Scientific Reports最新文献

{"title":"Screening and evaluation of specific blood MiRNAs as potential biomarkers in diagnostics of gastric Cancer.","authors":"Xize Li, Qingyu Wang, Zhouhan Xu, Xuesi Yang, Ruiqi Zhao, Haocheng Wang, Xueling Li, Jiping Zeng","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06773-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06773-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To provide a novel direction for the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). The differentially expressed blood microRNAs (miRNAs) in gastric carcinoma were screened through SangerBox using the datasets GSE113486, GSE112264, and GSE113740. The miRNA-target genes prediction, conduct Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional enrichment analyses were performed with the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 6.8. STRING analysis was further investigated with Cytoscape. The correlations among the expression levels of key miRNAs and prognosis/diagnostic value in GC patients were determined by survival prognosis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to detect the different expression levels of key miRNAs in human blood samples. In the process, the influence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection on expression levels of miRNAs was analyzed with Gene Expression Omnibus 2R (GEO2R) in dataset GSE108307. To evaluate these findings, the expression level of Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), along with clinical markers used in the help of GC pathologic diagnosis, were measured and compared with the key miRNAs obtained in this study. The bioinformatics analysis identified five crucial blood miRNAs, including hsa-miR-124-3p, hsa-miR-125a-3p, hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-4276, and hsa-miR-575. The detection in human blood samples combined with cross-analysis involving H. pylori infection, the expression levels of CagA and clinical markers underscored the significance and effectiveness of these specific miRNAs in early diagnosis and monitoring of gastric carcinoma. This study identified five potential blood miRNA biomarkers for GC through bioinformatics analysis coupled with detection in human blood samples, thus providing new possibilities for important biomarkers related to diagnosis and prognosis of GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22974"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-wave infrared (SWIR) polarization imaging using division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter.","authors":"Alaa Hamdoh, Yufei Gao, Oliver Spires, Neal Brock, Linan Jiang, Stanley Pau","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06757-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06757-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the polarization properties of materials in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum using a compact division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter. The polarimeter is constructed by packaging a micro-polarizer array on top of an InGaAs sensor. Experiments conducted in both indoor and outdoor environments revealed unique transparency, absorption, and polarization behaviors across various materials. Transparent materials such as plastics, silicon, and black glass exhibited high SWIR transmission, allowing internal visualization, while opaque materials like aluminum, wood, and water demonstrated strong absorption. Polarization analysis identified strong linear polarization in birefringent materials and minimal polarization in isotropic ones, with elliptical or circular polarization arising from mechanisms like total internal reflection, complex refractive index, and birefringence. Outdoor observations showed the interaction of polarized skylights with reflective surfaces, enhancing contrast and revealing surface features. These findings underscore the potential of SWIR polarization imaging for applications in non-destructive testing, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and optical communication.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectral feature modeling with graph signal processing for brain connectivity in autism spectrum disorder.","authors":"Ayesha Jabbar, Huang Jianjun, Muhammad Kashif Jabbar, Khalil Ur Rehman, Anas Bilal","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06489-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06489-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition associated with disrupted brain connectivity. Traditional graph-theoretical approaches have been widely employed to study ASD biomarkers; however, these methods are often limited to static topological measures and lack the capacity to capture spectral characteristics of brain activity, especially in multimodal data settings. This limits their ability to model dynamic neural interactions and reduces their diagnostic precision. To overcome these limitations, we propose a Graph Signal Processing (GSP)-based framework that integrates spectral-domain features with topological descriptors to model brain connectivity more comprehensively. Using publicly available fMRI and EEG datasets, we construct subject-specific connectivity graphs where nodes represent brain regions and edges encode functional interactions. We extract advanced GSP features such as Graph Fourier Transform coefficients, spectral entropy, and clustering coefficients, and combine them using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). These are classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel. The proposed model achieves 98.8% classification accuracy, significantly outperforming prior multimodal GSP studies. Feature ablation analysis reveals that spectral entropy contributes most to this improvement, with its removal resulting in a nearly 30% performance drop. Additionally, a 25% sparsity threshold in graph construction was found to maximize both robustness and computational efficiency. These findings demonstrate that incorporating frequency-domain information through GSP enables a more discriminative and biologically meaningful representation of ASD-related neural patterns, offering a promising direction for accurate diagnosis and biomarker discovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22933"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic differential equation modeling approach for grading astrocytomas on brain MRI images.","authors":"Mahsa Raisi-Nafchi, Mahnoosh Tajmirriahi, Hossein Rabbani, Zahra Amini","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06144-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06144-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Astrocytomas are among the most prevalent primary brain tumors and are classified into four grades by the World Health Organization. Accurate grading is essential for guiding treatment, as therapeutic strategies depend heavily on tumor grade. This paper presents a new preoperative classification method for astrocytomas, addressing the issue of data scarcity in medical imaging. This work leverages an advanced statistical modeling approach based on stochastic differential equations to analyze post-contrast T1-weighted brain MRI images that require minimal data and offer rapid processing times. In this method, the alpha-stable nature of MRI images is represented by applying a fractional Laplacian filter, and the parameters of the resulting alpha-stable distribution are fed to classifiers to detect the grade of astrocytomas. The method is implemented in both 1D and 2D processing modes, with customized preprocessing for each. Three classification algorithms were evaluated: support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and random forest. In the three-class classification task (Grades II-IV), the support vector machine exhibited superior performance, achieving accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.49%, 98.42%, and 99.23% in 2D mode, and 93.52%, 93.23%, and 96.72% in 1D mode. The results indicate that the proposed framework has the potential to significantly enhance preoperative grading of astrocytomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22835"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-dose radiotherapy is more effective than fractionation when combined with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in glioblastoma.","authors":"Carolina Cocito, Mylene Branchtein, Xi Kathy Zhou, Tatyana Gongora, Nadia Dahmane, Jeffrey Peter Greenfield","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06909-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06909-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common adult primary brain tumor, has an average survival of only 15-18 months. Recently, the combination of immune checkpoint blockers paired with radiotherapy has shown promise in preclinical murine GBM models. Human clinical trials have largely failed. One reason for this may be the discrepancy between radiation protocols utilized in preclinical models versus clinical practice. For translational relevance, defining correct and comparable radiation dosages and schedules to achieve optimal synergy with immunotherapeutic drugs, is essential. We used the GL261-based syngeneic mouse GBM model to compare the effects of two radiation regimens on tumor cell growth and survival. We assessed the in vivo effects of a single dose of 10 Gy (10Gyx1) or five consecutive doses of 2 Gy (2Gyx5) on the tumor immune microenvironment over time and compared their efficacy when combined with anti-PD-1 in vivo. Our data show that the 10Gyx1 regimen is more effective than 2Gyx5 at inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and growth in vitro and in vivo. Both regimens preserved the antigen-presenting ability of both dendritic cells and local microglia, but 10Gyx1 led to the highest lymphocyte infiltration. The combination of radiation with the checkpoint blocker anti-PD-1 was advantageous for both radiation regimens with animals treated with the 10Gyx1 regimen surviving the longest. Our study highlights how radiation regimen choices may impact the translation of preclinical findings, and in particular, the effects of radiation and immunotherapy in GBM. This work and literature data on the effects of positive hypofractionation in human GBM patients suggest that applying fewer, higher-dose radiation fractions may benefit GBM patients and lead to tumoricidal effects without sacrificing favorable anti-tumor immune responders.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22910"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on freeze-thaw damage of surface and pore structure of steam cured concrete.","authors":"Jialin Chen, Zhifan He, Shoukai Chen, Phu Minh Vuong Nguyen, Jinping Liu, Haoke Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06958-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06958-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study of freeze-thaw (F-T) damage of steam cured concrete (SCC) plays a positive role in promoting the development of prefabricated technology in water conservancy project construction and construction industrialization in cold areas. This study aims to investigate and provide a better understanding of the surface damage pattern and pore structure of SCC. In this paper, a 3D scanner was used to scan the surface topography of SCC under five conditions of F-T (the number of F-T was 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 respectively), and the spatial distribution of point cloud data generated by scanning results was analyzed, and surface roughness was introduced to quantify the damage effect of F-T cycle on the surface of SCC. The results show that the fluctuation range of point cloud data increases from 0-0.15 mm to 0-0.93 mm with the increase of F-T cycles. The F-T cycles result in the continuous deterioration of the surface of SCC, and surface roughness increases from 0.097 mm to 0.899 mm, and the development law basically conforms to the exponential growth law. In addition, the pore structure parameters of SCC under different F-T cycles were obtained based on X-ray computed tomography technology (XCT). It was found that the pore size and porosity increased with the increase of F-T cycles, and the growth rates ranged from 3.41% to 19.69% and 29.29% to 41.85%, respectively. The pore numbers showed a decreasing trend, with the decreasing rate ranging from 2.56% to 11.56%. It is also found that the inhomogeneity of pore space distribution caused by F-T cycles may be one of the main reasons affecting the mechanical properties of SCC. On this basis, the surface fractal dimension and volume fractal dimension of SCC pores were calculated respectively, and they were used to evaluate the F-T damage degree of SCC under different F-T cycles. The results revealed that there is a linear relationship between fractal dimension and F-T cycles. When the fractal dimension is used to characterize the F-T damage degree of SCC, the result of the volume fractal dimension is better than the surface fractal dimension.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature abuse and Salmonella Typhimurium colonization disrupt the indigenous bacterial communities of pasteurized bovine milk over time.","authors":"Greeshma Bharathan, Balamurugan Sadaiappan, Bismi Phasaludheen, Dema Alneyadi, Sunil Mundra, Shabarinath Srikumar","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-06838-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06838-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even though the population structure of the bovine milk residential bacterial population is known, the alterations in the population structure associated with food safety issues, such as temperature abuse/pathogen colonization, are unknown. Here, alterations of the bacterial population, either incubated at 37 °C (temperature abuse) or inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (pathogen colonization), were characterized using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. At zero hour, the bacterial population of milk primarily constituted of Firmicutes and Thermi. Of the 218 genera identified, Thermus (37%) and Streptococcus (34%) were the most dominant. The 12-h incubation at 37 °C replaced almost 96% of the population by Firmicutes, exemplified by a remarkable increase in the abundance of the genus Bacillus. Concurrently, only 36 genera survived, with an abundance of Bacillus, which showed a 98-fold increase during the 12-h incubation. Similarly, only 150 genera remained after 12 h in Salmonella-inoculated milk. Both temperature abuse and Salmonella inoculation significantly reduce bacterial diversity and richness. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis between the control and Salmonella inoculated samples was significantly distinct at all times, confirming alterations in the bacterial population during Salmonella colonization. Even though the load of Firmicutes increased temporally, bacteria belonging to the genera Bacillus, Macrococcus, and Serratia genera were depleted in Salmonella inoculated milk samples. Taken together, both experimental conditions, viz. temperature abuse and Salmonella contamination, demonstrated a significant drop in residential milk bacterial diversity. This general drop in bacterial diversity could allow Salmonella to occupy and colonize the milk matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal variation of leaf nutrient retranslocation in exotic and indigenous tree species in Zagros forests, Iran.","authors":"Mahnaz Karamian, Javad Mirzaei, Mehdi Heydari, Yahya Kooch, Daniel C-F S Dey","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09125-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09125-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plantations in degraded forest areas in arid and semi-arid regions play a vital role in restoring ecosystems, controlling erosion, and supporting local livelihoods. However, little is known about how exotic and native tree species influence nutrient dynamics in soil and foliage, particularly regarding nutrient retranslocation. This study evaluated seasonal variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and nutrient retranslocation patterns over a 6-month period (early April to late September) in 30-year-old plantations of two exotic needleleaf species (Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica) and two indigenous broadleaf species (Amygdalus scoparia, Quercus brantii). The findings revealed significant differences among species groups. Broadleaf species generally exhibited higher concentrations of leaf nutrients (such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and lower C: N ratios than needleleaf species. Seasonal effects were evident, with leaf nutrient content generally higher in spring than in summer. The order of nutrient retranslocation was as follows: Ca < C < K < Mg < N < P. Further analysis using principal components highlighted the differences between broadleaf and needleleaf plantations in terms of soil and leaf nutrient status. These findings suggest that, due to its native status and greater contribution to soil fertility, Q. brantii is a suitable choice for reforestation in similarly degraded environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22505"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Syringic acid loaded chitosan nanoparticles mitigate glycation associated oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperglycaemic rat model.","authors":"Andleeb Rasheed, Sairah Hafeez Kamran, Misbah Hameed, Farhan Siddique, Sumera Latif, Mehvish Bibi, Roha Rizwan","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-05469-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05469-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syringic acid (SA), a phenolic compound, is found naturally in several plants, fruits, and vegetables and has numerous therapeutic attributes. The objective of the research was to investigate the possible impact of syringic acid nanoparticles (SANPs) on hyperglycemia, particularly in relation to advanced glycation end products, reactive oxygen species, and inflammation. SANPs were prepared by ionic gelation method and characterized. Rats were divided into 5 groups, normal control, high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), HFFD + metformin (120 mg/kg), HFFD + SA (30 mg/kg) and HFFD + SANPs (15 mg/kg). Rats showed a remarkable decrease in body weight (↓31.61%) and fasting blood glucose levels (↓62.63%) in HFFD + SANPs group. The HbA1c decreased from 5.8 ± 0.05% in HFFD to 4.4 ± 0.12% in HFFD + SA and 4.1 ± 0.16% in HFFD + SANPs treatment groups. The administration of SANPs resulted in a considerable improvement (p < 0.001) in the activity of glyoxalase-1 (Glo1, 0.19 ± 0.003 U/mg protein), glyoxalase-2 (Glo2, 0.14 ± 0.002 U/mg protein) and hexokinase-2 (29.19 ± 2.24 ng/dL). There was a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels along with increased glutathione (GSH), superoxide-dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity. The in-silico analysis indicated potential binding affinities with hexokinase 2 (-5.4), IL-6 (-5.7), catalase (-5.8), MDA (-5.4) and GSH (-5.1). Furthermore, these interventions resulted in enhancements in the plasma concentrations of lipid profile components as well as improvements in liver function tests and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-8 and NF-κB. Utilization of SANPs holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating hyperglycemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The characteristics and polarization effects in AlInGaN barrier GaN MISHEMT with various compositions of group III elements.","authors":"Catherine Langpoklakpam, Chang-Ching Tu, Edward Yi Chang, Chun-Hsiung Lin, Hao Chung Kuo","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-02995-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02995-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the impact of varying compositions of Al_xIn_yGa_zN barrier layers on the performance of Al_xIn_yGa_zN/GaN Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistors (MISHEMTs) using Sentaurus TCAD simulation. By systematically increasing the compositions of Al and In and decreasing the Ga composition of the Al_xIn_yGa_zN layer, we maintained the lattice-matched conditions with GaN and explored the effects of compositions on channel charge, drain current, and threshold voltages. Under the lattice-matching conditions, it was shown that the Al_xIn_yGa_zN barrier with higher Al/In and lower Ga exhibited significantly enhanced channel charges and drain current while making threshold voltages more negative. Additionally, the influence of Al_xIn_yGa_zN layer thickness was studied. Subsequently, we analyzed the electrical characteristics of Al_xIn_yGa_zN/GaN MISHEMT based on systematically changing the compositions of each group III element. The lattice mismatch-related piezoelectric polarization was also taken into consideration. Our results indicate that total polarization increases as Al composition increases; however, the total polarization decreases as In composition increases. Notably, the change in total polarization looked slightly stronger by varying In composition compared to Al. Furthermore, we compared the charge density and band structures of MISHEMT heterostructures with and without the AlN spacer layer. The inclusion of an AlN spacer layer was found to enhance carrier confinement and reduce the dependence of charge density on composition due to the presence of large polarization between the barrier layer and channel layer. These findings highlight the importance of precise material composition control in optimizing MISHEMT performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":21811,"journal":{"name":"Scientific Reports","volume":"15 1","pages":"22970"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144544673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}