Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Deviation and tearing detection method based on graphene-copper nanoparticle flexible strain sensor for conveyor belts","authors":"Pengfei Li ,&nbsp;Guangyuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Hongyue Chen ,&nbsp;Yangxi Bai ,&nbsp;Bo Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongchao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a flexible strain sensor with exceptional waterproof performance, achieved by incorporating copper nanoparticles into a graphene solution to form a highly efficient conductive network, thereby significantly enhancing the sensor's detection limit. Compared to conventional pure graphene-based conductive layers, this approach extends the sensor’s strain capability from 95 % to 120 % and improves its sensitivity, increasing the gauge factor from 21 to 72. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates outstanding stability, enduring 750 cycles of durability testing, and exhibits rapid dynamic response characteristics, with response and recovery times of 332 ms and 300 ms, respectively. Beyond wearable bio-monitoring applications, where it enables real-time detection and differentiation of various human motion patterns, the sensor also proves highly effective in industrial monitoring. Specifically, it shows great potential for intelligent conveyor belt monitoring, enabling the reliable detection of deviation and tearing failures. To achieve this, two sensor arrangements were designed and affixed to the belt surface to monitor deviation and tearing, respectively. As the sensors travel along with the belt over the idlers, strain changes in the belt are detected as voltage signals. In Arrangement 1, the sensors are positioned longitudinally, while in Arrangement 2, they are arranged laterally. When belt deviation or tearing occurs, Arrangement 1 or 2 detects abnormal strain variations accordingly. The sensor signals are processed using the STFT-2D-CNN algorithm, and the results demonstrate that the system can detect conveyor belt deviations and tearing failures with an accuracy of 96.893 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116803"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ag/Fe3O4@BG/Si Schottky type photodiodes for wide-range wavelengths","authors":"Adem Kocyigit ,&nbsp;Fatma Unal ,&nbsp;Dilber Esra Yıldız ,&nbsp;Murat Yıldırım","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The photodetectors can be used to detect light power intensity of sunlight or various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (UV to NIR). They are important parts of the various applications such as telecommunications, measurement and sensors systems. In this study, we synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles coated with 3 wt% and 5 wt% amount Zn doped bioactive glasses (BG) using a modified Stöber method to form core-shell structures. The core-shell nanoparticles were systematically characterized through X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy analyses. The synthesized Fe₃O₄@BG layers were employed as interfacial layers to fabricate Ag/Fe₃O₄@BG/Si heterostructure devices on n-Si and p-Si wafers. Current-voltage (<em>I-V</em>) and current-transient (<em>I-t</em>) measurements were performed on the devices by various light power densities and wavelengths. The various device parameters such as barrier height, ideality factor, series resistance were determined by different approximations and discussed in detail depending on light power density. In addition, various photodetector parameters such as responsivity, specific detectivity etc. were discussed in detail for various devices in the case of light power density and wide-range wavelengths values. The results highlight that the fabricated Fe₃O₄@BG/Si devices are promising candidates for optoelectronic applications, particularly in the detection of light over a wide range of wavelengths.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116807"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piezoresistive laser-induced graphene as a low-cost strain sensor for composite structures","authors":"Xue Chen ,&nbsp;Khong Wui Gan ,&nbsp;Suan Hui Pu ,&nbsp;Meisam Jalalvand ,&nbsp;Andrew R. Hamilton","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a versatile material with significant potential across diverse sensing applications owing to its excellent electrical conductivity and ease of synthesis. This study investigates the piezoresistive characteristics of LIG when embedded within glass fiber-reinforced composites as a low-cost strain sensor. Cyclic tensile tests were performed across varying strain ranges, revealing the presence of a critical strain point beyond which physical changes or damage in the internal conductive network of the LIG start to become significant. At low strains up to 0.2 %, the electrical resistance change in LIG shows a linear relationship with the applied strain, achieving a gauge factor up to 133. Further monotonic tensile tests at high strains revealed highly nonlinear behavior in piezoresistivity, which can be attributed to developed damage within the LIG microstructure. The nonlinear piezoresistivity can be approximated by a phenomenological model integrating geometric changes in the LIG and the random void model for describing the developed damage within the LIG network. The model provides insights into the piezoresistivity of the embedded LIG in a composite laminate and serves as a design tool for LIG strain sensors, underscoring its potential for structural health monitoring in composite materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116776"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144312564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of inhomogeneity in the distribution of electric current and magnetization on the characteristics of a barber-pole magnetic sensor","authors":"V.S. Shevtsov ,&nbsp;P.A. Polyakov","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analytical solution is found for the inhomogeneous two-dimensional distribution of electric current in a barber-pole magnetoresistive element. Based on this solution, the magnetoresistance of this element is calculated and compared with the experiment. It is shown that taking into account the features of current flow and the inhomogeneity of the magnetization distribution leads to good agreement with the measured characteristics of the magnetic sensor. At the same time, commonly used approximations can give significant discrepancies with the experiment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116808"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of uniform field coils with ferrite shielding considering coupling effects: An EDM approach","authors":"Yao Dou ,&nbsp;Kun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiujie Fang ,&nbsp;Yanan Gao ,&nbsp;Yangzhi Xue ,&nbsp;Mengchao Li ,&nbsp;Mengshi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Uniform field coils are indispensable components in the field of quantum precision measurement, especially in ultra-weak magnetic measurements, where the enhancement of field uniformity and the size of the uniform region are crucial. In achieving customized weak magnetic environments, the coupling effect between ferrite magnetic shielding and the coil's magnetic field is a major challenge in the high-precision design of uniform field coils. This paper analyzes the relationships between the coil-to-ferrite radius ratio, the number of coil pairs, the length-to-diameter ratio, and the uniformity of the coil's magnetic field. A design for uniform field coils using the equal division method (EDM) and the SNOPT algorithm is proposed, enabling the identification of optimal coil configurations tailored to specific geometric constraints. This method is verified through finite element simulation and experimental validation and applied to design axial uniform field coils for ferrite magnetic shielding barrels with radii of 90 mm and 110 mm. Experimental validation shows that coils designed using this method exhibit larger uniform regions and higher uniformity compared to traditional Lee-Whiting coils. Specifically, the uniformity in the target uniform region is improved by factors of 70 and 22.5 for the two coil sizes, respectively. The proposed design significantly reduces the complexity of the design process, minimizes reliance on approximate conditions, and takes into account the influence of ferrite magnetic shielding barrels on the coil's magnetic field uniformity. This advancement supports the construction of zero-magnetic-field environments and provides a practical foundation for balancing performance, noise minimization, and engineering feasibility in ultra-sensitive magnetic measurement applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116798"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved SAR method for RFID-based indoor position sensing","authors":"Gangyue Jin ,&nbsp;Zichen Chen ,&nbsp;Yingchao Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we propose an improved synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-based positioning method utilizing passive RFID (Radio frequency identification) tag as positioning sensor. This method enables precise target positioning by identifying the maximum probability point within the probability hologram derived from measured signal phases backscattered by the RFID tag mounted on the target object. To address measurement errors, an improved weighting method is employed to downplay oblique measurement results. Moreover, to mitigate the impact of multipath interference in indoor environment, an improved antenna trajectory is introduced based on the inherent properties of hyperbola probability curves. Theoretical analysis is conducted to demonstrate both the principle and feasibility of the proposed method, while real-world experiments validate its effectiveness in enhancing positioning accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116799"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermally synthesized molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes: structural, electrical, and antenna-based gas sensing characteristics","authors":"Onur Alev ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan ,&nbsp;Emel Tuğba Ertuğrul ,&nbsp;Selçuk Birdoğan ,&nbsp;Okan Özdemir ,&nbsp;Eda Goldenberg ,&nbsp;Michael Cheffena","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116756","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116756","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing demand for real-time, low-power, and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at room temperature (RT) presents a significant challenge for environmental monitoring. To address this, we propose a gas sensor platform that integrates molybdenum disulfide (MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>)-based nanostructures with an RF antenna transducer exhibiting wireless-like capabilities, offering a promising approach for next-generation sensing technologies. MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> nanostructures were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, and the impact of reaction duration on their structural and electrical properties was systematically investigated. The resulting nanostructures exhibited nanoflake (NF) morphology with an interatomic distance of 267 pm. X-ray diffraction confirmed the 2H–MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> phase, with improved crystallinity observed at longer reaction durations. FTIR analysis revealed Mo–S and Mo–O bonding, suggesting the coexistence of oxide phases alongside MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed the presence of MoO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, MoO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, and MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, with phase ratios influenced by reaction duration. The synthesized materials were applied as sensing layers on dual-functional antenna transducers compatible with wireless sensor networks. The MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>-based NF-coated sensor exhibited selective methanol detection in the 1000–8000 ppm range at RT, outperforming responses to other VOCs. Sensors with a higher MoS<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>/MoO<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> ratio showed a robust, linear response to methanol, achieving a detection limit of 57.5 ppm with excellent 30-day stability. Principal component analysis confirmed strong selectivity towards methanol, demonstrating effective VOC discrimination. This study highlights the critical role of the hydrothermal phase composition in tuning electrical performance and enhancing VOC detection for wireless sensing platforms based on RF antennas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116756"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144306350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical waveguide NH3 sensing properties and chemiresistive gas sensing behavior of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin","authors":"Gulimire Tuerdi ,&nbsp;Patima Nizamidin ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Chen ,&nbsp;Abliz Yimit","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116796","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116796","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>5,10,15,20-Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), a stable redox-active aromatic-conjugated macrocycle, has received much attention in gas sensing applications. Herein, using TPP as a sensitizer, we developed an optical waveguide (OWG) sensor and a chemiresistive gas sensor. Owing to the very small HOMO–LOMO energy level differences and low bandgap of TPP, the TPP thin-film/K⁺ -ion exchanged glass OWG sensor shows a reversible on–off response to NH₃ in the concentration range of 0.1–100 ppm and excellent reversibility, selectivity, and fast response–recovery time toward H₂S and amine gases. Meanwhile, the TPP chemiresistive gas sensor exhibits n-type semiconductor behavior for the measurement of H₂S and NO₂ gases with a high response and a fast response–recovery time. This study provides a reproducible sensor design for toxic gas detection and new insights into the relationship between the gas sensing mechanism of glass OWG thin films and chemiresistive sensing materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116796"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144279120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Broad measurement range CNT&TEM-Ecoflex flexible pressure-strain sensor with porous structure","authors":"Haoyu Song ,&nbsp;Tiantian Pang ,&nbsp;Haoxiang Zhao ,&nbsp;Weihua Meng ,&nbsp;Bo Yin ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flexible sensors have gained significant attention in wearable electronics. This is due to their lightweight nature and exceptional flexibility. These properties allow them to conform seamlessly to the contours of the target object. As a result, they enable precise measurement of mechanical parameters. These attributes position flexible sensors as a essential component in the development of wearable sensor technologies. This study introduces a novel wide-range pressure-strain sensor, termed CNT&amp;TEM-Ecoflex, which is based on an Ecoflex substrate integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and thermally expandable microspheres (TEMs), forming a porous structure. By optimizing the CNT-to-TEM ratio, we achieved a consistent Young’s modulus while enabling pressure detection over a broad range up to 600 kPa and strain detection up to 140 %. Additionally, the sensor’s performance in pressure-strain measurement was evaluated on a robotic gripper, highlighting its promising potential for applications in intelligent robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116788"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-high field MRI compatible electrical and optical neural interface","authors":"Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Song Le ,&nbsp;Aiping Wang ,&nbsp;Gege Zhan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyong Zhang ,&nbsp;Lihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongxue Gan ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neural electrical interfaces are important tools for local neural stimulation and recording, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the effective and non-invasive techniques for recording whole-brain signals. MRI-compatible neural interfaces combine two approaches to neural activity and is of great importance for the understanding of brain function. Therefore, it makes both requests on the magnetic and electronic performance of neural interfaces. Here, we developed MRI-compatible flexible neural interfaces based on the highly conductive metal film, for the first time. Our approach is significantly different from the traditional carbon materials or conductive polymers based neural interfaces in that the non-metal film have reduced conductivity compared with the highly conductive metal film. This approach addresses the challenges encountered while using traditional metal-based conductive film in the MRI environment by the magnetron co-sputtering of the noble metal Au-Pt film with the opposite susceptibility. As a result, our MRI-compatible flexible neural interfaces achieve the highest integration density of electrodes. The highly conductive metal based neural interfaces were tested to be functionable, and showed little artifacts in an ultra-high field 11.7 T MRI scanner, which provide the possibility to multimodal neural recording and stimulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"393 ","pages":"Article 116805"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}