Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"An air-stable organic crystal with tunable color and fluorescence for non-electric visual fever detection","authors":"Jinghua Huang ,&nbsp;Juyun He ,&nbsp;Kuangbiao Liao ,&nbsp;Shuzhi Hu ,&nbsp;Xinwei Hu ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Non-electric visual fever detection technologies are essential for extending body temperature monitoring to resource-limited and off-grid environments. However, the poor air stability of the active materials limits the performance and shelf-life of current non-electric visible fever detectors. This work investigates two known polymorphs of 2,5-di(pyridin-4-yl)thiazolo[5,4-<em>d</em>]thiazole (Py₂TTz), which are both highly stable in air. Crucially, we discovered a rapid phase transition between them that can be induced by exposure to dichloromethane vapor. A prototype crystal thermometer for visual fever detection was developed based on a vapor-induced chromic effect. Py₂TTz exhibits a colorimetric response to the temperature-dependent vapor concentration of dichloromethane. The sensing mechanism was established through power X-ray diffraction analysis. At 38.0 ˚C, dichloromethane vapor induces a crystal phase transition in Py₂TTz (Py₂TTz<strong>-2 →</strong> Py₂TTz<strong>-1</strong>), resulting in a distinct color change (green fluorescence <strong>→</strong> blue fluorescence). This study presents a novel strategy for designing visible biomedical sensors based on a fundamental crystallographic phenomenon. This approach enables the fabrication of low-cost, non-electric devices for fever detection, offering a direct visual output.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117580"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyurethane-based dielectric elastomers with DBA/BaTiO3 synergistic enhancement and electromechanical actuation for bending and rolling modes","authors":"Jia-an Chen ,&nbsp;Hong Xia ,&nbsp;Yongjie Yan ,&nbsp;Lu Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoming Qi ,&nbsp;Hongbo Dai ,&nbsp;Qingqing Ni","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) have attracted significant attention in soft actuation technologies. However, traditional dielectric elastomers (DEs) commonly suffer from high actuation voltage requirements and limited deformation responses. To address these challenges, a TPU/DBA/BaTiO₃ dielectric elastomer film with enhanced polarity and flexibility was constructed through solution casting, integrating dibutyl adipate (DBA) as a polar plasticizer, barium titanate (BaTiO₃) as a high-dielectric filler, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the elastic matrix. Comprehensive characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the uniform microstructure and consistent chemical composition of the composite films, with 0.5 wt% BaTiO₃ identified as the optimal loading to achieve homogeneous dispersion and ensure structural integrity. The incorporation of DBA significantly plasticized the TPU matrix, leading to a drastic reduction in Young’s modulus (0.29 MPa) and bending stiffness (0.00025 N·mm), thereby imparting high flexibility and enabling large deformations. Simultaneously, BaTiO₃ nanofillers boosted the dielectric constant to 4782 at 1 Hz, an enhancement attributed to the synergistic effects of DBA-induced dipolar alignment and BaTiO₃-derived interfacial polarization. The optimized film exhibited a maximum bending displacement of 13.2 mm under 1200 V and retained stable deformation throughout 600 cycles at 1000 V and 1 Hz, evidencing outstanding cyclic durability. Moreover, the addition of 0.5 wt% BaTiO₃ substantially boosted rolling actuation, producing rapid displacement with a velocity of 135 mm·s⁻¹, which verifies the validity of the synergistic “plasticizer-filler” approach. This work demonstrates that a precise balance between filler loading and plasticizer incorporation is essential for tailoring dielectric and mechanical properties toward high actuation efficiency. Consequently, the TPU/DBA/BaTiO₃ dielectric elastomer provides a versatile material system for flexible actuators with potential applications in soft robotics, wearable electronics, and artificial muscles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural optimization and fabrication of gradient ZnO piezoelectric thin film based smart bolts","authors":"Xingyun Jin ,&nbsp;Youjiang Li ,&nbsp;Bo Dai ,&nbsp;Yeming Shi ,&nbsp;Zhihan Chen ,&nbsp;Qingxiong Cui ,&nbsp;Yong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preload loss readily results in bolted connection structural failure and safety accidents. This study addressed critical problems associated with the existing bolt preload monitoring technology. An optimized smart bolted structure was proposed, and a preparation method was adopted based on the gradient ZnO piezoelectric film. Multi-physics finite element simulation analysis was conducted to optimize ZnO film thickness, diameter, Ag electrode thickness, and excitation frequency. The results show that the increased ZnO film thickness significantly improved the echo signal intensity. The smaller diameter of the ZnO film enhanced sensitivity by overcoming noise suppression. The signal strength and noise control were considered with a 5 μm Ag electrode. With an excitation frequency of 5–10 MHz, the piezoelectric effect matched the resonant frequency, resulting in optimal signal conversion efficiency. Based on the simulation results, a gradient ZnO piezoelectric film was prepared (5 mm in diameter and 9 μm thick) through magnetron sputtering. Experimental results show that the echo signal strength of the gradient smart bolt (378 mV) is 7.4 times that of the non-gradient one (51 mV), and the SNR was increased from ∼17.84 dB to ∼31.70 dB, indicating a remarkable noise suppression effect. This study provides theoretical and technical support for the real-time monitoring of bolt preloading with high precision and low noise, thereby promoting the reliability of smart bolts in engineering applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large piezoelectric anisotropy and enhanced hydrostatic properties of lead metaniobate for high-sensitivity receiving transducers","authors":"Ruoqi Jin ,&nbsp;Liqing Hu ,&nbsp;Chenyu Qiu ,&nbsp;Sanhong Wang ,&nbsp;Zhuo Xu ,&nbsp;Yongke Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lead metaniobate (PbNb₂O₆, PN) ceramics are promising candidates for high-temperature receiving transducers due to their high Curie temperature, low permittivity, and low mechanical quality factor. However, the mechanical loss in PN ceramics renders the conventional IEEE resonance method ineffective, leading to substantial overestimation of electromechanical coupling coefficient (<em>k</em>₃₁). This study employs a complex-parameter global fitting method to accurately determine the piezoelectric properties of PN ceramics from impedance spectra. The results verified the strong piezoelectric anisotropy in PN ceramics with a <em>k</em>₃₃/<em>k</em>₃₁ ratio of 5.61, which is consistent with the high |<em>d</em>₃₃/<em>d</em>₃₁| ratio obtained by the quasi-static method. In addition, the temperature-dependent behavior of PN ceramics is measured from 25 °C to 260 °C. The results confirm that PN ceramics exhibit exceptional temperature stability in their dielectric and hydrostatic piezoelectric properties across this wide temperature range. Furthermore, the transducers based on PN and BiScO₃-PbTiO₃ (BSPT) ceramics were designed through simulation and subsequently fabricated. The PN transducers demonstrate minimal spurious vibrations and a flat frequency response, achieving 14 dB higher sensitivity and significantly better low-frequency stability than the BSPT-based transducers. This superior performance is attributed to the large piezoelectric anisotropy and superior hydrostatic properties of the PN material, conclusively establishing its promise for high-sensitivity receiving transducers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117571"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screen-printed flexible sensors for plantar pressure monitoring and gait analysis","authors":"Qihao Sun ,&nbsp;Wenhui Yu ,&nbsp;Wenlu He ,&nbsp;Yuanmin Chen ,&nbsp;Hong Xu ,&nbsp;Daming Wu ,&nbsp;Jingyao Sun ,&nbsp;Nanying Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plantar pressure signals contain rich physiological and pathological information, making their measurement highly valuable for health management and disease prevention. Traditional devices, while providing high-precision data in laboratory settings, suffer from environmental dependence, poor portability, high cost, and insufficient real-time capability, limiting their use in daily health monitoring, exercise training, and chronic disease management. This study employs screen-printing as the core fabrication technique. By adjusting the doping content of graphene/carbon nanotube composite conductive fillers and comparing the overall sensor performance, the optimal parameters were identified as 8 wt% filler content and a 100-mesh screen. The resulting sensor exhibits a segmented sensitivity response: a gauge factor (GF) of 3.28 in the 0–60 % strain range, which further increases to 4.62 in the 60–100 % high-strain range. It also demonstrates excellent dynamic performance with a fast response time of 80 ms, a recovery time of 120 ms, the ability to stably detect minor strains as low as 1 %, and good frequency response characteristics. After 5000 cyclic strain tests, the sensor output shows no significant attenuation, indicating exceptional structural stability and durability. To validate its practical application, the sensor was integrated into an insole to construct a plantar pressure monitoring system. By collecting and analyzing static and dynamic pressure signals from eight characteristic regions of the human foot, the system effectively distinguishes plantar pressure distribution features among different individuals. Furthermore, the sensor can be extended to real-time monitoring of motion signals from various parts of the human body. In conclusion, the flexible strain sensor developed in this study holds broad application prospects in the fields of electronic skin, smart wearables, and human motion monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117579"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-wafer PDMS micropatterning via etch-back lift-off and its application to MEMS microactuators","authors":"Xuchen Wang ,&nbsp;Yukio Suzuki ,&nbsp;Chung-Min Li ,&nbsp;Shuji Tanaka","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a versatile material used in microsystems due to its biocompatibility, optical transparency, and flexibility. However, existing PDMS micropatterning methods face challenges such as poor reproducibility and limited compatibility with traditional MEMS wafer fabrication processes. To address these limitations, we propose the etch-back lift-off (EBLO) method, a precise on-wafer PDMS micropatterning technique. The method enables micron-scale resolution, excellent vertical sidewalls, and minimal surface roughness. The EBLO method was validated on a 4-inch silicon wafer, producing PDMS structures with feature sizes of 4 µm and above that maintained structural integrity for aspect ratios below 2.8. The overall PDMS thickness uniformity was measured at 3.0 %, and surface roughness <em>R</em>_<em>a</em> increased only slightly from 0.26 nm to 0.82 nm after 10 min of reactive ion etching (RIE). To demonstrate the applicability of this method, a piezoelectric MEMS microspeaker was fabricated using PDMS patterns for damping and air sealing. Compared to a reference structure without PDMS, the device exhibited improved frequency response flatness and a significant reduction in total harmonic distortion (THD), decreasing to 13 % at <em>f</em>₀/2. These results show the EBLO method as a robust and scalable platform for PDMS integration in MEMS devices, with potential for high-precision microsystem and bio-integrated applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High sensitivity of laser-induced graphene strain sensors at low strains via elasticity-mismatched non-woven fabric units","authors":"Zi Hao Li ,&nbsp;Jia Xin Ling ,&nbsp;Nai Xu Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Jin Shen ,&nbsp;Li Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained widespread adoption in flexible strain sensors owing to its facile fabrication and patterning capabilities. However, conventional LIG-based sensors often exhibit limited sensitivity under low-strain conditions. To overcome this limitation, this study introduces a flexible LIG strain sensor augmented with triangular non-woven fabric units. The mismatch in elasticity between the non-woven fabric and the gel rubber substrate induces significant local strain concentration upon small stretching. The local strain causes the rupture of partial conductive pathways, thereby enhancing sensitivity in the low-strain regime. Meanwhile, a strain gradient distributed along the width of the triangular unit promotes sequential rupture of conductive paths from the base toward the tip, which improves the linearity of the sensor. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensor achieves notable performance enhancements within the 0–25% strain range. Specifically, the gauge factor (GF) increases from 78.22 for the pristine LIG sensor to 102.64 and 147.37 for sensors with two and four non-woven units, respectively. In addition, the linearity improves from 0.907 (pristine LIG) to 0.977 (sensor with two non-woven units). Benefiting from these improvements, the fabricated sensor proves effective in detecting subtle human motions, including rectus abdominis stretching, wrist bending, and knee joint movement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revolutionizing self-powered technology of soft electronics: The magnetoelastic effect leading the trend","authors":"Wenhao Shi ,&nbsp;Jincheng Wu ,&nbsp;Zijun Li ,&nbsp;Yan Wang ,&nbsp;Chen Gu ,&nbsp;Zeqi Zhu ,&nbsp;Ning Sun ,&nbsp;Zhiyi Peng ,&nbsp;Xiaoguang Hu ,&nbsp;Longlu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional soft electronics remain tethered to rigid external power sources that limit deformability, pose environmental risks, and impede their advance toward next-generation applications. Fortunately, the soft magnetoelastic effect-an emerging branch in self-powered technology-not only resolves the limitations of traditional self-powered technologies but also exhibits advantages over conventional magnetoelastic systems. Emerging in 2019, it has evolved into a transformative technology and shown irreplaceable strengths in key fields encompassing sensing and hydrogen production. However, this field still lacks a comprehensive review for guiding further research and industrial translation. Here, we first systematically explore its fundamentals, including the evolution of the magnetoelastic effect, material properties, synthesis workflows, and energy conversion mechanisms. Subsequently, both its applications in self-powered sensing (wearable medical monitoring, Human-Computer Interaction, and underwater haptic perception) and hydrogen production (driven by wind-energy, hydro-energy and oceanwave-energy) are analyzed, highlighting its unique advantages in environmental adaptability, tissue-matched modulus, low impedance as well as high current. Finally, we outline current challenges and future development directions of the soft magnetoelastic effect, aiming to accelerate the development of next-generation soft electronics and support global carbon neutrality goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Capillary bridge-assembled SBS elastomer microdot arrays for stress and strain sensing","authors":"Xiaohan Sun ,&nbsp;Jing Zuo ,&nbsp;Zhihao Zhao ,&nbsp;Lingyun Xu ,&nbsp;Hongyang Liu ,&nbsp;Rubing Xi ,&nbsp;Qi Song ,&nbsp;Zhe Chen ,&nbsp;Weijie Wang ,&nbsp;Gongmo Xiang ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Jiang ,&nbsp;Lei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117549","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-sensitivity, high-precision, and long-life micro tactile sensors hold vast application prospects in fields such as health monitoring and intelligent robotics. However, current technologies typically confine microstructures within a single substrate material, which significantly restricts the application of micro-structured devices and machines across different scenarios. Herein, we have devised a capillary liquid bridge-induced self-assembly method that not only facilitates the miniaturization of tactile sensors but also enables the application of our fabricated micro sensing devices in diverse scenarios. We spatially confined and assembled the styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) thermoplastic elastomer and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) molecules into a microdot array, and successfully fabricating a microscale tactile fluorescent sensor composed of SBS/AIE dot array. Sensors based on substrates with different stress properties can achieve detection of stress and strain in various application scenarios. Utilizing the fluorescence characteristics of AIE molecules, the sensor demonstrates a favorable response to both pressure and tensile forces. Notably, in conjunction with a convolutional neural network (CNN) simulation algorithm, the SBS/AIE molecular arrays sensors have realized the classification and regression of different pressures. This method of fabricating micron-scale arrays provides a novel and effective pathway for constructing micro tactile sensors suitable for different application scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117549"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-frequency electric-field sensing of static multiphase distributions in pipelines","authors":"Zhicheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Guorui Feng ,&nbsp;Tingye Qi ,&nbsp;Zehua Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Li ,&nbsp;Chengxiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiphase pipelines transporting gas, liquid, and solid media often exhibit stratification and sedimentation, which may lead to blockage or operational failure. Non-contact monitoring of such static multiphase distributions remains challenging due to the limited sensitivity of conventional sensing techniques to dielectric heterogeneity. In this study, a low-frequency electric-field–based sensing method is proposed to characterize static multiphase states inside pipelines by exploiting dielectric-contrast–induced electric-field perturbations. The sensing principle is first analyzed theoretically by establishing the relationship between dielectric permittivity variation, capacitive coupling, and electric-field redistribution in a uniform electric field. Numerical simulations based on finite-element modelling are then conducted to investigate electric-field responses under gas–liquid, gas–solid, and liquid–solid stratified configurations. Finally, laboratory experiments are performed using a non-contact electric-field sensing system to validate the proposed mechanism under multiple excitation frequencies. The results show that, as the internal medium transitions from low to high dielectric permittivity, the electric-field strength above and below the pipeline increases monotonically with interface height, while the lateral electric-field component decreases. The sensor response exhibits a stable nonlinear behavior that can be accurately described by an Exp3P2 composite model, with fitting coefficients exceeding <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0.98</mn></mrow></math></span>. The proposed method demonstrates high sensitivity to dielectric distribution and interface position, providing a physically interpretable, non-contact electric-field sensing approach for static multiphase pipeline characterization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117590"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146192900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}