Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"High-precision wearable ionic composite sensor array with material-circuit-software co-design for multi-scenario biomechanical monitoring","authors":"Yaotong Meng ,&nbsp;Enyu Mo ,&nbsp;Yanjiao Chang ,&nbsp;Qian Zhao ,&nbsp;Tong Su ,&nbsp;Mingzhuo Guo ,&nbsp;Siyang Wu ,&nbsp;Jiale Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A capacitive soft pressure sensor array system was developed based on ionic liquid-polyvinylidene fluoride composite fibrous membranes. The system was constructed through the integration of three components. First, a sensing material was fabricated via electrospinning with ionic liquid, achieving stable electric double-layer capacitance while exhibiting a maximum sensitivity of 0.31 kilopascal inverse and tensile strengths of 0.45 MPa and 0.42 MPa for 50 % and 60 % ionic liquid-polyvinylidene fluoride compositions, respectively. Second, dedicated hardware was designed by combining PCAP01 capacitance converters with an STM32F406 microcontroller through a multichannel controller area network bus architecture, enabling nine-channel parallel operation at a resolution of 6 aF and a nonlinearity error of ±0.05 %. Third, Qt-based software was implemented using a Model-View-View Model architecture to execute real-time force-capacitance modeling and visualization. System validation revealed sensor array errors below 0.08 % in standardized capacitance measurements and static load relative errors under 3.9 %. A 3-by-3 sensor array attained millimeter-level spatial resolution with crosstalk suppression exceeding 90 % through multichannel data acquisition and intelligent algorithmic processing. Functional demonstrations encompassed respiratory micro-force detection in the range of 0.011 N to 0.144 N, gender-specific vocal vibration differentiation with a dynamic range of 0.4 N, multi-finger grasping response spanning 0.01 N to 10 N and muscle contraction core stress localization with a peak value of 4.8 N. The co-design methodology demonstrated enhanced capabilities in weak signal extraction, resistance to multiphysical interference and dynamic response analysis. This integrated material-hardware-software platform exhibited potential for applications in wearable medical monitoring, human-machine interfaces and biomechanical motion analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117106"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early myocardial infarction diagnosis using a paper-based nano-biosensor and image-driven quantification of microRNA-499","authors":"Mehrdad Samadishadlou ,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Kandi ,&nbsp;Farhad Bani","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early detection of myocardial infarction (MI) is critical for improving patient outcomes. However, current protein-based biomarkers are limited by delayed elevation and insufficient specificity for MI. Recently, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their rapid and specific expression profiles. Notably, miRNA-499 rises swiftly post-ischemia, but conventional detection methods demand nucleic acid amplification or costly instrumentation, restricting their use in point-of-care settings. We developed a low-cost, paper-based nano-biosensor by functionalizing 12 nm gold nanoparticles with thermodynamically optimized hairpin molecular beacons, yielding ∼18 probes per particle. Nanoprobes are directly applied to the paper substrates, where quenched fluorophores “turn on” upon miR-499 binding. Fluorescence signal quantification was performed using both a benchtop reader and standard desktop camera, with image analysis processed via a custom OpenCV-based pipeline. The nano-biosensor demonstrates a linear detection range from 10 fM to 100 pM (R² = 0.92) with a limit of detection of 10 fM based on image analysis. Specificity studies reveal clear discrimination from single- and multi-base mismatches. Reproducibility testing across three independently fabricated nano-biosensor batches showed no statistically significant variability. Stability assessments confirmed consistent nano-biosensor response over 50 days at room temperature, affirming robust batch-to-batch reproducibility and long-term shelf life. The designed and fabricated nano-biosensor offers 10 fM limit of detection and high specificity for miR-499 on an inexpensive, disposable paper platform. The rapid, amplification-free assay requires only basic imaging equipment, supporting its potential for early MI detection and decentralized screening, particularly in resource-limited environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurements of the kinetics of slowly decaying luminescence excited by vacuum and deep ultraviolet radiation","authors":"D.S. Glazunov,&nbsp;E.F. Martynovich","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117081","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117081","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simple and inexpensive experimental methods and means for measuring the kinetics of long-term, including delayed, luminescence of various media excited by VUV and DUV radiation pulses have been developed. An analysis of physical and mathematical models of luminescent media in which two time components of significantly different durations with the same quantum yield are simultaneously excited has been performed. It has been shown that when using nano- or picosecond excitation pulses, the intensity of fast components exceeds the intensity of slow components by 4–5 decimal orders. Due to nonlinear distortions of signals in photodetector paths, this complicates the use of simple methods of direct oscillography for studying the kinetics of slow luminescence components. Sources of quasi-rectangular pulses of micro-, milli- and second duration have been created based on VUV and DUV excilamps. Tests of the measuring system were carried out with the study of the kinetics of long-term luminescence of diamond, ruby, and leucosapphire irradiated with fast neutrons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Judd–Ofelt analysis and negative thermal quenching behavior of Tb³⁺-activated Ca₃La₃(BO₃)₅ phosphors co-doped with alkali ions for high-temperature photonic applications","authors":"M.B. Coban ,&nbsp;U.H. Kaynar ,&nbsp;Abeer S. Altowyan ,&nbsp;Jabir Hakami ,&nbsp;H. Aydin ,&nbsp;A. Canimoglu ,&nbsp;N. Can","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work presents a systematic investigation of the structural, optical, and thermal properties of Tb³ ⁺-doped Ca₃La₃(BO₃)₅ (CLBO) phosphors synthesized via sol-gel method and co-doped with alkali ions (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺). XRD confirmed successful dopant incorporation into the rhombohedral CLBO lattice without secondary phases. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy validated borate network stability and revealed local lattice distortion due to co-doping. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis under variable excitation demonstrated intense green emission (543 nm), with 3 wt% Tb³ ⁺ yielding optimum output. Remarkably, alkali co-doping enhanced both intensity and decay lifetime, with CLBO:3 wt% Tb³ ⁺, 1 wt% Na⁺ achieving a record 1.786 ms lifetime. Most notably, an extended negative thermal quenching effect was observed up to 550 K, exceeding previous thermal stability limits for Tb³ ⁺ phosphors. Additionally, a spectrally distinct 672 nm red emission was selectively observed under 377 nm excitation, suggesting excitation-dependent population mechanisms. Judd–Ofelt analysis of ⁵D₄ → ⁷F_J transitions yielded Ω₂, Ω₄, and Ω₆ parameters, along with radiative rates and optical gain, supporting the role of local symmetry in enhancing emission efficiency. Close agreement between theoretical (τ_rad = 0.071 ms) and experimental (0.980 ms) lifetimes confirmed model accuracy. CIE chromaticity analysis showed tunable color output via alkali co-doping, indicating strong potential for CLBO:Tb³ ⁺ materials in thermally stable photonic applications, including LEDs, displays, and luminescent thermometry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomesh-based multi-muscle electromyography artificial throat system assisted by deep learning","authors":"Junxin Fu ,&nbsp;Lei Song ,&nbsp;Juxin Hu ,&nbsp;Xinyi Li ,&nbsp;Jiahui Li ,&nbsp;Minli Peng ,&nbsp;Chang Liu ,&nbsp;Peiyan Dong ,&nbsp;Jingzhi Wu ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhou ,&nbsp;Yancong Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human vocalization relies on precise coordination of multiple muscles, yet existing language assistance devices are often bulky, uncomfortable, and costly. A multi-channel artificial throat system that simultaneously records electromyogram (EMG) signals from the suprahyoid, sternothyroid, and masseter muscles using ultrathin Au nanomesh electrodes has been presented. The nanomesh provides stable, conductive skin contact, increasing signal RMS from 0.3806 mV to 0.6074 mV. An all-flexible interface links the nanomesh to miniaturized circuits, improving wearability and signal integrity. For signal classification, BioSpeechNet, a deep learning framework that achieves over 94 % accuracy in recognizing words and phrases from transient EMG signals was introduced. Analysis reveals the masseter muscle contributes the most discriminative information for speech recognition. This work demonstrates a reliable nanomesh–circuit interface and highlights the potential of multi-muscle EMG for high-precision, wearable speech reconstruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid sloshing augmented parametric excitation for enhanced piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting","authors":"Pradyumna Kumar Sahoo ,&nbsp;Soham Roychowdhury ,&nbsp;Venugopal Arumuru","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive experimental investigation of a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester employing a cantilever bimorph beam integrated with a cylindrical container partially filled with water. The system is subjected to vertical base excitation designed to induce principal parametric resonance, while simultaneously exploiting fluid sloshing dynamics as a means of enhancing energy harvesting performance. The objective is to examine the synergistic effects of parametric excitation and nonlinear fluid–structure interaction on the energy harvesting efficiency and bandwidth of the device. The presence of liquid in the tank introduces dynamic sloshing phenomena, characterized by multiple sloshing modes, which couple with the beam’s transverse motion. Through systematic variation of excitation frequency and liquid depth, the experiment evaluates their influence on the voltage output, and electrical power across different resistive loads. Results demonstrate that the combination of principal parametric excitation, where the base excitation frequency is tuned close to twice the system’s fundamental frequency, and sloshing-induced modal coupling can significantly enhance the harvester’s bandwidth. Increasing the liquid depth effectively reduces the system’s first natural frequency due to the added inertia and liquid mobility, thereby shifting the parametric resonance zone toward lower frequencies. Additionally, the water depth-to-container diameter ratio serves as a tunable geometric parameter that allows control over the operational bandwidth. 58% increase in the effective energy harvesting bandwidth is recorded at higher liquid depths, without the need for increasing the system’s physical size.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117061"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a highly sensitive and ultrafast enzymatic continuous glucose monitoring system integrated with a porous microstructured microneedle-based glucose energy harvester","authors":"Faisal Nawaz ,&nbsp;Jasur Makhkamov ,&nbsp;Khayotjon Artikov ,&nbsp;Keekeun Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report the first development of a minimally invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system integrated with a porous microstructured microneedle based glucose energy harvester. For the first time, a three electrode microneedle system is co-integrated using a porous microneedle structure that is separated into two chambers, top and back electrodes, completing the current path and effectively forming a glucose fuel cell (GFC) capable of energy harvesting. The platform comprises multiple 5 mm long microneedles with a base diameter of 0.4 mm, functioning as the working electrode (WE), counter/reference electrode (CE/RE), and integrated energy harvester. The harvester employs a porous microstructured geometry over a microneedle to enable energy harvesting within a single compact unit. The WE is functionalized with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), an intermediate Prussian blue (PB) layer, and dendrite-incorporated glucose oxidase (GOx). CE/RE needles share the WE’s dimensions to ensure identical insertion depth and electrical characteristics. The operating mechanism was confirmed through detailed COMSOL simulations, constituting the first comprehensive simulation of microneedle-based glucose energy harvesting. The developed CGM sensor exhibited a linear current response to 1–20 mM glucose (R² = 0.9246), with a sensitivity of 1.004 μA·mM⁻¹ and a detection limit of 0.68 mM. Selectivity tests showed negligible responses to 0.1 mM ascorbic acid, 0.1 mM uric acid, and 2 mM lactate. Furthermore, the energy harvester delivered open-circuit voltages up to 210 mV at 400 mM glucose, with OCV scaling linearly with concentration (R² ≈ 0.99), demonstrating potential capability to power the CGM sensor and its interface electronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117096"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A wideband electromagnetic vibration energy harvester with coupled resonance and compact structural design","authors":"Qinghong Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhifei Wang ,&nbsp;Weitao Dou ,&nbsp;Shudong Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Zhou ,&nbsp;Shuo Jiang ,&nbsp;Linglong Cai ,&nbsp;Yunjia Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel electromagnetic vibration energy harvester with wide bandwidth and compact structure is designed, fabricated, and tested. Both the magnet and coil are integrated onto a single hybrid rigid-flexible planar spring, while the anchor structure is located at the device’s internal area, thereby reducing the harvester’s overall footprint. Furthermore, the magnet-coil assembly forms a two-degree-of-freedom coupled resonant system, enabling multiple vibration modes and consequently wider bandwidth of the device. Experimental results demonstrate that the device achieves an operational bandwidth of 36–64 Hz under 0.1 g acceleration, with a peak-to-peak output voltage of 1.94 V at 56 Hz. Additionally, the maximum output power reaches 165.4 μW under an optimal matching resistance of 575 Ω, highlighting its capability to efficiently harvest energy from frequency-varying ambient vibrations. At higher accelerations of 0.25 g and 0.5 g, the corresponding maximum output powers reach 1.92 mW and 4.14 mW, respectively, with the operating bandwidths broadened to 33 Hz (32–65 Hz) and 48 Hz (22–70 Hz) due to nonlinear effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117093"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the role of ionic states of cesium halides for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators: Applications in UV-sensitive devices","authors":"Adarsh Raj Lingaraj ,&nbsp;Vaishnavi Narayan ,&nbsp;Rumana Farheen Sagade Muktar Ahmed ,&nbsp;Kavya Kallahalli Mohankumar ,&nbsp;Sangamesha Madanahalli Ankanathappa ,&nbsp;Krishnaveni Sannathammegowda","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117094","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained significant attention as sustainable energy-harvesting devices, offering versatility for powering wearable electronics, environmental sensors, and self-powered systems. This study explores the role of cesium halides (CsX, X = Cl, Br, I) in enhancing the triboelectric performance of polymer-based TENGs, focusing on their ionic states and UV-responsive properties. Incorporation of CsX into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix significantly reduces the band gap, facilitating efficient charge generation and transfer, while the halides’ ionic nature and polarizability enhance charge trapping, also validated through Density Functional Theory (DFT). The addition of CsX to the PVA narrows the HOMO-LUMO energy gap contributing to enhanced electron-rich regions, which in turn improves tribopositivity of composite. Among the composites, the PVA-CsI TENG exhibited outstanding electrical performance, generating a maximum output voltage of 416.64 V, a current of 48.18 μA, and a peak power of 108 mW at a load resistance of 116 MΩ. Along with the self-powering capability of the device, the Ultraviolet (UV)-responsive behavior of PVA-CsI film is highlighted, suggesting potential for dual functionality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117094"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Extensible Cable-Driven Flexible Actuator for Colonoscopy","authors":"Ibrahim A. Seleem ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Takemura","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Double Balloon Colonoscopy (DBC) is an endoscopic technique used to examine the small bowel, enabling mucosal biopsy and diagnosis. However, existing designs face challenges, including complex actuation, limited bending, and low payload capacity, which lead to longer procedures and patient discomfort. To tackle these challenges, this article presents a design evaluation of an extensible two-section soft robot based on cable-driven actuation for colonoscopy. Each section can bend in two perpendicular planes by tensioning and retracting four cables distributed by 90°. Its distal section can also extend and compress, resembling a soft spring. A nonlinear static analysis based on the Yeoh model is carried out to verify the movement capacity of the prototype concerning stress and deflection. The robot’s performance is evaluated by conducting a series of experiments, including bending capability, repeatability, and payload capacity. The results show that the distal section is compressed up to 68% of its normal length, and the robot achieves a bending angle of 270°. Furthermore, it succeeds in bending while carrying a load of 100 g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117074"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}