 h, β⁺ = 22.7%) at a molar activity of 25.9 MBq/nmol. [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-thyrotropin-alfa uptake was assessed in THJ529T and FTC133 cells stably transduced with the TSHR and compared to their low-expressing wild-type. Studies included a combination of in vitro cell uptake, in vivo PET imaging, and ex vivo biodistribution on Days 1-3 post-injection in male and female mice. In vitro uptake was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in TSHR + THJ529T (6.6 ± 1.3% bound/mg) and FTC133 (3.5 ± 0.5% bound/mg) cells over low-expressing wild-type counterparts (2.9 ± 1.3% bound/mg and 2.0 ± 0.4% bound/mg, respectively). Blocking uptake with excess DFO-thyrotropin-alfa showed specificity for TSHR (P < 0.0001). In vivo PET imaging showed the highest uptake in TSHR + xenografts on Day 1 post-injection. Ex vivo biodistribution demonstrated significantly higher uptake in the TSHR + female FTC133 xenograft model (P < 0.0001) and TSHR + male FTC133 xenograft model (P < 0.0001) compared to TSHR- xenografts. Uptake of [⁸⁹Zr]Zr-thyrotropin-alfa supports continued preclinical optimization and potential studies in clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two-sample Mendelian randomization study of type 1 diabetes and the risk of 22 site-specific cancers.","authors":"Mikiyas Amare Getu, Xianbin Zhang, Ying Ying, Peng Gong","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-89288-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-89288-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous observational studies have suggested a potential link between Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and site-specific cancer risk. However, the nature of this association remains uncertain due to confounding factors, reverse causation, and biases inherent in observational research. To address this gap, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causal relationship between T1D and 22 site-specific cancers. Using summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies of European ancestry, comprising data on T1D (N = 520,580) and the 22 site-specific cancers, we selected single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly associated with T1D as instruments for our analysis. Causal relationships were primarily evaluated through inverse-variance weighting-based analyses, supplemented by three additional methods: MR-Egger, weighted median, and mode-based estimate. Sensitivity analyses were performed, excluding genetic variants with potential pleiotropic effects. The finding demonstrated a causal association between T1D and increased risks of lung cancer (OR = 1.018, 95% CI 1.004-1.033, p = 0.011), colorectal cancer (OR = 1.022, 95% CI 1.003-1.041, p = 0.019), and prostate cancer (OR = 1.018, 95% CI 1.005-1.030, p = 0.006). Conversely, T1D was associated with decreased risks of breast cancer (OR = 0.989, 95% CI 0.981-0.998, p = 0.016), lymphoma (OR = 0.999, 95% CI 0.974-0.999, p = 0.003), malignant melanoma (OR = 0.999, 95% CI 0.989-0.999, p = 0.001), and non-melanoma skin cancer (OR = 0.999, 95% CI 0.899-0.999, p = 0.003). Our MR study provides an evidence of causal association between T1D and altered risks of various site-specific cancers. Further research is recommended to validate this finding in diverse populations to enhance the generalizability of findings across different ethnic groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum in mitigating Beet curly top Iran virus infection in tomato plants.","authors":"Sahar Salami, Davoud Koolivand, Omid Eini, Roghayeh Hemmati","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-96068-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96068-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the potential of Trichoderma harzianum to mitigate the effects of Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) on tomato plants. Tomato seedlings at the four-leaf stage were treated with a T. harzianum suspension and subsequently agroinoculated with a BCTIV infectious clone. The experiment included four treatments: mock plants (C), BCTIV-inoculated plants (V), Trichoderma-treated plants (T), and plants both infected with BCTIV and treated with Trichoderma (TV). Three weeks post-inoculation, symptom development and virus accumulation were assessed. At 45 days post-inoculation, root colonization by T. harzianum was confirmed. The disease severity index indicated a significant reduction in TV plants compared to V plants. Virus accumulation was also significantly lower in TV plants. Real-time PCR analysis showed increased expression of defense-related genes (HSP90, AGO2a, PR1) in TV plants, suggesting enhanced plant defense responses. Additionally, TV plants exhibited the highest fresh and dry weight among all groups. The presence of T. harzianum spores in the roots of TV plants confirmed successful colonization. These findings demonstrate that T. harzianum enhances tomato resistance to BCTIV by activating plant defense mechanisms, reducing disease severity and viral replication, promoting healthier growth and greater biomass in the treated tomato plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"11377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143773273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}