Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Ag nanoarray sensors: Theoretical frameworks for surface plasmon enhancement of fluorescence signals","authors":"Andrii Lopatynskyi ,&nbsp;Vitalii Lytvyn ,&nbsp;Mariia Khutko ,&nbsp;Anatoliy Pinchuk ,&nbsp;Volodymyr Chegel","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We outline the theoretical analysis of a plasmonic sensor based on plasmon-enhanced fluorescence by nanoarrays on a glass substrate (plasmonic nanochip). We use, as a model, a thermally annealed vacuum-sputtered silver nanoisland film. The parameters of the silver nanostructures are optimized using an analytical model based on dyadic Green’s function and volumetric Lippmann-Schwinger equations. We present analytical simulations of fluorescence enhancement, quenching, as well as quantum yield modification. We obtained optimized distances from the nanostructures to fluorophore molecules that lead to the maximum fluorescence enhancement factor, taking into account the size distribution for silver nanostructures comprising the nanochip. Specifically, a monotonic shift of the fluorescence enhancement factor to higher values with an increase in the mean silver nanostructure radius up to 120 nm was observed. At the same time, the influence of the standard deviation of the mean silver nanostructure radius on the fluorescence enhancement factor was multidirectional for small and large silver nanostructures. As a result, it was shown that the fluorescence enhancement factor could be improved up to ∼120 times compared to that of a non-optimized (base) Ag nanochip and can be as high as an ultimate ∼1000 depending on the light wavelength.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116558"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143829538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gradient-porous ionic polymer composites for deep-sea ultralow-frequency hydrophones","authors":"Zicai Zhu ,&nbsp;Zirui Cai ,&nbsp;Yuanji Yao ,&nbsp;Zhen-Hua Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional hydrophones suffer from sophisticated pressure-bearing structure, large acoustic impedance mismatch with water, as well as powerless ultralow-frequency acoustic perception, rendering their practical applications in the field of underwater detection. Inspired by the ion permeation and mechanotransduction mechanisms in underwater organisms, pressure induced charge carrier migration in ionic polymer composite is used to design uncovered hydrophones which are suitable for deep-sea environment, and gradient-porous structure design in the ionic polymer composite makes the stress wave driving charge carriers highly efficient, and ensures the excellent output charge response to hydroacoustic signals. Full-ocean-depth environment simulation testing is conducted and demonstrate that the bare ionic polymer composite membrane could be used in deep-sea high-pressure environment without using any rigid protection out-shells. The finally developed uncovered ionic polymer hydrophone prototype showcases exceptional sound pressure sensitivity grade (-198.2 ± 3 dB) within an ultralow-frequency range (20–200 Hz), which is significantly better than that of the earlier research and commercial hydrophones (-205 dB). This study demonstrates that the low-frequency hydroacoustic detection capability of ionic polymer composites in high-pressure water environments, which can transmit low-frequency sounds into sensitive charge responses, enabling the development of systems for detecting and monitoring underwater vehicles in deep-sea environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116555"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Great elastomer-based composites for robust and portable wearable sensors: A critical review","authors":"Vineet Kumar,&nbsp;Md Najib Alam,&nbsp;Manesh A. Yewale,&nbsp;Sang Shin Park","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent progress (<strong>2020–2025</strong>) in portable wearable electronic sensors was reported. These sensors are comprised of elastomers and electrically conducting fillers based on carbon nanomaterials. The review shows that these composite materials propelled a robust pathway of achieving strong performance with enhanced multi-functionalities. Initially, this review paper presents a versatile approach to understanding the constituent materials of these composites. These are stretchability, stiffness, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, durability, lightweight, self-healing, and their electro-mechanical approaches. These composite materials provide a unique platform for developing portable, adaptable, high-performance wearable sensors. These sensors can detect physical, chemical, and biological signals from the human body. Moreover, they are based on tear biomarkers, rechargeable cyborg insects, the development of contact lenses, and finally, self-adaptive blood flow sensors. In addition, the advantages and challenges of using these composite materials for obtaining effective sensors are discussed. In conclusion, these elastomer-based composites are reported to play a pivotal role in shaping the next generation of wearable sensors, especially due to their non-invasive approach. Overall, this review highlights that these portable wearable sensors will continue to drive innovation in personalized healthcare and versatile human-machine interfaces for different applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116563"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143817563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanically and electrically parallel multilayer magnetoelectric antennas for ultra-low frequency wireless communication","authors":"Liang Ma ,&nbsp;Wei Jin ,&nbsp;Zhi Cheng ,&nbsp;Jie Shen ,&nbsp;Zhi Qin ,&nbsp;Shiyue You ,&nbsp;Wen Chen ,&nbsp;Jing Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving long-distance communication in \"wireless communication blind spots\" such as underwater and underground poses high requirements for low-frequency antenna systems, making acoustic-driven magnetoelectric antennas a promising solution at this stage. However, the contradiction among the radiation intensity, resonance frequency, size, and power consumption of magnetoelectric (ME) antennas is challenging to reconcile. In this study, we designed and fabricated a multilayer ME antenna that operates in a mechanical and electrical parallel configuration. This antenna integrates both transmission and sensing function and operates at electromechanical resonance in the ultra-low frequency band. The mechanical parallel configuration offers a stronger bending driving force, enhancing magnetic emission performance. Measurement results demonstrated that the ME antenna can generate 7.4 nT at a resonance frequency of 340 Hz at a distance of 1 m, with a power consumption of merely 321 mW. The electrical parallel configuration increases the capacitance value, significantly improving the magnetoelectric charge coefficient. The output voltage response was enhanced by 45 % compared to single-layer devices, and the limit of detection was reduced to 0.239 nT. Furthermore, digital modulation methods such as amplitude shift keying and frequency shift keying were successfully implemented on this antenna, achieving low-frequency communication across different media. This work demonstrates significant potential for communication applications in conductive environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116547"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface and edge functionalization of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide for enhanced gas sensing: A theoretical investigation","authors":"Anton R. El Zanin ,&nbsp;Sergey V. Boroznin ,&nbsp;Irina V. Zaporotskova ,&nbsp;Natalia P. Boroznina ,&nbsp;Nachimuthu Venkatesh ,&nbsp;Govindhasamy Murugadoss","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) functionalized with metal oxides exhibit enhanced properties due to synergistic effects, making them attractive for electrochemical sensors, energy storage, and catalytic applications. This study investigates the surface and edge functionalization of CNTs with iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) for gas sensing using quantum-chemical methods. We examine the interaction of Fe₃O₄ with both zigzag and armchair CNTs through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, analyzing surface and edge modification mechanisms. The results demonstrate stable adsorption complexes, with edge-functionalized CNTs exhibiting higher adsorption energies than surface-modified counterparts. Key parameters such as adsorption distances, electronic structure, density of states (DOS), and energy gap variations are systematically evaluated, revealing dependence on CNT geometry, adsorption site, and functionalization type. Furthermore, the interaction of CNT-Fe₃O₄ composites with methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is modeled, showing physisorption accompanied by measurable changes in electronic properties and charge distribution. The energy gap modulation and charge transfer mechanisms suggest tunable sensitivity, enabling tailored nanocomposite design for specific applications. Notably, edge-modified CNT (6,0) exhibits unique charge redistribution, with electron transfer from Fe to C atoms and additional C→O transfer due to oxide restructuring. These findings highlight CNT-Fe₃O₄ composites as promising candidates for high-performance gas sensors, with potential applications in environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. The theoretical framework provides insights into structure-property relationships, guiding the development of advanced sensing materials with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity for detecting trace gases, metals, and organic molecules. This work paves the way for next-generation sensor devices with optimized performance through controlled nanomaterial functionalization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116565"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifunctional subwavelength device for wide-band sound absorption and acoustic-electric conversion","authors":"Ming Yuan ,&nbsp;Bo Zhu ,&nbsp;Qingsong Jiang ,&nbsp;Yannan Xie ,&nbsp;Roger Ohayon","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multifunctional acoustic devices, pivotal for advancing smart, compact systems, have attracted considerable interest due to their capacity to manipulate sound waves and deliver tailored functionalities. This study introduces a subwavelength acoustic device engineered with multifunctional interfaces that concurrently achieve sound absorption and acoustic-electric conversion. Departing from conventional local resonance-based absorbers—limited to single-peak low-frequency absorption—the proposed design enables effective low-frequency absorption and broadband performance (810–1600 Hz). This is realized through a synergistic architecture combining a slit-panel structure and a porous material, the latter shielded by an acoustic wire mesh to mitigate environmental contamination. Additionally, an acoustic nanogenerator, integrated with the slit panel and mesh, adopting contact electrification between materials with contrasting triboelectric properties to generate electricity. Experimental validation confirms the acoustic absorption performance and the successful acoustic-electric conversion, with peak voltage output occurring near the device’s resonant frequency. By integrating noise reduction and acoustic-electric conversion within a compact device, this work contributes to the development of multifunctional acoustic systems for self-powered applications and integration within smart environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116554"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and analysis of ear dynamics with a round-window stimulating active middle ear implant","authors":"Yinxin Kou ,&nbsp;Jie Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohai Liu ,&nbsp;Songyong Liu ,&nbsp;Weiwei Guo ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Houguang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the dynamic behavior of the stapes stimulated by a round-window stimulating active middle ear implant. Initially, a linear mechanical model of the implant coupled with the middle ear was validated using cadaver head experiments to establish baseline accuracy and ensure it reflects physiological conditions. Following validation, the linear stapes motion under implant stimulation was examined, offering insights into the influence of the implant's design parameters on the stapes' dynamic response. To address the mismatch between the round-window niche length and the actuator length, shape memory alloys were incorporated to develop a nonlinear mechanical model. While shape memory alloys enhance adaptability and accommodate patient-specific variations, they may also introduce nonlinear stiffness, which could lead to instability in system motion. To address this, the system behavior was analyzed across implant design parameters such as excitation voltage and coupling rod stiffness. The results indicate that with certain parameter configurations, the system exhibits significant subharmonic and chaotic motion. These findings emphasize the importance of optimizing the implant parameters to prevent undesirable aperiodic motion. Optimal design strategies were proposed to map the system's stable parameter region, improving implant stability and auditory compensation effectiveness. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using shape memory alloys in round-window stimulation to accommodate anatomical variations. The developed mechanical coupling model offers valuable insights for enhancing the design of round-window stimulating implants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116564"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile fabrication of self-powered UV-Vis-NIR Photodetector based on Lavandula angustifolia extract","authors":"Ali Akbar Hussaini,&nbsp;Murat Yıldırım","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in optoelectronics highlight the potential of abundantly available plants as promising semiconductor materials. In this study, we investigated the applicability of <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract as an efficient and affordable self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector with enhanced properties. <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract was obtained using supercritical CO₂ extraction method. It was characterized via ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The band gap was calculated as 3.50 eV, which proves its semiconductor behavior. <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> extract based thin film was obtained to fabricate UV-Vis-NIR photodetector device. The device has shown excellent responsivity, detectivity, and external quantum efficiency to various wavelengths between 351 and 1600 nm. Under solar light, 0.436 A/W responsivity and 2.16 × 10¹⁰ Jones detectivity were recorded. The device has shown a responsivity of 25.146 mA/W and detectivity of 4.89 × 10⁹ Jones at 1000 nm and 0 V bias voltage. The results obtained demonstrate the potential of a <em>Lavandula angustifolia</em> interlayered device for self-powered UV-Vis-NIR photodetector applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116545"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foldable flex joint actuator with ultralow operating air pressure","authors":"Shihao Shen,&nbsp;Shuo Liu,&nbsp;Changzhen Song,&nbsp;Jianghui Gong,&nbsp;Lirong Su,&nbsp;Ming Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pneumatic joint actuators are essential components in robotic systems, enabling soft robots to replicate natural movements observed in animals and humans, such as grasping, walking, and swimming, by generating rotation deformations through pneumatic actuation. However, conventional joint actuators typically require high operating pressures (≥5 kPa), which result in complex system architectures and high energy consumption. This study introduces a novel pneumatic joint actuator inspired by the folding membrane structures found in spider hydraulic joints. This foldable flex joint actuator integrates two elastic air chambers with a folding membrane structure, where the expansion of the folding membrane drives the elastic chambers’ deformation, enabling efficient rotational motion under ultralow operating pressures. Through finite element simulations and orthogonal optimization, the actuator achieves an ultra-wide operating pressure range of 0.5–20 kPa. It demonstrates rotational capability at an exceptionally low pressure of 0.5 kPa, delivers an output force of 9 N at 20 kPa and has effective service life of over 41,000 cycles. Furthermore, this actuator achieves a rotation angle density of 8.8°/kPa and a force density of 17.28 mN/(mm³·MPa), substantially outperforming traditional flexible joint actuators. Additionally, grasping experiments were conducted to validate the actuator's functionality, showcasing its performance and significant potential for practical applications in robotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116559"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly transparent β-Ga2O3/NiO heterojunction-based photovoltaic solar-blind photo-communication window","authors":"Sourov Hossain ,&nbsp;Shuvaraj Ghosh ,&nbsp;Junghyun Lee ,&nbsp;Chanhyuk Choi ,&nbsp;Malkeshkumar Patel ,&nbsp;Donggun Lim ,&nbsp;Joondong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing high-performance, deep-ultraviolet (DUV) devices that are invisible to the human eye is imperative for advancing next-generation transparent electronics. This work introduces a novel photovoltaic-integrated transparent photodetector (TPD) based on a Ga₂O₃/NiO heterojunction. The wide bandgap of n-Ga₂O₃ (∼4.5 eV) allows the heterojunction to effectively absorb DUV photons while remaining insensitive to longer wavelength photons. The p-type NiO provides a well-matched bandgap and suitable work function for fabricating a type II heterojunction, which enhances the efficient extraction of charge carriers at the interface. The valence band offset and a large built-in potential at the heterointerface provide advantageous energetics for separating and migrating photogenerated excitons, making it particularly useful for self-powered, solar-blind UV photodetection. Transparent silver nanowires electrodes are employed to ensure the device remains completely invisible to the human eye. The self-powered functionality eliminates the need for an external bias, simplifying device integration. The fabricated Ga₂O₃/NiO heterojunction-based transparent photovoltaic device exhibits an open-circuit value of 639 mV under DUV illumination, with an average visible transparency of 65 %. The TPD exhibits a fast photoresponse with a response time of 30 µs. Furthermore, we demonstrate an online real-time photo-communication monitoring application based on this device, as well as a wide-field-of-view for solar-blind photo-communication. The device's transparency and omnidirectional behavior pave the way for its use in various optoelectronic applications, including artificial intelligence eyes, wide-field-of-view cameras and antennas, solar-blind imaging, and more.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"389 ","pages":"Article 116553"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}