Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Phonetic-DeepKANet: a robust audio spoofing detection framework for English and Arabic.","authors":"Muteb Aljasem, Hafsa Ilyas, Ali Javed, Jasim Alnahas, Mohammed Abouheaf","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51950-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51950-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Audio spoofing attacks, specifically deepfakes, are massively used these days to compromise the security of automatic speaker verification-based systems, leading to data breaches and financial scams. Existing audio spoofing countermeasures are not well-generalized and experience issues when detecting unknown spoofing attacks, including deepfake. Moreover, Arabic audio spoofing detection has been largely neglected, primarily due to the scarcity of Arabic language spoofing datasets. This paper proposes a novel dual-modality approach, Phonetic-DeepKANet (PDK-Net), capable of reliable detection of audio spoofing attacks in English and Arabic. The proposed PDK-Net is comprised of a deep feature extraction module incorporating TransRawNet (TR-Net), an acoustic-phonetic feature extraction module, and a Kolmogorov Arnold Network (KAN) classifier. The deep features from TR-Net are complemented with multi-view acoustic-phonetic representations through concatenation and then classified using KAN. This paper also introduces an Arabic audio spoofing dataset to address the limited availability of such datasets and advance the research in audio spoofing detection for underrepresented languages. The proposed method is evaluated utilizing ASVspoof-2019 LA, 2021 LA, and DF, partial spoof, and our Arabic audio spoofing dataset created in this work. Extensive experimentation on multiple datasets, including voice conversion and text-to-speech synthesized samples, algorithm-wise and cross-corpora evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness and generalizability of our method. We attained the best min-tDCF of 0.09 and 0.14 on the ASVspoof-2019 LA and ASVspoof-2021 LA datasets, respectively, compared to baseline models. However, for the Arabic spoofing dataset, the PDK-Net achieved an EER of 8.06%. It is noteworthy that our method performed best for detecting LA attacks over all 41 methods reported in the ASVspoof-2021 challenge. Further, our method registered the third-best EER of 17.55% amongst 33 challenge participants on the ASVspoof-2021 DF set. These results demonstrate the effectiveness and improved generalization of our approach while detecting unknown spoofing attacks, including codec compressions, channel variations, and encoding artifacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covert communications in a downlink time division multiple access system.","authors":"Jihwan Moon, Taehoon Kim, Inkyu Bang","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-49218-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49218-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, we investigate covert communications in a downlink time division multiple access system. While transmitting public messages sequentially to multiple users, the source node concurrently embeds covert messages intended for a covert receiver. Upon reception, the covert receiver cancels the public messages to recover the covert information. We focus on maximizing the achievable sum covert rate by effectively allocating the total transmit power across time slots, subject to a constraint on the detection error probability at the users. The resulting covert rate maximization problem is non-convex with respect to the total transmit power and power allocation variables. To address this, we propose a two-layer optimization framework powered by the gradient projection method. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and further analyze the impact of key system parameters on the performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and patterns of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various clinical specimens: a national laboratory-based AMR surveillance, 2020-2024.","authors":"Zeleke Ayenew, Meseret Aseffa Oda, Semira Ebrahim Geleto, Tewodros Minwuyelet Anteneh, Etsehiwot Adamu Tsegaye, Yonas Mekonnen Gebeyehu, Dejenie Shiferaw Teklu, Degefu Beyene Gobena, Amete Mihret Teshale, Gebrie Alebachew Belete, Surafel Fentaw Dinku, Tesfa Addis Kefale, Elias Seyoum Derebe, Abera Abdeta Kitaba, Dawit Assefa Wendifraw, Ebisa Fekede, Bruke Gezhagene Birhanu, Mheret Tesfaye Gobena, Addis Abebe, Degefe Habte, Senahara Korsa Wake, Dawit Sekata Duressa, Jemal Mohammed Hussien, Gemechis Bulti Tura, Eshetu Gadisa, Dereje Mamuye Gebretsadik, Daniel Dejene Wondimagegnehu, Daniel Demissie Gebremariam, Birhan Moges Ejigu, Bethelhem Getu Bekele, Estifanos Tsigie, Degu Ashagrie Alemu, Mezgebu Nega Bizuneh, Yesewbelay Minale Negesse, Rajiha Abubeker Ibrahim, Abebe Aseffa Negeri, Getachew Tollera Eticha, Gemechu Tadese Leta, Negga Asamene Abera, Eyasu Tigabu Seyoum","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51962-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51962-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a global public health concern responsible for a wide range of infections. In Ethiopia, patterns and trends of MRSA in various clinical specimens are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trend and pattern of S. aureus isolated from 16 AMR surveillance sentinel sites. Laboratory-based AMR surveillance data from 2020 to 2024 was collected from various clinical specimens. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using standard microbiology techniques. The data were analyzed using WHONET 2025 software version 25.15.5 and SPSS version 22. A total of 4,243 S. aureus isolates were analyzed in 16 AMR sentinel sites; most of them were from health facilities in Addis Ababa (46.6%). The trend of penicillin resistance among tested isolates showed persistently high (~ 90%) between 2020 and 2024. The trend of MRSA showed a noticeable slight decline from 37% in 2021 and 2022 to 30% in the 2024 period, and its overall prevalence was 32.2% (95% CI 30.3, 34.2). There has been a slight declining trend of MRSA since 2022 and fluctuating resistance rates in routinely tested antimicrobials. The susceptibility of isolates to last-resort antibiotics remains promising for treatment. The significant presence of MRSA in participating hospitals warrants continuous surveillance and strengthens the implementation of infection prevention and control measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphenol-rich extra-virgin olive oil influences bioenergetics and may modulate NLRP3 inflammasome in PBMCs from children and adolescents with obesity.","authors":"Maria Laura Matrella, Luigi Malaspina, Mariangela Chiarito, Francesco Limongelli, Rossana Franzin, Laura Piacente, Daniela De Benedictis, Roberta Tardugno, Tiziana Cocco, Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Paola Pontrelli, Anna Signorile, Filomena Corbo, Maria Felicia Faienza","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51300-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51300-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paediatric obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation and immunometabolic dysregulation. Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects that may counteract obesity-related alterations. A 12-week controlled nutritional intervention was conducted in 84 children and adolescents with obesity (BMI > 95th percentile), comparing a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either high-polyphenol EVOO (P-EVOO) or refined olive oil (R-OO). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated at baseline and study completion. In peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of a sub-cohort, bioenergetic analyses, gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant defence, and NLRP3 gene expression were assessed. Both groups exhibited significant reductions in BMI, waist circumference, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid. A significant reduction in insulin resistance was observed exclusively in the P-EVOO group. In PBMCs, P-EVOO enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, associated with a metabolic shift toward oxidative phosphorylation. This was accompanied by increased mitochondrial biogenesis and activation of the Nrf2-SOD2 antioxidant axis. P-EVOO upregulated NLRP3, IL-1β, CASP8 and CASP1 gene expression, without IL-18 or GSDMD increase, suggesting a distinct expression pattern of alternative NLRP3 inflammasome-associated markers. These findings indicate that P-EVOO could ameliorate metabolic health and mitochondrial bioenergetics in paediatric obesity, promoting an oxidative immunometabolic phenotype potentially associated with controlled inflammasome transcriptional regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observer-based dynamic gain control method for active vehicle suspension control systems under input delay and disturbance.","authors":"Pengfei Zhang, Henghao You, Fengyi Gu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-50584-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50584-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this paper, the adaptive control problem is addressed for active vehicle suspension systems with the unknown nonlinearity as well as the unknown time-varying input delay. A dynamic gain control frame is proposed to suppress vehicle vibration and maintain the required suspension performance. Firstly, a dynamic gain extended state observer (ESO) is constructed to obtain the unknown velocity information and nonlinearity for the implementation of the control scheme. Moreover, a robust control method with a dynamic gain control term and a time delay compensation term is designed to mitigate the effect of unknown input time delay and uncertainty on system stability. By resorting to the Lyapunov-Krasovkii stability theory, the ultimate uniform boundedness of all signals in the closed-loop vehicle active suspension system is guaranteed. Finally, an example is presented as an illustration of the effectiveness of the proposed method.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying wildfire impacts on atmospheric pollutants using fire exposure metrics and machine-deep learning approaches.","authors":"Khushal Das, Sergio Flesca, Claudia Roberta Calidonna","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51766-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51766-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wildfires are increasingly recognised as major contributors to atmospheric pollution, yet their spatial-temporal influence on regional air quality remains insufficiently understood. This study quantifies the impact of wildfire activity on atmospheric gas concentrations by integrating exposure modelling, correlation analysis, and advanced machine learning techniques. Two datasets were employed: (i) continuous atmospheric observations of CO, CO[Formula: see text], CH[Formula: see text], and BC alongside meteorological parameters; and (ii) a wildfire dataset containing fire locations, burned area, and duration. A novel Fire Exposure Index (FEI) was developed to quantify the dynamic likelihood that wildfire plumes influence the observatory, incorporating fire distance, burned area, and wind characteristics. Correlation analyses across distance bands and daily lags (up to six days) revealed clear distance and wind-dependent relationships, with short-term lag effects primarily within one to two days. Baseline machine learning models (Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, Decision Tree) achieved moderate accuracy, while recurrent neural networks (LSTM, GRU, BiLSTM) captured stronger temporal dependencies, particularly for CO[Formula: see text] and CO. A stacked ensemble architecture was subsequently implemented, combining LightGBM, LSTM, GRU, and BiLSTM with a LightGBM meta-learner. The hybrid framework achieved substantial performance improvements within the study domain ([Formula: see text] values ranging from 0.959 to 0.9897 across CO, CH[Formula: see text], and CO[Formula: see text]), demonstrating strong predictive capability under the specific meteorological and geographic conditions examined. The proposed approach demonstrates that integrating exposure metrics with hybrid ensemble learning provides a promising and interpretable strategy for predicting wildfire-induced atmospheric variability and supporting air quality management in fire-prone regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastic pollution and ecotoxicological risk in high-altitude glacial lakes of Durmitor, Montenegro.","authors":"Neda Bošković, Željko Jaćimović, Ivan Jerman, Andrej Race, Polonca Trebše, Oliver Bajt","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51455-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51455-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly recognized as widespread contaminants in aquatic environments, including remote freshwater systems, where their presence is linked to waste generation and transport pathways. This study examined the occurrence, spatial-temporal distribution, polymer composition, and ecological risks of MPs in surface sediments from Black Lake and Devil Lake, two high-altitude glacial lakes in Durmitor National Park, Montenegro. Sediment samples were collected across three seasons and analyzed using standardized methods, including density separation, visual identification, and polymer characterization. MPs abundance averaged 5.1 ± 1.4 items per 100 g of dry sediment in Black Lake and 3.8 ± 0.5 items per 100 g in Devil Lake. Fibers and fragments were dominant morphotypes, with particles sized 1-3 mm prevailing. Blue particles were most frequent. Five polymer types were identified, with polyethylene as the dominant polymer. Pollution load index values indicated moderate contamination, while polymer hazard and ecological risk indices suggested high to very high environmental risk. The presence of MPs in protected, high-altitude glacial lakes highlights their vulnerability to diffuse pollution sources, including tourism and long-range transport. The findings provide baseline data for alpine freshwater environments and underline the importance of integrating MPs pollution into waste management and environmental protection strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147856722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dexmedetomidine for sedation during noninvasive ventilation in COVID-19 patients from the Helmet-COVID randomized clinical trial post-hoc analysis.","authors":"Marwa Amer, Hasan M Al-Dorzi, Sara Aldekhyl, Saad Al Qahtani, Kimberley Lewis, Sheryl Ann Abdukahil, Abdullah M Altamimi, Samiyah Alrawy Alanazi, Mohammed AlObaidi, Lolowa M Alswaidan, Mohammed Khulaif Al Harbi, Eman Al Qasim, Ayman Kharaba, Talal Albrahim, Mohammed S Alshahrani, Abdulrahman A Al-Fares, Ali Al Bshabshe, Ahmed Mady, Zainab Al Duhailib, Haifa Algethamy, Jesna Jose, Mohammed Al Mutairi, Omar Al Zumai, Hussain Al Haji, Ahmed Alaqeily, Zohair Al Aseri, Awad Al-Omari, Abdulaziz Al-Dawood, Haytham Tlayjeh, Yaseen M Arabi","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-49301-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49301-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dexmedetomidine may be used in patients managed by noninvasive ventilation (NIV), but its associations with intubation, mortality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are unclear. Thus, we aimed to assess the use of dexmedetomidine in patients with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring NIV and its associations with the 28-day intubation rate, 28- and 180-day mortality rate, and HRQoL. This post-hoc study of the Helmet-COVID trial analyzed data from NIV-managed patients who did and did not receive dexmedetomidine and assessed the association of dexmedetomidine with clinical outcomes. We evaluated HRQoL on day 180 using EuroQoL-5D-5L index values and the EQ visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). Non-survivors were assigned a value of 0 on the EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS. We used a generalized linear mixed model adjusted for the enrollment center and other baseline covariables. Of 290 patients managed with NIV, 107 (36.8%) were treated with dexmedetomidine. The median highest daily dose was 0.6 mcg/kg/h (interquartile range [IQR] 0.4, 0.9) for a median of 2.5 days (IQR: 1, 5). Baseline demographics and severity of respiratory failure, including the PaO₂:FiO₂ and degree of hypercapnia were largely comparable between both groups. During the ICU stay, dexmedetomidine-treated patients were more likely to have received helmet NIV (70 of 107, 65.4%), awake proning (45 of 107, 42.1%), vasopressors and renal replacement therapy (57.9 and 17.8%, respectively). Dexmedetomidine-treated patients had higher ICU and hospital mortality, higher intubation rate, and fewer ICU-free days compared to those not receiving dexmedetomidine; differences that could not be fully explained by confounding alone. There were no significant differences in HRQoL outcomes at 180 days. Median EQ-5D-5L index values and EQ-VAS median scores showed no significant differences between the dexmedetomidine and non-dexmedetomidine groups. Among patients with COVID-19-induced acute hypoxemic respiratory failure managed with NIV, dexmedetomidine use was common. Dexmedetomidine-treated patients had a different disease trajectory than non-dexmedetomidine-treated patients. The worse outcomes observed with dexmedetomidine were not entirely explained by differences in baseline characteristics, suggesting effects of time-varying confounders. Randomized controlled trials are required to assess effects of dexmedetomidine on patient-centered outcomes.Trial registration: NCT04477668; registered on July 20, 2020.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric effects of semantic compatibility and structural bridging on content propagation: evidence from community vernacular combinations on social media platforms.","authors":"Jingjing Mu, Xing Yuan, Vasylieva Olena Serhiivna, Qian Zhao, Yue Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51438-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51438-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid expansion of social media platforms and the fragmentation of interest communities have created new theoretical demands for understanding content propagation. Users routinely combine community-specific semantic vernaculars in their content, yet combination-level propagation patterns remain invisible within single-vernacular frameworks. This study constructs a color vernacular co-occurrence network from ACG-related posts on Xiaohongshu (January 2024 to March 2025) and examines how cognitive hierarchy compatibility and network structural position jointly associate with combination propagation outcomes. Three findings emerge. First, semantic hierarchy compatibility positively associates with propagation synergy: within-level compatible combinations correspond to higher propagation gains and cross-level incompatible combinations correspond to negative synergy. Second, cognitive distance associates with propagation outcomes in a monotonically accelerating declining pattern, which does not support the inverted-U hypothesis, because the cognitive gains from semantic novelty cannot offset the decoding burden that accelerates as hierarchical distance increases. Third, semantic hierarchy and community structure show opposite directional associations: cross-level semantics correspond to a negative association while cross-community bridging corresponds to a positive association, and cognitively compatible cross-community combinations consistently outperform incompatible ones. Maintaining semantic hierarchy compatibility while pursuing structural bridging, and incorporating cognitive compatibility into platform recommendation mechanisms, are productive directions for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdependent adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among rice farmers in northwest Bangladesh.","authors":"Md Shohidul Islam, Bikash Chandra Ghosh, Apurba Adhikary","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-51096-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51096-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate variability poses serious threats to agricultural productivity and food security, particularly for smallholder rice farmers in climate-vulnerable regions such as northwest Bangladesh. This study examines the adoption of multiple climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder rice farmers in this region. Using a multistage sampling technique, data were collected from 498 farmers. A multivariate probit model and a fractional response model were applied to analyze both the determinants and intensity of adoption of key strategies, including adjusting planting dates, integrated pest management, tolerant rice varieties, improved rice varieties, and rice straw mulching. This joint modeling framework captures interdependence among strategies and provides deeper insights than single-strategy approaches. Robustness was checked using a multinomial logistic regression model. The results indicate that socio-economic factors such as farming experience, access to credit, and membership in farmer groups significantly influence adoption behavior. Strong complementarities among adaptation strategies are also observed, suggesting that farmers tend to adopt these practices in bundles rather than individually. The findings contribute to the literature by highlighting the effectiveness of bundled adaptation strategies in enhancing resilience. They offer important policy implications for designing integrated and context-specific interventions to strengthen adaptive capacity and promote resilient agricultural systems in climate-exposed regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147857259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}