Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Design and testing of a probe for diameter variation measurement based on fiber Bragg grating combined with additive manufacturing","authors":"Victor H.R. Cardoso ,&nbsp;Paulo Caldas ,&nbsp;M.Thereza R. Giraldi ,&nbsp;Cindy S. Fernandes ,&nbsp;Orlando Frazão ,&nbsp;João C.W.A. Costa ,&nbsp;José L. Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sensor based on the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and additive manufacturing for diameter variation measurement is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this work. Two designs were proposed: a FBG alone and a FBG in series with a spring. Three tests were developed for each design, and at the end, the statistical treatment was performed. The designs were fabricated using a 3D printer, and the FBG sensor is embedded. The results demonstrated that the structures proposed in this work can be used to monitor diameter variation, among other applications. The sensors, with and without spring in series, presented sensitivities of 0.0671 nm/mm and 0.5116 nm/mm, respectively, with a good linear response greater than 0.99.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and study of a transient heat flux sensor based on PbTe thin film and the transverse thermoelectric effect","authors":"Songhan Liu,&nbsp;Wenxin Yu,&nbsp;Zhipeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>PbTe films with a preferred orientation were grown on inclined LiAlO₂ substrates by controlling the process parameters of magnetron sputtering without doping other elements. These films were then used as the sensitive surface to fabricate a transient heat flux sensor (THFS). The sensor's sensitive surface was subjected to laser-induced voltage experiments using a semiconductor laser from both the film and substrate sides. The experimental results demonstrate that the induced voltage generated by the thin film is caused by a temperature gradient, confirming that the prepared PbTe film exhibits thermoelectric effects. The investigation of the transverse thermoelectric effect of the THFS yielded the following results: As the film thickness increased, the response voltage initially increased and then decreased. At the same time, the time constant initially decreased and then increased. Additionally, as the growth angle of the thin film increased, the response voltage gradually increased. A dual-functional transient heat flux sensor calibration system was developed to calibrate the static and dynamic characteristics of the THFS. The sensor demonstrated a sensitivity of 85.4 μV/(kW/m²), good linearity and repeatability, and a response time of 112.9 μs. A comparison experiment was conducted in the explosion field with the THFS and atomic layer thermopile heat flux sensor. The results show that the transverse thermoelectric effect of PbTe has excellent potential for application in transient heat flux measurement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116658"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a flexible data glove for gesture recognition","authors":"Jing Fang ,&nbsp;Ruoxin Feng ,&nbsp;Xiangxuan Tang ,&nbsp;Longhui Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a newly emerged assistive device, data gloves are able to help amputees rebuild their sense of haptic perception, empower robots with dexterous manipulation, and even enhance human’s capability of remote sensing and control. Up to now, it has boosted a wide range of potential applications, e.g., tele-operation, medical rehabilitation, and virtual reality. In this paper, a low-cost and easy-to-fabricate flexible data glove was designed consisting of 5–row by 4–column piezo-resistive sensing elements (SEs), two flexible electronic circuits and two protective polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers. Based on the design of a ’switch’ structure and a simplified wiring layout, the stimulus locations and force values could be determined conveniently with a dynamic scanning algorithm, although there were only 9-path signal outputs. After the experimental verification of its perception performance, a recognition model was established based on an extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm to recognize 10 hand gestures, one of its potential applications, in which 20 subjects participated. It achieved a recognition accuracy of 92.37% and the standard deviation was <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span> 1.80% among these individuals, which validated the performance of our designed data glove.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116638"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced NO2 sensing performance of WO3 nanoparticles prepared with glycine","authors":"Yi Zhong ,&nbsp;Zhihua Ying ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Chenhan Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenjun Yan ,&nbsp;Yuan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors are inherently limited by their dependence on high operating temperatures (200–400℃), which leads to increased energy consumption and reduced long-term device stability. To overcome these challenges, this study presents a glycine-assisted solvent evaporation synthesis route for the preparation of highly dispersible WO₃ nanoparticles. Glycine acts dually as a crystallographic modulator during nanoparticle growth and as an interfacial stabilizer, allowing for control over both particle size and oxygen vacancy concentration. Subsequent annealing removes residual glycine while preserving the optimized nanostructure. The optimized 6-WO₃ sensor synthesized using 6 mmol glycine exhibits remarkable low-temperature sensing performance, demonstrating a response value of 270.9 toward 3 ppm NO₂ at a reduced operating temperature of 120°C compared to conventional WO₃-based counterparts while maintaining high sensitivity. Systematic characterization links this energy-efficient performance to synergistic effects between enhanced gas diffusion pathways, evidenced by a BET surface area of 20.59 m²/g, and precise modulation of electron depletion layers via glycine-mediated oxygen vacancy engineering. This work advances a practical paradigm for designing metal oxide semiconductor sensors that harmonize high sensitivity with operational sustainability, highlighting their transformative potential in next-generation environmental monitoring systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116690"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voltage sensor design with multi-layer ceramic capacitors based on electric field coupling principle and differential input structure","authors":"Qing Xiong,&nbsp;Junyi Zhang,&nbsp;Jianghan Li,&nbsp;Yijie Tang,&nbsp;Qiwang Zhang,&nbsp;Tonghao Zhou,&nbsp;Zhe Zhuang,&nbsp;Shengchang Ji","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For non-contact measurement and excellent transient response, a novel voltage sensor is designed in a differential input structure, which utilizes multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) to replace the mutual capacitance between the differential electrodes. This structure makes it smaller and more conducive to installation and voltage adjustment. Based on the principles of electric field coupling and differential structure, the voltage sensor eliminates the need for direct contact or grounding when measuring. The ratio error of the designed sensor under power frequency is within ± 0.6 % and the phase error is within 40’; the ratio error in the range of 500 Hz-30 kHz is within ± 4 % and the phase error is within 4°. The steady-state and transient experiments show that the sensor has the advantages of excellent accuracy, great transient response characteristics, strong directivity and insusceptible to the interphase interference. The proposed sensor boasts a simplified structure and excellent performance, which allows the potential practical applications in voltage measurement and sensor network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116672"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143936514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-functional RGO/paper/Ti3C2Tx composite film for self-powered temperature sensor and actuators","authors":"Shaofeng Zeng ,&nbsp;Nuozhou Yi ,&nbsp;Kepei Chen ,&nbsp;Yuhao Wan ,&nbsp;Zhen Wang ,&nbsp;Peidi Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiaohang Guo ,&nbsp;Kaihuai Yang ,&nbsp;Mingcen Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, flexible actuators have garnered considerable attention due to their remarkable flexibility and rapid response. The excellent actuation performance of light-driven actuators using two-dimensional materials as photothermal conversion layers, most of them lack sensing capabilities, which limits their application prospects. The external or internal integration of active sensors sacrifices the lightness of the actuators. Therefore, the development of a new type of flexible actuator integrated with self-powered sensors is particularly urgent. We presents a novel light-driven actuator integrating photo-thermoelectric temperature sensing, offering a self-powered, multi-functional actuation system. The actuator is composed of Ti₃C₂T_x, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), paper, and polymer film. The RGO/paper/Ti₃C₂T_x composite film exhibited a Seebeck coefficient of 21.8 μV K⁻¹, which highlights its potential as a highly sensitive and stable self-powered temperature sensor. Under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the actuator demonstrated a bending actuation effect and generated a temperature difference. When NIR light (300 mW cm⁻²) irradiation for 10 s, the temperature difference, maximum voltage, and bending curvature of the actuator can reach 30.1 K, 0.596 mV, and 0.67 cm⁻¹, respectively. Additionally, the BOPP/RGO/paper/Ti₃C₂T_x Marangoni actuator showed light-driven linear motion on the water surface. Specifically, when exposed to NIR light with a power density of 1 W cm⁻², the velocity of the actuator is as large as 23.33 mm s⁻¹. The actuator could navigate complex paths and perform self-powered temperature sensing during motion, providing feedback on its movement direction. The bionic worm demonstrated that the actuator can move directionally based on the irradiation location of NIR light, with output voltage signals indicating the heating areas. In conclusion, the RGO/paper/Ti₃C₂T_x composite film and its actuators hold promise for self-powered sensing applications in flexible electronics and soft robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116678"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143929049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAW resonators for temperature control of high-voltage equipment","authors":"G. Ya. Karapetyan ,&nbsp;V.E. Kaydashev ,&nbsp;V.A. Kalinin","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study a new wireless system consisting of a temperature sensor and a reader designed for simultaneous remote monitoring of several nearby positioned passive temperature sensors for three phase high voltage equipment. The proposed temperature sensor based on two SAW resonators with slightly different frequencies and the method to monitor a temperature induced shift of the frequency difference between two anti-resonances allows one to enhance accuracy of the temperature measurements. The use of a sensor with two anti-resonances results in reduced reflections of RF signal outside the anti-resonance frequency bands eliminating a parasite electromagnetic influence of the neighboring sensors to each other. A special reader circuit has been proposed which allows obtain sufficiently sharp peaks at the anti-resonant frequencies of the SAW resonators. Inexpensive alternative to the voltage-controlled generators is used for reader design as only the frequency difference of anti-resonances is enough to be measured by cheaper means instead of probing both frequencies separately. A sensor remote monitoring range of 4 m has been achieved to simultaneously monitor the temperature of three nearby positioned sensors. It has been experimentally shown that the temperature coefficient of the anti-resonance frequency difference (TCFD) for the studied double resonance sensor is −401.7 ppm/°C which is ∼20 times greater than the temperature coefficient of the each resonance frequency (TCF).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"392 ","pages":"Article 116679"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144072166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-precision control of an antagonistic soft continuum robot for dexterous objects grasping and assembly","authors":"Shoulu Gong ,&nbsp;Xinchen Ye ,&nbsp;Yimin Wang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Li ,&nbsp;Wenming Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soft robots are increasingly recognized for their safety and biocompatibility in human-robot interactions, making them pivotal in the ongoing industrial revolution. Nonetheless, their applications are limited by challenges in programming flexibility and motion repeatability. Here, to address these challenges, we report a soft continuum robot with approximate constant curvature bending and exceptional motion repeatability based on a bionic antagonistic actuation strategy, and a geometric-based kinematic modeling approach for its precise open-loop motion control. Such an unprecedented capability is achieved by a pneumatic – cable-driven antagonistic strategy with a specially engineered pneumatic soft robot, thus providing both improved actuation and precise motion. Hence, the soft continuum robots can be expanded to include a soft continuum gripper and a soft industrial robot for diverse tasks such as fine grasping and machine cutter replacement, etc. The proposed antagonistic soft robots and kinematic modeling approach exhibit significant potential for precise and reliable motion control of soft robots, facilitating the practical application of soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116669"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of SnO2-based MEMS sensor array for expeditious and precise categorization of meat types and freshness status","authors":"Jingwei Zhao ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Shen ,&nbsp;Yang Gao ,&nbsp;Dawu Lv ,&nbsp;Weijie Song ,&nbsp;Ruiqin Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116680","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116680","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents an innovative sensor array founded on four SnO₂-based MEMS gas sensors meticulously engineered for instant meat type and freshness detection. Fabricated by inkjet printing, the sensors –- SnO₂, Cu-SnO₂, Ni-SnO₂, and Pd-Au-SnO₂ - display extraordinary sensitivity to ppm-level trimethylamine (TMA) and ppb-level H₂S. Notably, the Pd-Au-SnO₂ sensor responds with 88.25 at 10 ppm TMA, and the Cu-SnO₂ sensor with 2.27 at 5 ppb H₂S. When integrated with machine learning, the system achieves 95.5 % accuracy in species identification and flawless 100 % for chicken, pork, and pomfret freshness. The SVM model attains 94.0 % accuracy across nine fresh meat classifications. DFT analyses elucidate that heterojunctions and noble metal modifications optimize the energy band, augmenting sensor performance. This study accentuates the potential of inkjet-printed SnO₂-based arrays combined with machine learning, heralding advanced food safety and quality detection frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116680"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring of the resin flow front within a resin transfer moulding during fabrication using fibre Bragg gratings","authors":"T. Allsop ,&nbsp;W.M. Tahir ,&nbsp;K. Bhavsar ,&nbsp;L. Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Composite structures are becoming significantly larger. Discarding these large structures due to manufacturing defects is unacceptable due to cost, time, and environmental concerns. To mitigate the risk of defects, real-time monitoring of resin flow during infusion is needed to ensure complete wetting of glass mats. However, current studies lack real-time flow-front monitoring, relying instead on manual post-production checks, and may result in costly repairs or disposal of defective parts. Fibre Bragg grating sensors have been shown to spectrally respond to resin during infusion, but the physical mechanism behind this response—crucial for interpreting flow front location and direction—has not been investigated. For the first time we report an in-depth study of fibre Bragg grating sensors for real-time monitoring of the flow front of liquids in the resin transfer moulding (RTM) infusion process and the mechanisms that produce the spectral response based upon the viscous force generated by the liquid and its flow-front. We present experimental wavelength shift data of the fibre Bragg grating sensors during infusion to show that viscous force is the dominant mechanism. Furthermore, we created a model that shows good agreement with experimental data, the model predicts wavelength shifts of the sensors at different locations to the approaching flow-front. Current model can aid numerical simulations of the infusion process to ensure complete impregnation of glass reinforcement mats.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116681"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143937479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}