Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Design of a CMOS retinal-inspired optical chip for high background light environment applications","authors":"Cheng-Ta Chiang,&nbsp;Dong-Yi Lin,&nbsp;Jun-Qi Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a CMOS retinal-inspired optical chip for high background light environment applications is creatively proposed. All the retinal-inspired integrated processing circuits and photo sensors are compactly combined. The proposed design technique could not only have fundamental functions of retinal-inspired optical chip, but also effectively mitigate the adverse effects of high background light environment. Through measurement results, correct operations had been successfully tested in high illumination environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"401 ","pages":"Article 117577"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hierarchical adaptive particle swarm optimizer with diversity maintenance for suppressing edge distortion in DMD lithography","authors":"Shengzhou Huang ,&nbsp;Siwen He ,&nbsp;Yongkang Shao ,&nbsp;Dongjie Wu ,&nbsp;Jiani Pan ,&nbsp;Linsong Zhu ,&nbsp;Chengcheng Sheng ,&nbsp;Chenyi Song","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Digital micromirror device (DMD) maskless lithography suffers from severe edge distortions, such as edge serration and linewidth non-uniformity, primarily due to the discrete nature of micromirrors and optical diffraction effects. These distortions significantly degrade imaging fidelity, posing a major challenge for high-precision applications. While particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a promising solution for mask optimization, its traditional form often succumbs to premature convergence in high-dimensional problems. To address this, we propose a novel hierarchical adaptive PSO algorithm integrated with a dynamic diversity maintenance strategy. The core of our approach lies in a dynamic particle classification mechanism that divides the population into superior, medium, and inferior tiers, enabling differentiated search guidance. This is coupled with an adaptive inertia weight strategy tailored to each particle's level to balance global exploration and local exploitation. Furthermore, the algorithm incorporates a hybrid learning strategy, a subpopulation assistance mechanism, and a stagnation detection-recovery mechanism to collectively sustain population diversity and prevent premature convergence. Extensive numerical experiments on the CEC2005 and CEC2022 benchmark suites demonstrate that the enhanced PSO significantly outperforms conventional PSO in solving high-dimensional and complex optimization problems. When applied to DMD mask optimization, our method reduces pixel errors (<em>PE</em>) by an average of 85.2 % and achieves a maximum structural similarity (<em>SSIM</em>) index of 0.99. These results validate the effectiveness and practicality of our proposed algorithm in suppressing edge distortion and enhancing imaging fidelity for digital lithography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rotary-actuated compression sensor for real-time biomechanical assessment of human skin","authors":"Kung Ahn ,&nbsp;Ikjin Kwon ,&nbsp;JaeWoo Moon ,&nbsp;Kyudong Han ,&nbsp;Yong Ju Ahn","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117479","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117479","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human skin displays complex viscoelastic behavior arising from the interplay of collagen, elastin, and dermal ground substances, yet existing suction- and indentation-based devices provide limited physiological relevance and insufficient temporal resolution to characterize dynamic mechanical responses. We developed a novel contact-based elasticity device that applies controlled mechanical micro-compression using a rotary actuator and quantifies deformation through time-resolved electrical resistance sensing. A fully automated algorithm segments the resulting time-series into repeated base–peak–trough cycles and extracts multi-dimensional biomechanical descriptors, including deformation amplitude, loading slope, snap-back velocity, recovery time, and energy-based metrics. Validation with PDMS standards confirmed that five of six parameters robustly distinguished materials of different stiffness, demonstrating high sensitivity across a broad elasticity range. In individual measurements revealed clear lateral asymmetry within a single individual: the right cheek exhibited greater deformation and steeper loading slopes, whereas the left cheek showed faster recovery kinetics. A total of 250 participants aged 16–80 years were enrolled, including 218 female and 32 male participants, five viscoelastic parameters exhibited significant positive correlations with age (r = 0.16–0.33), revealing age-dependent degradation patterns that were not detectable in raw data. These findings demonstrate that integrating controlled compression with high-frequency resistance sensing enables detailed, physiologically relevant quantification of skin mechanics beyond the capabilities of traditional suction devices. The device algorithm system offers a robust platform for dermatologic evaluation, cosmetic efficacy testing, population-level aging research, and next-generation personalized skin-profiling technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-coupled ultrasonic transducers based on PIN-PSN-PT textured ceramic for non-contact photoacoustic imaging","authors":"Zhiqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Kanjie Du ,&nbsp;Fei Li ,&nbsp;Qingqing Ke","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117548","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of non-contact photoacoustic imaging is predominantly determined by the performance of air-coupled piezoelectric transducers, which is closely related to the electrical and acoustic properties of the piezoelectric materials. High-performance &lt; 001 &gt; -oriented ferroelectric ceramic, Pb(In_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃-Pb(Sc_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃-PbTiO₃ (PIN-PSN-PT) demonstrates with high piezoelectric charge coefficient (<em>d</em>_<em>33</em>＞900 pC/N) and large thickness electromechanical coupling factor (<em>k</em>_<em>t</em>＞0.6) and can be poten_<em>t</em>ially used as candidate materials for making air-coupled transducers (ACTs). In this study, we successfully fabricated air-coupled ultrasonic transducers based on PIN-PSN-PT ceramic with improved performance. The transducers designed with center frequencies of 600 kHz, 800 kHz, and 1000 kHz, show –6 dB bandwidths of 15.5%, 12%, and 9.5%, respectively. The corresponding effective <em>k</em>_<em>t</em> values of 0.71, 0.70, and 0.74 are achieved together with bidirectional insertion losses (<em>IL</em>) of –72.4 dB, –68.8 dB, and –70.8 dB, respectively. A non-contact photoacoustic imaging experiments are conducted on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) to evaluate the sensitivity of our ACTs. Remarkably, these transducers achieved high-sensitivity imaging of 3 mm diameter blind holes. This demonstrates that the use of PIN-PSN-PT textured ceramic holds significant potential for developing air-coupled acoustic sensors with high reception sensitivity for photoacoustic imaging applications, outperforming traditional PZT-based sensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117548"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO₂/SiO₂/MWCNT/PV Waste (TSMP) nanocomposite for flexible strain sensors","authors":"Zufar Alfarros ,&nbsp;Muhammad Luthfi Hakim ,&nbsp;Rohadi Satrio Budi Utomo ,&nbsp;Budi Prawara ,&nbsp;Arif Kusumawanto ,&nbsp;Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A TiO₂/SiO₂/MWCNT/PV (TSMP) nanocomposite was synthesized through a modified sol–gel route to develop a structurally reinforced and highly conductive hybrid material for flexible strain-sensing applications. Characterization was done through a series of different tools including FT-IR, SEM-EDS, and UV-Visible analysis to ascertain the element distribution, chemical bonding, and optical absorption. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) revealed a glass transition temperature of 62.7 °C, indicating thermal stability suitable for wearable electronics. When integrated into a silicone rubber matrix, the TSMP/MWCNT composite enabled a flexible strain sensor with a gauge factor of 20.75, a strain ranges up to 100 %, a rapid response time of 130 ms, and stable electromechanical durability over 1200 loading–unloading cycles. These properties allowed precise real-time detection of human motions such as finger and wrist bending. The balanced contribution of TiO₂–SiO₂ structural rigidity, MWCNT conductivity, and PV matrix flexibility results in a robust and responsive nanocomposite. Notably, the PV employed in this work was derived from PV waste, demonstrating its successful incorporation into a high-performance functional material. The versatility and stability of this TSMP architecture also position it for future applications in soft robotics, interactive wearable systems, and next-generation health-monitoring platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117537"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and prototyping of a multilayer polyvinyl chloride gel actuator for suppressing resting hand tremor","authors":"Xia Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhongliang Liu ,&nbsp;Hanli Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Li ,&nbsp;Shaojiang Dong ,&nbsp;Shizheng Sun ,&nbsp;Minoru Hashimoto","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resting hand tremor, a prevalent neurological disorder, significantly compromises patients’ quality of life without being directly life-threatening. Conventional pharmacological and surgical interventions are often costly and carry potential complications, thereby generating considerable interest in non-invasive wearable assistive devices. However, existing exoskeleton-based tremor suppression devices, which predominantly rely on conventional motor-driven mechanisms, are frequently hampered by issues such as large size, substantial weight, and significant obtrusiveness. These limitations readily induce muscle fatigue, severely restricting their clinical utility and patient compliance. To address these challenges, this study pioneers the application of multilayer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel actuators for hand tremor suppression. Aiming to develop a practical suppression device, we first identified the optimal parameter set by investigating the force/displacement characteristics of the actuator under varying plasticizer contents and stacking layers. This established a high-performance gel actuator configuration suitable for tremor suppression, upon which a modular encapsulation structure with adjustable pre-tension was designed. Subsequently, guided by the principles of active vibration control, a dedicated control system was developed, incorporating tremor signal frequency/phase detection and a voltage-source switching control strategy. Finally, a hand tremor simulation test platform was constructed for validation. Experimental results demonstrated that the multilayer PVC gel actuator achieved a suppression efficiency of up to 49%. The encapsulated actuator exhibited outstanding comprehensive performance, including low power dissipation (5.2%), rapid response (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>50 ms), high operational bandwidth (10 Hz), and lightweight (33 g), thereby fully validating its application potential in physiological tremor suppression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117536"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniature E-type photoacoustic cell for detection of trace acetylene gas","authors":"Bingyu Mo ,&nbsp;Shanghu Zhou ,&nbsp;Haiting Wang ,&nbsp;Shenglong Li ,&nbsp;Menglong Han ,&nbsp;Xiaoyun Liu ,&nbsp;Chenxi Li ,&nbsp;Ke Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve rapid flow measurement in oil-dissolved gas analysis, the photoacoustic (PA) detection technology based on a miniature E-type PA cell (E-PAC) has been proposed. The optimization of flow measurement time and volume reduction of the E-PAC are prioritized, while ensuring the stability of detection performance metrics. The E-PAC achieves sensor miniaturization by embedding the resonant cavity into the buffer chamber, with a total gas chamber volume of 3 mL. Consequently, concentrated thermal expansion from gas molecules absorbing optical energy generates stronger pressure fluctuations and enhanced PA signals. Meanwhile, finite element analysis is employed to optimize the positions of the gas inlet and outlet, achieving a reduction in gas response time. In the flow measurement experiment, when the gas flow rate reaches 50 sccm, the response time reaches its minimum, which is 39 s. Finally, to verify the gas detection capability of this system, acetylene (C₂H₂) gas detection experiment is carried out. When the integration time is set to 1 s, the sensor achieves a minimum detection limit of 12 ppb for C₂H₂ gas, accompanied by a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient of 6.97 × 10⁻¹⁰ W·cm⁻¹·Hz^−1/2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117560"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146170844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and evaluation of a compact force feedback glove for virtual reality applications","authors":"Dapeng Chen ,&nbsp;Haojun Ni ,&nbsp;Juncheng Lou ,&nbsp;Lianshun Shen ,&nbsp;Zhong Wei ,&nbsp;Jia Liu ,&nbsp;Aiguo Song","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117514","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117514","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of Virtual Reality (VR) technology has sparked growing interest among researchers in wearable force feedback gloves for enhancing users’ perception of haptic properties of virtual objects. To provide a lightweight VR haptic solution offering sufficient force, fast and accurate response, we designed a force feedback glove based on a miniaturized Magnetorheological (MR) brake. This MR brake is designed using a simple “catheter-sinew” structure and can be constructed in a distributed manner to form the compact glove. The series-connected MR brake group can provide a maximum feedback force of 9.86 N for a single finger. To address output force discrepancies stemming from hysteresis, we implemented an adaptive fuzzy PID control strategy for precise control of the MR brake’s output force. Subsequently, we conducted three subjective perception experiments to assess the glove’s efficacy in displaying virtual object features within a VR setting. Experimental results show that the response time of the glove is 28 ms, and the accuracy rate in helping users identify the shape of virtual objects and the size information of given spheres can both reach more than 80%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-responsive and self-sensing flexible actuators based on conductive polypyrrole/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels","authors":"Yaling Mao,&nbsp;Minjuan Gao,&nbsp;Changhao Qian,&nbsp;Ning Zhang,&nbsp;Runtian Miao,&nbsp;Xingyu Fan,&nbsp;Yueqin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanocomposite hydrogels have recently emerged as promising candidates for soft hydrogel actuators. However, achieving autonomous response to external stimuli while providing real-time feedback on their motion states remains a key challenge for PNIPAM hydrogel actuators. Herein, conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were homogeneously incorporated into PNIPAM networks via multiple in situ polymerization steps. Through direct adhesion to a passive PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay hydrogel layer, a bilayer hydrogel actuator with the configuration PNIPAM/PPy//PAA-Fe³ ⁺/clay was successfully fabricated. This hydrogel actuator exhibited rapid bending deformation under thermal stimulation, enabling swift object grasping and lifting actions in hot water. The PPy network infiltrated within the hydrogel matrix served as an effective photothermal agent, facilitating stable and repeatable temperature elevation under NIR light irradiation. Therefore, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel achieved diverse biomimetic functionalities, including the simulation of hand gestures, the closure of Venus flytrap-mimetic leaves, the operation of fluid valves, and the programmable bending of flower petals. Notably, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel exhibited excellent electrical conductivity (1.24 ± 0.04 S/m) and could be fabricated into strain sensors with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 3.44, accompanied by fast response speeds and exceptional durability. Leveraging these integrated properties, the PNIPAM/PPy hydrogel is capable of detecting bending and weight-lifting actuations through real-time resistance changes, thereby achieving self-sensing actuation capabilities within the monolithic material. This distinctive design highlights the material’s promising potential for applications in soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent soft gripper with independently controlled multi-segment structure and conformally integrated all-nanofiber pressure sensor for achieving multifunctional grasping capability","authors":"Yigen Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Yubo Hu ,&nbsp;Zhi Hu ,&nbsp;Hongyi Liu ,&nbsp;Jiu Yu ,&nbsp;Hanshi Li ,&nbsp;Jian Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2026.117517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Empowering intelligent soft gripper with diverse grasping modes has attracted extensive interests in scenarios of industrial productivity, automated sorting domain and human-machine interaction. However, existing strategies for enriching grasping capability of soft gripper, such as alternatively designing intricate structures or integrating flexible pressure sensor, mainly suffered from unsimultaneous enhancement of intelligence or dexterity, and the integrated flexible sensors are often seriously affected by the dynamic large deformation of soft structure. In this work, an intelligent soft gripper with multifunctional grasping capability is constructed by synergistically designing multi-segmented structure and integrating stretchable ionic capacitive pressure sensor. Each individual pneumatic soft finger of the proposed intelligent gripper consists of independently controlled proximal, middle, and distal segments, enabling the capability to pick a wide variety of objects and to demonstrate in-hand operations. Moreover, the integrated pressure sensor features all-nanofiber structures, not only facilitating the improvement of tactile sensing performance (high sensitivity of 1.58 kPa⁻¹, exceptional robustness and stability) based on ionic capacitive effect, but also prompting the conformal integration with the compliance body of pneumatic soft finger. Finally, potential applications are demonstrated, including continuous tactile monitoring of each segment and high-accuracy object recognition. The gripper achieves a recognition accuracy of 90.3 % with a single sensor, which is further enhanced to 99.0 % by employing a 2 × 2 sensor array, both facilitated by a machine learning algorithm.This study simultaneously enhances the dexterity and intelligence of soft gripper and expedites its applications towards practical scenarios, contributing to the development of soft robotics towards hand-like embodied artificial intelligence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"400 ","pages":"Article 117517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}