Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Modulated ultrasound speakers – A common framework for analyzing air pump speakers","authors":"Sagi Chen ,&nbsp;Mikkel Harteg ,&nbsp;Moti Margalit","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this article we describe a new approach to sound generation based on active modulation of ultrasound. Active modulation of ultrasound provides an alternative to dynamic drivers and enables to reduce the size and volume of speakers. This feat in apparent contradiction to basic acoustics. In the article we provide for the first time an explanation of the underlying physics of modulated ultrasound speakers using a holistic lumped element model. Using the model, we explore different archiectures and highlight an archicture providing maximal sound pressure level for a given membrane area and displacement. Devices implementing the architecture were fabricated using MEMS technology. The sound pressure level response of the fabricated devices is compared to simulations highlighting the unique properties of the modulated ultrasound speakers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116086"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified trident-shaped electrode design for particle lateral position detection in microfluidic impedance flow cytometry","authors":"Yunhao Peng,&nbsp;Bruck K. Gale,&nbsp;Marc D. Porter,&nbsp;Ling Zang,&nbsp;Himanshu J. Sant","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116062","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modified trident-shaped planar electrodes were developed for the detection of particles and their lateral positions inside a microfluidic flow channel. The electrodes generated time-of-flight measurements of individual moving particles in the form of a double peak, where each peak varies in amplitude and duration depending on particle trajectories. The amplitude ratio of the two peaks indicates the lateral positions of particles when crossing the electrode pairs. In particular, the ratio is 1 for particles near the channel centerline, &gt;1 for particles displaced laterally to one-half of the channel, and &lt; 1 for particles to the opposite half. This was confirmed by numerical simulations and detection of microspheres (6 – 10<!--> <!-->µm ø) using proposed electrodes embedded in a polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. The device could count individual microspheres at a rate of at least 1151 per minute while identifying microspheres of the same material but differing in size based on peak amplitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116062"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-powered photodetector with GeSe/WS2/MoS2 van der Waals heterojunctions","authors":"ZHANG Yongzhi,&nbsp;HE Xunjun","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-dimensional transition metal compounds and their heterojunction devices have been proven to have significant application value in the photodetector fields. With the deepening of energy-saving concepts, the self-powered photodetectors have undeniable advantages, including the requirement of no external power supply and strong environmental adaptability. However, most existing self-powered photodetectors suffer from the structure degradation, thereby resulting in slow response speed and low responsivity. Here, we report a self-powered GeSe/WS₂/MoS₂ photodetector with vertical van der Waals heterojunctions prepared by mechanical exfoliation. Such unique structure can not only effectively avoid the performance degradation or even failure caused by GeSe oxidation but also exhibit sensitive anisotropy and high rectification ratio. In the self-powered mode, the experimentally fabricated device shows the switching ratio of 3.2×10³, the dark current of 1.1×10^-13A, the responsivity of 14<!--> <!-->mA/W, the external quantum efficiency of 4.1%, the detectivity of 7.3×10⁸ Jones, and rise and fall time of 2.4 ms and 5.2 ms, respectively. In continuous high-frequency switching, moreover, the device can also operate stably. Therefore, such multi-heterojunctions provide new ideas for the designs of multifunctional self-powered photodetectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116080"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid refractive index measurements using cavity in silicon via near-infrared interferometry","authors":"Taeyeong Kim,&nbsp;Minwoo Choi,&nbsp;Bong Jae Lee,&nbsp;Jungchul Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Refractive index, a key parameter of the optical properties of materials, is sensitive to the purity and concentration of liquids, making it a promising measure for monitoring various physical, chemical or biological processes. The refractive index of liquids is commonly measured using methods such as refractometry or interferometry, which are accurate but require relatively large sample volume and are limited in real-time measurement. Microfluidic devices have been proposed to handle small sample volume and provide real-time analysis, but they often require waveguide integration, which complicates the overall device design and fabrication. Here, we present a novel platform that integrates a self-assembled cavity in silicon with near-infrared (NIR) interferometry to measure the refractive indices of small volume liquids without the use of waveguides. Once a liquid is injected into the cavity beneath a thin silicon membrane through parallel circular fluidic ports, scanning is performed perpendicular to the silicon membrane and the cavity and acquires the sample-specific interferogram. After measuring five different pure liquids, the interface between immiscible mineral oil and DI water injected sequentially into the cavity is also detected with a refractive index contour. In addition, the NaCl concentration in DI water is successfully obtained with the refractive index measurement. Our refractive index measurements are accurate within 0.5% of the reported values.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116078"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-polarized cellulose nanofiber-reinforced PVDF-based piezoelectric composites via direct-ink-writing 3D printing for pressure sensing and energy harvesting","authors":"Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Ping Huang ,&nbsp;Shunjian Xu ,&nbsp;Xiao Chen ,&nbsp;Kai Fu ,&nbsp;Jinbo Li ,&nbsp;Hao Liu ,&nbsp;Wenxiang Xue ,&nbsp;Kaixin Shao ,&nbsp;Shupeng Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With their unique physicochemical properties, PVDF-based piezoelectric materials demonstrate significant potential in various fields. Nevertheless, their benign piezoelectric performance is usually obtained through polarization post-treatment after material formation. In this study, a self-polarized direct-ink-writing (DIW) 3D printing strategy is proposed for one-step fabrication of high-performance PVDF/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) piezoelectric composites with low energy consumption. Under the synergistic effects of shear/stretching from DIW and hydrogen bonding between PVDF and CNF, α-phase PVDF undergoes gauche-trans conformational transformation into β phase. And then β-phase PVDF is dragged by high aspect ratio CNF into bead-like small crystals to form a multilayered oriented structure, resulting in abundant oriented dipole moments. PVDF/CNF composites with different weight ratios are printed using this strategy, and the results show that the composite film with 5 wt% CNF content exhibits the best piezoelectric performance. Without additional polarization treatment, it achieves a sensitivity of 103 mV/N, 2.2 times higher than conventional cast films. The composite also demonstrates good linear response and durability, meeting the requirements for human motion monitoring and mechanical energy harvesting. This work has opened up new avenues for the efficient and low-energy fabrication of flexible wearable and energy-harvesting devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116084"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visual edge feature detection and guidance under 3D interference: A case study on deep groove edge features for manufacturing robots with 3D vision sensors","authors":"Zidong Wu ,&nbsp;Hong Lu ,&nbsp;Yongquan Zhang ,&nbsp;He Huang ,&nbsp;Zhi Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xu Feng ,&nbsp;Yongjie He ,&nbsp;Yongjing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For manufacturing robots equipped with 3D vision sensors, the presence of environmental interference significantly impedes the precision of edge extraction. Existing edge feature extraction methods often enhance adaptability to interference at the expense of final extraction precision. This paper introduces a novel 3D visual edge detection method that ensures greater precision while maintaining adaptability, capable of addressing various forms of interference in real manufacturing scenarios. To address the challenge, data-driven and traditional visual approaches are integrated. Deep groove edge feature extraction and guidance tasks are used as a case study. R-CNN and improved OTSU algorithm with adaptive threshold are combined to identify groove features. Subsequently, a scale adaptive average slope sliding window algorithm is devised to extract groove edge points, along with a corresponding continuity evaluation algorithm. Real data is used to validate the performance of the proposed method. The experiment results show that the average error in processing interfered data is 0.29 mm, with an average maximum error of 0.54 mm, exhibiting superior overall performance and precision compared to traditional and data-driven methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116082"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-assembled electrically conductive biocompatible CNF wiring enables 3D-printed microfluidics applications","authors":"Michael Krause ,&nbsp;Analise Marshall ,&nbsp;Jeffrey K. Catterlin ,&nbsp;Emil Kartalov","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emerging field of 3D-printed conductive microfluidics has a range of impactful applications, such as flexible electronics, biomedical diagnostic devices, artificial muscles, actuators, and biofuel cells. Using 3D printing for the related devices solves many problems and offers significant manufacturing advantages. At the same time it poses the unsolved problem when attempting to built electrical wiring into the print, because conductive/non-conductive hybrid 3D-printing using PolyJet technology remains outside reach. To circumvent this problem, we offer an alternative solution based on turning 3D-printed embedded microfluidic channels into electric wiring, by iteratively filling the microchannels with conductive carbon nanofibers (CNFs) suspended in organic solvent, then heating the devices to evaporate the solvent, thereby depositing the CNFs. Herein, we present the experimental procedure and the consecutive electrical measurements that establish an experimental proof-of-principle for the technique. For square microchannels of lateral size ranging from <span><math><mrow><mn>600</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>1080</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>, the effective electrical conductivity achieved was 20.5 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>3</mn><msup><mrow><mi>Sm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for hard chips and 9.6 <span><math><mrow><mo>±</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>4</mn><msup><mrow><mi>Sm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> for soft chips. This technique directly enables embedded wiring, a critical requirement for both electrostatic artificial muscles and benthic bacterial biofuel cells. More broadly, the technique enables 3D-printed actuators, flexible electronics, and biomedical devices requiring distributed embedded electric input and/or output. Hence, the presented development has high potential impact in multiple fields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116070"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezo-Ionic Actuator for Haptic Feedback","authors":"António Diogo André ,&nbsp;Indrani Coondoo ,&nbsp;Igor Bdikin ,&nbsp;Vinaya Kumar K.B. ,&nbsp;Rui M.R. Pinto ,&nbsp;Pedro Martins ,&nbsp;Majid Taghavi","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroactive polymers have received substantial attention for actuation because of their muscle-like actuation behaviour. These polymers are typically studied under ionic and electric classes based on their fundamental response mechanisms. In this study, a hybrid piezo-ionic actuator is developed and characterised by its electromechanical response to analyse the piezo-ionic synergistic effect in a cantilever beam actuation design. The piezo-ionic actuator was developed using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) combined with an [Pmim][TFSI] ionic liquid (IL) filler. The addition of IL into the PVDF network promotes the formation of electroactive phases (<em>β</em> and <em>γ</em>), consequently enhancing the electromechanical response of PVDF while maintaining the characteristic fast response time of piezo materials. The IL also plasticize the PVDF polymer and increases its conductivity which also causes the electrical parameters to vary with frequency. It results in higher dielectric loss, energy storage and hysteresis in PVDF/IL responses. To evaluate the actuator performance, the force generated by the hybrid actuator is measured and a finger sleeve is designed for haptic feedback analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116038"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly sensitive fiber vector magnetic field sensor based on an open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer filled with magnetic fluid","authors":"Guiyu Wang ,&nbsp;Yao Wu ,&nbsp;Xinhang Guan ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Chen ,&nbsp;Xiujuan Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we proposed and demonstrated a highly sensitive fiber vector magnetic field sensor utilizing an open-cavity Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) filled with magnetic fluid. The MZI sensor was fabricated using large-offset splicing technique to form an open cavity, facilitating the easy introduction of magnetic fluid samples into the open cavity. The MZI sensor was then encapsulated in a glass capillary containing diluted magnetic fluid. As the applied magnetic field varies, the refractive index of the magnetic fluid undergoes a corresponding change, subsequently inducing a shift in the transmission spectrum of the MZI. By monitoring the wavelength shift of the transmission spectrum, we can accurately detect the intensity of the magnetic field. The proposed sensor can achieve vector magnetic field measurement because of the axially asymmetric open-cavity MZI. The maximum sensitivity to magnetic field direction is 0.260 nm/°. Notably, the proposed sensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity, reaching an value of −17.306 nm/mT within the range of 4 mT to 7 mT. In addition, a temperature sensitivity of 2.236 nm/℃ is obtained within the temperature range of 30 ℃ to 65 ℃. Given its advantages, including high sensitivity, compact size and low cost, our MZI sensor holds immense potential for diverse applications in magnetic field measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a polarization-neutral metamaterial absorber for efficient low-power EM energy harvesting","authors":"M. Amiri ,&nbsp;M. Abolhasan ,&nbsp;N. Shariati ,&nbsp;J. Lipman","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116055","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2024.116055","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using electromagnetic (EM) energy to run IoT devices requires a highly efficient energy harvester due to the extremely low-power EM signals. The primary obstacle in converting electromagnetic waves into a DC output lies in supplying adequate energy for non-linear rectification devices. This study introduces an exceptionally effective metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) characterized by stable absorption properties when confronted with waves of varying polarization and incident angles. A wideband full-wave rectifier has been designed to convert absorbed energy to DC output, benefiting the coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure. The rectifier shows more than 5 GHz bandwidth with a maximum of 65% efficiency. The larger receiver aperture associated with each rectifier leads to a 7.8 dBm power gain compared to the average available power at the surface of the energy harvester. The completed structure has been manufactured, and the robust agreement between the simulated and measured outcomes confirms the validity of the design process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"381 ","pages":"Article 116055"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}