Claudio Schiavella, Lorenzo Cirillo, Lorenzo Papa, Paolo Russo, Irene Amerini
{"title":"Efficient attention vision transformers for monocular depth estimation on resource-limited hardware.","authors":"Claudio Schiavella, Lorenzo Cirillo, Lorenzo Papa, Paolo Russo, Irene Amerini","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06112-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06112-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vision Transformers show important results in the current Deep Learning technological landscape, being able to approach complex and dense tasks, for instance, Monocular Depth Estimation. However, in the transformer architecture, the attention module introduces a quadratic cost concerning the processed tokens. In dense Monocular Depth Estimation tasks, the inherently high computational complexity results in slow inference and poses significant challenges, particularly in resource-constrained onboard applications. To mitigate this issue, efficient attention modules have been developed. In this paper, we leverage these techniques to reduce the computational cost of networks designed for Monocular Depth Estimation, to reach an optimal trade-off between the quality of the results and inference speed. More specifically, optimization has been applied not only to the entire network but also independently to the encoder and decoder to assess the model's sensitivity to these modifications. Additionally, this paper introduces the use of the Pareto Frontier as an analytic method to get the optimal trade-off between the two objectives of quality and inference time. The results indicate that various optimised networks achieve performance comparable to, and in some cases surpass, their respective baselines, while significantly enhancing inference speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24001"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ehab A Abdelrahman, Mohamed N Goda, Abdalla M Khedr, Fawaz A Saad, Reem K Shah
{"title":"Thermal tuning of nanocomposites for superior cadmium ion adsorption.","authors":"Ehab A Abdelrahman, Mohamed N Goda, Abdalla M Khedr, Fawaz A Saad, Reem K Shah","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09274-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09274-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd(II)) ions are hazardous, non-biodegradable pollutants known for their bioaccumulative nature and severe risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. This study presents the synthesis and application of a Co<sub>0.89</sub>Mg<sub>0.79</sub>Mn<sub>1.46</sub>O<sub>3.98</sub>@C nanocomposite, fabricated employing the Pechini sol-gel approach and subsequently calcinated at 600 <sup>o</sup>C (C600) and 800 <sup>o</sup>C (C800), for enhanced elimination of Cd(II) ions from aqueous environments. The C600 and C800 samples exhibited maximum uptake capacities of 280.11 mg/g and 206.19 mg/g, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a cubic structure for both samples, with crystallite sizes of 51.66 nm (C600) and 87.09 nm (C800). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis clarified that C600 consisted of smaller, irregular grains, while C800 displayed larger, smoother particles. Elemental composition was verified by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), revealing elevated manganese and cobalt content in C800, attributed to enhanced incorporation at elevated temperatures. The superior adsorption performance of C600 was ascribed to its reduced crystallite size in addition to greatest surface area. Regeneration studies demonstrated excellent desorption efficiencies using 3 M HCl: 99.69% for C600 and 99.35% for C800, with both maintaining high removal efficiency over five adsorption-desorption cycles. Thermodynamic assessments indicated the process is exothermic, spontaneous, and dominated by physisorption. Kinetic modeling followed the pseudo-second-order model, while isotherm analysis fit the Langmuir-type isotherm, suggesting single-layer adsorption occurring uniformly across the adsorbent surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24003"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan-Yue Wang, En-Yuan Wang, Ya-Yun Xiang, Miao Zhao, Yun-Tao Pu
{"title":"Correlation between sunrise/sunset times and peak onset periods of primary intracerebral hemorrhage.","authors":"Yan-Yue Wang, En-Yuan Wang, Ya-Yun Xiang, Miao Zhao, Yun-Tao Pu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09170-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09170-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the bimodal diurnal pattern of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) onset has been well established, the exact timing of these peaks remains inconsistent across previous studies. Sunrise and sunset times serve as critical zeitgebers closely tied to diurnal rhythms, but whether their geographical and seasonal variations can explain the observed differences in peak timing remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate potential correlations between sunrise/sunset times and morning/afternoon onset peaks of ICH. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we categorized data by hemorrhage location and seasonal onset. Primary analysis examined monthly variations in morning/afternoon peaks relative to corresponding sunrise/sunset time fluctuations, with partial correlation analysis controlling for confounders to refine associations. The study included 11,946 patients with first-ever primary ICH. These findings revealed that morning peaks commenced before sunrise, peaked at sunrise, while afternoon peaks peaked before sunset and concluded at sunset. Significant correlations were observed exclusively in the Deep ICH group, with morning peak times showing association with sunrise (partial r = 0.85, p = 0.002) and afternoon peak times with sunset (partial r = 0.69, p = 0.025). No other correlations reached significance. Our study found that sunrise/sunset times showed significant correlations with morning/afternoon onset peaks of ICH exclusively in Deep ICH cases. When addressing peak onset periods in Deep ICH, regional and seasonal variations in daylight hours should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24002"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of sodium pyruvate in mitigating the cytotoxic effects of vanadium on CHO-K1 cells.","authors":"Iwona Zwolak, Ewa Wnuk, Elżbieta Kochanowicz","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09606-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09606-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vanadium is a hazardous, pro-oxidant element that contributes to environmental pollution and has been reported as a risk factor for human health through occupational or environmental exposure. Pyruvate, on the other hand, is a natural alpha-keto acid with exceptional antioxidant and cytoprotective properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the mitigating effect of exogenous pyruvate against vanadium-induced toxicity in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells. To this end, CHO-K1 cells were exposed to 100 μM vanadyl sulfate (VOSO<sub>4</sub>) for 24 h in the presence of 4.5 and 8 mM sodium pyruvate. Cell proliferation and morphological changes, cellular ATP levels, antioxidant stress (GSH) levels and apoptosis markers (caspase 3, 9, annexin V binding) were assessed to investigate the effect of sodium pyruvate on VOSO<sub>4</sub>-induced damage in CHO-K1 cells. The results showed that VOSO<sub>4</sub> induced morphological changes, inhibited cell proliferation, decreased cellular ATP and reduced glutathione levels. Co-treatment of VOSO<sub>4</sub>-intoxicated CHO-K1 cells with sodium pyruvate significantly reduced these cytotoxic effects. Analysis of apoptosis and necrosis showed that VOSO<sub>4</sub> slightly induced apoptosis and necrosis, and exogenous pyruvate inhibited the cytotoxicity of the tested vanadium dose in CHO-K1 cells, mainly by reducing the necrosis effect. The cytoprotective effect of exogenous pyruvate was also confirmed in normal mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cells demonstrating that the protective properties of pyruvate are not cell specific.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigating the correlation between ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength in polyurethane foam concrete.","authors":"R Roobankumar, M SenthilPandian","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-07666-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07666-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using waste polyurethane foam as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregates in concrete provides an eco-friendly solution by reducing waste and conserving natural resources. However, the strength behavior of polyurethane foam concrete differs from conventional concrete. To ensure effective design and quality control in the field, the viability of non-destructive testing methods for finding out the in situ mechanical properties of polyurethane foam concrete must be evaluated. This study establishes a correlation between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test to predict the compressive strength of polyurethane foam concrete using UPV test results. An experimental study was conducted on concrete specimens with varying percentages of polyurethane foam replacing natural coarse aggregate, ranging from 10 to 60% in 10% increments. The control concrete mix was 100% natural coarse aggregate without polyurethane foam. The properties of the specimens were evaluated after curing for 7, 14, and 28 days. It also examines polyurethane foam concrete workability, density, and microstructural properties. The findings show that the UPV and compressive strength of polyurethane foam concrete were lower than those of the control mix concrete for all replacement levels and curing ages. The empirical relationships between compressive strength and UPV were found to be exponential, with high correlation values ranging from 0.9012 to 0.9998. The predicted values and the experimentally measured results were compared in order to confirm the accuracy of the empirical equations for compressive strength prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"23995"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omar S Mahdy, Ali B M Ali, Loghman Mostafa, Diwakar Agarwal, Aashim Dhawan, Abdelkader Mabrouk, Lioua Kolsi, Lotfi Ben Said
{"title":"Quantitative evaluation of thermal runaway in lithium-ion batteries under critical heating conditions to enhance safety.","authors":"Omar S Mahdy, Ali B M Ali, Loghman Mostafa, Diwakar Agarwal, Aashim Dhawan, Abdelkader Mabrouk, Lioua Kolsi, Lotfi Ben Said","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-07824-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07824-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermal stability in lithium-ion batteries is crucial for ensuring safety in energy storage systems and electric vehicles, where thermal runaway poses significant risks due to localized heating and the uncontrolled propagation of exothermic reactions. This study investigates the thermal dynamics in lithium-ion batteries under various critical heating conditions using a three-dimensional finite volume model. The research examines the effects of heating power, heating positions, and cell spacing on thermal runaway propagation patterns, focusing on both single-cell and multi-cell battery pack configurations. Analysis revealed that the direction of heat flow plays a significant role in thermal behavior, with side heating leading to faster runaway and central heating initially delaying initiation before accelerating at specific thresholds. Key findings indicate that lithium iron fluoride cathode materials exhibit superior thermal stability compared to nickel-manganese-cobalt-aluminum oxide types, and increasing cell spacing reduces the severity and timing of thermal runaway. A comparative evaluation of heating scenarios-side, central, and vertical-highlighted vertical 20 mm heating as the safest option. Moreover, the study details the heat release dynamics of different chemical processes: the negative solvent contributed the most significant heat generation (1.78 kW), while the solid electrolyte interphase layer produced the lowest (0.133 kW). Non-linear impacts of heating power were also observed, with a 7 kW/m<sup>2</sup> configuration producing higher peak temperatures than 10 kW/m<sup>2</sup> and resulting in an 18% reduction in thermal initiation time. These results improve the understanding of thermal runaway under varying conditions and provide insights for designing safer lithium-ion battery systems, with implications for thermal management in automotive, aerospace, and energy storage applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Amad Sarwar, Yuezheng Gong, Sarah A Alzakari, Amel Ali Alhussan
{"title":"A novel Fractional fuzzy approach for multi-criteria decision-making in medical waste management.","authors":"Muhammad Amad Sarwar, Yuezheng Gong, Sarah A Alzakari, Amel Ali Alhussan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06184-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06184-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urban populations, coupled with increased healthcare service usage, highlight the need for safe and sustainable medical waste management (MWM). Choosing the right technology for MWM is a crucial challenge for decision-makers aiming to protect public health. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are often used to address uncertainty and complexity inherent in such decisions. MCDM techniques based on traditional fuzzy sets (such as spherical and t-spherical fuzzy sets) leave significant membership value. In this response, a f, g, h-fractional fuzzy set (f, g, h-FrFS) based MCDM model is introduced. This study introduces the f, g, h-FrFS based Hamming and normalized Hamming distances. Additionally, we propose an improved Criteria Importance through Inter-Criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method to assess criteria weights and a novel distance-based Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method to evaluate and rank MWM technologies. To test the robustness of the proposed approach, a sensitivity analysis is conducted, demonstrating the stability of the model under varying conditions. The result is the development of a comprehensive MCDM framework, referred to as f, g, h-FrF-CRITIC-TOPSIS, which incorporates relevant criteria for evaluating MWM technologies. The effectiveness of this framework is further validated through a comparative study. The results align with the actual situation and offer valuable insights into the implementation of suitable treatment technologies for MWM. This methodology proves to be highly effective in addressing the complex decision-making challenges associated with MWM, particularly in uncertain environments. Ultimately, this technique offers significant value for policymakers and organizations involved in medical systems. In medical premises, MWM is complicated, so this tool can assist them in navigating the complexities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"23999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"FMI and 2D seismic integration for fractured basement reservoir assessment, Geisum area, Gulf of Suez.","authors":"Yousef Hendawy, Hassan H Elkadi, Taher Mostafa","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-08278-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08278-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fractured basement reservoirs represent critical contributors to global hydrocarbon production, with lithologically heterogeneous systems such as weathered granites serving as economically viable targets. In the tectonically active Gulf of Suez rift basin, fractured basement units are increasingly recognized as high-potential reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration. This study investigates the Geisum Oil Field, a prolific southern Gulf of Suez hydrocarbon province, where basement-hosted production challenges conventional reservoir paradigms. A multidisciplinary approach combining advanced geophysical well logs (including Formation MicroImager [FMI] and resistivity anisotropy analysis) with 2D seismic interpretation was employed to (1) delineate conductive fracture networks, (2) quantify fracture aperture distributions, and (3) resolve structural controls on reservoir heterogeneity. Results identify three dominant fracture orientations-NE-SW, NW-SE, and ENE-WSW-aligned with regional stress regimes. Quantitative analysis reveals a maximum fracture aperture of ~ 0.7 mm within the uppermost basement interval, correlating with enhanced porosity (φ) and permeability (k) zones. Fault intersection geometries were found to amplify fracture density, creating interconnected conduits that optimize reservoir quality. However, kinematic analysis of fault systems highlights potential compartmentalization risks, as insufficient fault seal integrity may permit hydrocarbon migration along reactivated fault planes. These findings underscore the dual role of tectonic fracturing in basement reservoirs: while fracture networks enhance storage and flow capacity, dynamic fault systems necessitate rigorous seal evaluation to mitigate leakage hazards. This work provides a framework for de-risking basement reservoir exploration in rift-related settings globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"23998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Population ecology and herd dynamics of blue bull Boselaphus tragocamelus in forest and agrarian lands of district Ludhiana Punjab.","authors":"Kiran Rani, B K Babbar, Amanpreet Kaur Dhillon","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-08623-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-08623-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is one of the largest antelope species and native to the Indian subcontinent. The blue bull population is surplus in some Indian states, and has attained pest status. The information regarding animal population ecology helps in understanding the ecosystem health, climate change impact and plays a pivotal role in devising conservation policies, mitigating human-animal conflict, and resource management. Herd size and composition of blue bull were recorded in forest and agrarian lands of district Ludhiana. Scan sampling method was used to record data during 24 fortnightly visits in 30 clusters from June 2022 to May 2023. The mapping of the blue bull population density highlights the critical spots of animal density. Its population density and encounter rate ranged from 0.318 to 5.79 animals/km<sup>2</sup> and 0.145-1.316 animals/km respectively. The herd composition (χ2 = 167.9396, P = < 0.0001, df = 15) and animals of different age groups and sexes (χ2 = 69.7284, P = < 0.0001, df = 20) changed significantly with season. The habitat types, forest and agrarian land, had no effect on the herd composition. Non-harem groups were observed in summer and monsoon, while harem groups were observed throughout autumn, pre-winter, winter, and spring, indicating long breeding season. The overall sex ratio adult female to adult male ratio is 1:0.18, skewed towards females, indicating the potential for population growth over time. Calving events were most prominent during the pre-winter season. Animal sightings and group size fluctuations were found to be closely correlated with extrinsic factors like food and shelter availability. This study marks the first comprehensive exploration of blue bull population ecology in agrarian land in Punjab and can provide valuable insights for policymakers to focus on managing blue bull populations in areas with high density, particularly during critical breeding seasons, to prevent overpopulation and mitigate human-animal conflicts. Additionally, strategies should be developed to ensure the preservation of their natural habitat.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"24005"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leandro Di Gloria, Lorenzo Casbarra, Tommaso Lotti, Matteo Ramazzotti
{"title":"Testing the limits of short-reads metagenomic classifications programs in wastewater treating microbial communities.","authors":"Leandro Di Gloria, Lorenzo Casbarra, Tommaso Lotti, Matteo Ramazzotti","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-07734-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-07734-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biological wastewater treatment processes, such as activated sludge (AS) and aerobic granular sludge (AGS), have proven to be crucial systems for achieving both efficient waste purification and the recovery of valuable resources like poly-hydroxy-alkanoates. Gaining a deeper understanding of the microbial communities underpinning these technologies would enable their optimization, ultimately reducing costs and increasing efficiency. To support this research, we quantitatively compared classification methods differing in read length (raw reads, contigs and MAGs), overall search approach (Kaiju, Kraken2, RiboFrame and kMetaShot), as well as source databases to assess the classification performances at both the genus and species levels using an in silico-generated mock community designed to provide a simplified yet comprehensive representation of the complex microbial ecosystems found in AS and AGS. Particular attention was given to the misclassification of eukaryotes as bacteria and vice versa, as well as the occurrence of false negatives. Notably, Kaiju emerged as the most accurate classifier at both the genus and species levels, followed by RiboFrame and kMetaShot. However, our findings highlight the substantial risk of misclassification across all classifiers and databases, which could significantly hinder the advancement of these technologies by introducing noises and mistakes for key microbial clades.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"23997"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144565305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}