Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Mathematical modelling and experimental validation of an ultrasonic linear actuator","authors":"Aman Raj,&nbsp;Basudeba Behera","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents a novel approach to the optimisation and experimental validation of a linear surface acoustic wave (SAW) actuator, emphasising advanced measurement techniques. The SAW-driven actuator comprises a stator and a slider. The stator is made of a 128° rotated, Y-cut, X-propagated LiNbO₃ piezoelectric substrate with comb-structured aluminium electrodes as interdigital transducers (IDT) patterned at both ends of the surface, called the delay line. The slider made of silicon material is placed on the active area of the delay line with an initial preload. A unique measurement methodology was employed to analyse the influence of preload and friction on the slider's motion, optimising key influential parameters such as preload force (5 mN) and coefficient of friction (0.45) for smooth actuation. This work integrates single-point and multipoint contact of the slider with the stator, which is analysed through a Multiphysics simulation environment, enabling precise tracking of the slider’s displacement and velocity in vertical and horizontal directions. A microfabricated MEMS SAW actuator was developed to validate the numerical predictions, and its electrical and mechanical properties were experimentally characterised using state-of-the-art measurement techniques. MATLAB and COMSOL simulations provided insights into the actuator’s response, which were subsequently validated by the movement of the slider. The experimental results confirmed that the slider achieved a steady-state speed of 0.3 m/s or more with a Rayleigh wave of 13.5 MHz and an amplitude of 12 nm. This study establishes an optimised balance between preload and friction for efficient motion, contributing to the miniaturisation of SAW actuators for applications of micromirror movement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117012"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144911543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-chip intelligent terahertz sensing platform for real-time intelligent biochemical identification","authors":"Yusa Chen ,&nbsp;Xincheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Hongshun Sun ,&nbsp;Yunhao Cao ,&nbsp;Dingbang Liu ,&nbsp;Lijun Ma ,&nbsp;Liye Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Mingyao Gao ,&nbsp;Xiwen Huang ,&nbsp;Wengang Wu ,&nbsp;Guozhong Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a groundbreaking on-chip intelligent terahertz (THz) sensing platform for real-time biochemical identification, integrating THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) with a low-power, embedded deep learning system based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip. Utilizing a hardware-software co-design approach, the platform deploys a custom-designed deep convolutional neural network model (DCNNM) onto an FPGA chip. This integration enables the real-time, high-specificity identification of 12 distinct biochemical compounds, including amino acids, proteins, and saccharides, achieving a remarkable accuracy of 96.67 % with a sub-second latency of 320 ms per spectrum. Critically, the platform overcomes the challenge of identifying spectrally ambiguous substances lacking distinct THz peaks (e.g., proteins and saccharides) through the proposed DCNNM's advanced feature extraction capabilities, demonstrating transformative potential for point-of-care diagnostics and drug screening. The optimized DCNNM architecture, featuring only 14.7 million parameters, ensures efficient FPGA implementation. The entire system operates at an ultra-low power consumption of 2.97 W, eliminating reliance on offline processing and enabling truly portable, embedded analysis. This innovative approach offers a powerful solution for medical diagnostics, drug screening, and biochemical research, providing a rapid, intelligent, and highly accurate method for biochemical substance identification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117020"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of gold nanoparticles@graphene-modified electrode for improving the electrical performance of micro electrical impedance tomography instrument","authors":"Zahra Rezanejad Gatabi ,&nbsp;Javad Gatabi ,&nbsp;Mehri Mirhoseini","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the critical influence of electrode interfacial properties on micro–electrical impedance tomography (Micro-EIT) system performance, we report a novel nanostructured electrode fabricated by one-step electrochemical co-electrodeposition of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto graphene nanosheets. The resulting AuNPs@graphene-modified electrode exhibits a 2.1-fold increase in electroactive surface area compared to bare gold electrodes, along with a 62 % increase in double-layer capacitance and a 47 % decrease in charge transfer resistance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms these enhancements, which correlate with significantly reduced impedance magnitude at frequencies above 50 kHz, measured by our lab-built Micro-EIT system. Integration of the modified electrodes with biological tissue (mouse liver) samples demonstrates improved electrical conductivity and stability, validating their suitability for high-frequency Micro-EIT imaging applications. These results underscore the synergistic effects of AuNPs and graphene in enhancing electrode performance for biomedical impedance imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement of bimetallic motors under chemical magnetism force","authors":"Boris Kichatov ,&nbsp;Vladimir Sudakov ,&nbsp;Alexey Korshunov","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Motors are devices that are capable of converting various forms of energy into kinetic energy of their motion. Surface forces can play an important role in the movement of motors. One type of surface force is the force of chemical magnetism. If a loop with current occurs during redox reactions on the surface of a bimetallic swimmer, then a force acts on it in a non-uniform magnetic field. The nature of this force is in no way related to the magnetic properties of the material from which the swimmer is made but is determined by the action of the Lorentz force on moving charges in a magnetic field. Here we demonstrate various methods for controlling the speed and orientation of bimetallic swimmers that move under chemical magnetism force. The results of the study show that depending on the mutual direction of the magnetic force and the force of chemical magnetism chemical reactions can contribute to both acceleration and deceleration of the swimmer in a non-uniform magnetic field. By changing the concentration and type of electrolyte, the type of metals from which the swimmer is made, and the pH of the solution, it is possible to control the orientation and speed of the swimmer. These results open up new possibilities for the direct conversion of the chemical energy of the “fuel” into the kinetic energy of moving motors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117019"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive vibrational spectroscopy using complementary split-ring resonators","authors":"Yu-Han Chang ,&nbsp;Yuan-Hsiang Hsieh ,&nbsp;Jyun-Xiang Chen ,&nbsp;Jih-Hsin Liu ,&nbsp;Watson Kuo","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A 3 GHz complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) has been experimentally validated for highly sensitive and high-speed vibration detection. This sensor achieves a motion sensitivity of 0.2 nm/Hz^0.5, enabling real-time sensing of sub-micrometer oscillations in suspended polyimide and buckypaper membranes. Furthermore, we have successfully developed a platform for vibrational spectroscopy based on this detector, allowing for precise identification of mechanical resonance frequencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117021"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An elliptic gauge-inspired piezoelectric energy harvester for wind turbines","authors":"Fugang Dong ,&nbsp;Yuqiao Zheng ,&nbsp;Chenglong Shi ,&nbsp;Yongyong Cao ,&nbsp;Yanqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work proposes a novel piezoelectric energy harvester inspired by an elliptical gauge design, capable of efficiently capturing mechanical energy from ultra-low frequency and horizontal directional vibrations in wind turbines and converting it into electrical energy to wirelessly power low-power sensors. The elliptic gauge-inspired piezoelectric energy harvester (EGPEH) comprises a cross-shaped sliding rail, permanent magnets, and the piezoelectric beam (PB), with the system’s dynamics incorporating the combined effects of magnetic force and geometric nonlinearity in the pre-buckled state of PB. A comprehensive dynamic model is developed using the energy method and Lagrange equations, validated through numerical analysis and experimental testing. The motion characteristics and power generation performance of the system are investigated within the first modal frequency range (0.4 Hz to 0.7 Hz) of wind turbines. The effect of the size parameters on the electrical performance of the device under wind turbine operating conditions is investigated through parametric analysis of the system. The results indicate that EGPEH can generate up to 980.3 µW peak output power in the optimal configuration. This work provides a promising method for harvesting energy from ultra-low frequency and horizontal direction vibrations, and has potential application value in powering low-power sensors in wind turbines and other infrastructures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117011"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144989266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacuum-assisted Electrochemotherapy: A Promising Secure Method for Intraoperative Cavity Site Margin Therapy","authors":"Hamed Abadijoo ,&nbsp;Farshid Rostami Pouria ,&nbsp;Navid Manoochehri ,&nbsp;Majid Hasanloo ,&nbsp;Mohammad Ali Khayamian ,&nbsp;Hossein Simaee ,&nbsp;Mostafa Bashiri ,&nbsp;Seyed Mojtaba Yazdanparast ,&nbsp;Seyed Rouhollah Miri ,&nbsp;Habibollah Mahmoodzadeh ,&nbsp;Mohammad Abdolahad","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breast cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women globally, with approximately 2.3 million new cases annually. The standard treatment for early-stage breast cancer primarily involves breast-conserving therapy (BCT), aiming to excise the tumor along with a margin of normal tissue. Despite the precision of BCT, microscopic residual disease at the surgical margins poses a significant challenge, leading to local recurrence and metastasis if not addressed. Effective adjuvant therapies, such as whole breast radiation therapy (WBRT) and systemic treatments like chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy, are critical in minimizing recurrence and improving patient outcomes. However, these therapies come with significant side effects, impacting patients' quality of life. Recent advancements, including accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), offer more localized treatment options but present challenges such as high costs and specialized infrastructure requirements. Electroporation-based methods, particularly electrochemotherapy (ECT), represent promising alternatives. ECT enhances drug delivery and induces cell death through electric pulses, offering a targeted approach with minimal systemic side effects. Innovations in electrode design, such as grid electrodes and image-guided insertion, have improved the efficacy of ECT for larger and internal tumors. Here, a novel vacuum-based electrode has been developed to enhance intra-operative ECT of surgically sensitive cavity site margins. This design ensures secure margin therapy by maintaining proper electrical contact through negative pressure. Finite element simulations and experimental models demonstrate the electrode's effectiveness in maximizing the ablation area while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Preliminary results in animal models show a 98 % reduction in remaining tumor volume and prevention of metastasis. Unlike prior ECT applications that have focused on superficial or accessible tumors, this work is the first to adapt and optimize vacuum-assisted electrochemotherapy (Vac-ECT) for intraoperative non-thermal ablation of surgical cavity site margins, overcoming the limitations of conventional electrodes in the ablation of surgically sensitive/inaccessible regions and providing a practical alternative to infrastructure-heavy methods such as IORT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117016"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity enhancement and thermal compensation of LSPR-based optical fibre refractive index sensor using annealing of Au nanoparticles","authors":"Soroush Rostami,&nbsp;Mohammad Ismail Zibaii,&nbsp;Mohammad-Mahdi Babakhani-Fard,&nbsp;Azam Layeghi,&nbsp;Hamid Latifi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plasmonic optical sensors are widely employed for various applications, including biomedical and chemical sensing. More accurate and precise detection can be achieved by ameliorating sensitivity and compensating for unwanted environmental interfering parameters, including temperature dependency. The present study demonstrates the effect of low annealing temperatures on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in flat tip fiber (FTF) sensors, which enhances the refractive index (RI) sensitivity and thermal compensation. The RI sensitivity of the sensor was measured in the range of 1.3332 RIU to 1.3604 RIU, and temperature sensitivity was measured in the range of 20℃ to 50℃ for annealed fiber optic probs at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C, and an unannealed prob. Temperature-induced morphological changes of the properties of NPs in FTF-LSPR can significantly increase the RI sensitivity by approximately 134.4 %, improve the figure of merit (FOM) by around 487.5 %, and decrease the limit of detection (LOD) by about 60.2 %. Also, temperature annealing leads to thermal compensation of the LSPR sensor, making these sensors particularly suitable for biosensing applications and label-free detection. Furthermore, annealing at 300°C induced NP fusion, generating distinctive plasmonic characteristics by demonstrating transverse and longitudinal resonance modes, forming dual-dips spectral features with high potential applications in dual-sensing of RI and temperature for biosensing platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117015"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication techniques and design considerations for fabric-based wearable soft systems and actuators","authors":"Hermela Ejegu ,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Jiang ,&nbsp;Tawasul Mohammed Ali Babeker ,&nbsp;Charles Kumah ,&nbsp;Mengdi Xu ,&nbsp;Esubalew Kasaw Gebeyehu ,&nbsp;Direselgn Molla Semanie ,&nbsp;Guangniao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fabric-Based Soft Wearable Systems (FBSWS) have emerged as a transformative technology for motion tracking, offering exceptional adaptability, non-invasiveness, and versatility. With growing applications in clinical assessment, sports performance analysis, and motion capture systems, FBSWS holds significant potential for real-world implementation. However, its broader adoption is hindered by challenges such as limited tracking precision, material stability, and reproducibility in fabrication. This review systematically examines state-of-the-art FBSWS systems, covering multi-dimensional design approaches, including 1-dimensional (fiber/yarn), 2-dimensional (fabric), and 3-dimensional (textile-integrated) configurations. Fabrication techniques such as coating, electrospinning, chemical deposition, knitting, weaving, and lamination are critically analyzed, focusing on their structural performance, responsiveness, and scalability. The review explores FBSWS applications in wearable health monitoring, rehabilitation, and interactive textiles, evaluating tracking methodologies, material properties, and performance metrics. Key advantages and limitations in practical deployment scenarios are discussed, emphasizing the need for improved precision, material durability, and reproducible fabrication strategies. Finally, future directions highlight advanced experimental designs, such as hybrid sensing systems and multi-functional material compositions that integrate conductivity and responsiveness for enhanced tracking accuracy. Emphasis is placed on scalable fabrication methodologies to enhance real-world applicability, reliability, and performance in movement tracking and related fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117013"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IoT based hybrid optical-wireless microstructured optical fiber sensor network for cadmium ions detection","authors":"Husam Abduldaem Mohammed Asst. Prof. ,&nbsp;Mohd Hanif Yaacob Prof.","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly in recent years across several industries, most notably environment monitoring, healthcare, and architecture. A network of various devices is connected by IoT. A smart environment monitoring system that maintains electronic contamination in water records and offers real-time monitoring is required. An IoT based remote monitoring optical fiber sensor network is proposed and developed. The user is notified via the internet anywhere. A reflective taper-in-etch standard single mode fiber (TiESSMF) sensing platform is used for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) remote detection in aqueous solutions and is integrated with IoT. A 2 cm long sensing platform was chemically etched with 40 µm diameter, then tapered over a 1 cm length within the etched region with a 13 µm waist diameter. Palladium/graphite nanofiber (Pd/Gnf) nanocomposite is deposited on the TiESSMF via drop-casting technique to increase its sensitivity to ambient changes. The sensor is evaluated using a solution containing Cd(II) ions with a concentration range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm) at room temperature. The concentrations of the Cd(II) solution are adjusted to alter the refractive index of the solution and, accordingly, the optical properties of the nanocomposite change. The optical power fluctuates due to the measurement. The sensor's values were 0.0619 dBm/ppm, 22 s for sensitivity, and response time, respectively, and 36 s for recovery time. ESP-32 controller was used to process the data of Cd(II) ions concentrations and IoT purposes. With this system, the user can monitor Cd(II) concentration and receive notifications remotely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}