Sensors and Actuators A-physical最新文献

{"title":"Inchworm-inspired micro-inspection robot: Autonomous design for aero-engine inspection","authors":"ZhenHao Chen ,&nbsp;BoWen Yang ,&nbsp;HaoJie Tian ,&nbsp;Heng Zhang ,&nbsp;HaiYan Hu ,&nbsp;XiangXing Kong","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The inspection of aero-engines presents significant challenges due to the complexity of manual maintenance and the limitations of traditional cable-driven robots, which struggle to follow engine rotations and offer limited degrees of freedom and restricted access. To address these issues, this study introduces a five-degree-of-freedom (5DOF) inchworm-inspired cableless robot, equipped with deep learning-based autonomous motion strategies, specifically designed for internal aero-engine inspections. The robot's design draws inspiration from the natural locomotion of inchworms, providing enhanced flexibility and mobility within the confined and complex internal structures of aero-engines. The proposed design includes innovations such as a multi-fold leech-inspired vacuum suction mechanism, which achieves rapid adhesion and release without the need for a vacuum release device. This mechanism increases the suction capacity by 36.5 % and improves adaptability to the curved surfaces of the engine's inner walls. Additionally, a deep learning-based autonomous motion control strategy, utilizing monocular depth estimation and edge detection algorithms, enables the robot to perform autonomous obstacle avoidance and path tracking with a video recognition frame rate of 15 FPS. The robot's performance, including foot adhesion, path-following capabilities, and autonomous obstacle avoidance, was experimentally validated, demonstrating stable and autonomous operation within the aero-engine environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116589"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143899572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric self-biased magnetoelectric antenna pairs for low frequency communication system","authors":"Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Lü ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Chengming Xue ,&nbsp;Xiangwei Zhu ,&nbsp;Weimin Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Acoustically actuated compact low frequency (LF) magnetoelectric (ME) antennas offer the advantages of small size and high robustness against interference, which enable their use in portable LF underwater and underground communication applications. These antennas usually operate in an optimal DC-biased magnetic field (<em>H</em>_DC). However, permanent magnets or coils that generate the <em>H</em>_DC introduce additional electromagnetic fields and noise, which can affect the communication stability. Furthermore, the ME transmitter (T_X) antenna driven by high voltage exhibits strong nonlinear dynamic characteristics due to the strong delta-E effect. The ME receiver (R_X) antenna of the same structure operating in a weak magnetic field may create a frequency mismatch in the communication system, which further aggravates the bandwidth limitations of the ME antennas. In this work, an asymmetric LF communication system consisting of a self-biased ME T_X antenna and a self-biased cantilever ME R_X antenna is proposed, based on a magnetization-graded stacked structure. The experimental results demonstrate that the self-biased ME T_X antenna exhibits good radiating capability: its radiation performance improves by 142.4 % and its radiation distance increases by three times under a zero-bias magnetic field compared with the conventional ME T_X antenna. The communication performance of the proposed asymmetric self-biased ME antenna communication system is verified, and it is observed that the limit test distance is 1.7 times that of the symmetric communication system. In addition, the radiation performance of the self-biased ME T_X antenna decreases linearly with increasing temperature, demonstrating its potential application as a temperature sensor that can provide data support for temperature compensation in ME communications. This study is expected to provide novel solutions for the application of ME antennas in LF communications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-sensitive multi-tasking photonic spin Hall effect sensor controlled by external pressure","authors":"Jie Cheng ,&nbsp;Cheng Cheng ,&nbsp;Zekai Li ,&nbsp;Shengli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) is an effective metrological approach to monitor the subtle change of refractive index (RI). In this work, we theoretically propose a highly sensitive RI sensor based on photonic SHE, which can flexibly manipulate multiple sensing tasks by taking advantage of the tunable RI of polymer layer via the external pressure. In the measured RI range of 1.32–1.39, a great enhancement of sensing performance is observed under the condition of optimal pressure (0–200 MPa). Moreover, we take the two distinct detection tasks (identifying cancer cells and detecting oxyhemoglobin concentration) as examples, and then demonstrate the multi-functional sensing potential, and also high sensitivity. Therefore, our designed photonic SHE sensor with the simple structure of only four layers, could integrate multiple RI sensing tasks into one device. These findings not only make up for the shortcomings of single-function in traditional sensors and complex structure in multi-functional ones, but more significantly, they offer a new opportunity for real-time, label-free, flexible manipulation, and low-cost detection in the field of biomedicine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116625"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic gesture tracking using wearable data gloves with flexible FBGs","authors":"Muyun Qian ,&nbsp;Haitang Yan ,&nbsp;Wanying Wang ,&nbsp;Zelin Sun ,&nbsp;Yaohui Dong ,&nbsp;Xinyuan Wei ,&nbsp;Hanbin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Existing wearable data gloves for gesture recognition often face challenges in achieving both high precision and real-time performance. To address these limitations, we propose a data glove design incorporating fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) encapsulated in flexible materials and positioned near the interphalangeal joints. This setup enables effective gesture recognition. First, the principle of fiber grating curvature sensing is derived, followed by curvature calibration of the FBG data glove through flexible encapsulation. An experimental platform was constructed to assess the glove’s performance in static and dynamic digital gesture recognition. Calibration results demonstrate a linear correlation between wavelength drift and curvature changes, with a comprehensive sensitivity of 0.0126 nm/°. Static and dynamic experimental findings confirm that the FBG sensors effectively monitor wavelength shifts induced by finger curvature variations. Analysis of different digital gestures at various time intervals revealed the wavelength offsets corresponding to the straightening and bending states of each finger. The five FBG sensors, encapsulated in flexible materials and positioned at the proximal interphalangeal joints, capture curvature changes across the five fingers, enabling accurate, real-time recognition of both static and dynamic gestures. This study highlights the potential of the developed wearable data glove for tracking and recognizing fine movements of the human hand.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116622"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic mixing driven by dual eccentrically focused surface acoustic waves","authors":"Jin-Chen Hsu,&nbsp;Kai-Li Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we present enhanced micromixing driven by dual eccentrically focused surface acoustic waves (DEF-SAWs). The DEF-SAWs are excited by two eccentrically arranged, coplanar, focused interdigital transducers (IDTs) patterned on the surface of a 500 μm-thick piezoelectric lithium-niobate (LiNbO₃) substrate. These two focused SAW beams can deliver concentrated acoustic energy into a circular chamber-embedded microchannel to generate enhanced encircling stirring. Compared with using the conventional straight channel, we demonstrate that the circular chamber-embedded channel is more suitable for accommodating the encircling circulation flow induced by Eckart streaming and prolongs the working time for mixing. Hence, the joint action of Rayleigh–Schlichting streaming and Eckart streaming achieves high mixing efficiency. We construct a series of finite element models and conduct simulations to elucidate the working mechanisms of encircling acoustic pressure and encircling-enhanced mixing behaviors induced by DEF-SAW fields. Subsequently, we fabricate DEF-SAW micromixers using standard photolithography and replica molding of a master mold created by micro-milling. The continuous flow mixing experiments verify the enhanced mixing efficiency, and submicron-particle flow visualization experiments confirm the encircling effect. Additionally, mixing performance using higher acoustic frequencies supported by acoustic plate modes of the LiNbO₃ substrate in the DEF-SAW devices is also investigated and compared.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116600"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and suppression of magnetic noise in magnetic shielding devices considering anisotropy and hierarchical magnetic flux density","authors":"Wei Liu ,&nbsp;Xueping Xu ,&nbsp;Zhenkai Zhao ,&nbsp;Weiwei Wu ,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116624","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116624","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Magnetic shielding devices (MSDs) provide a near-zero magnetic environment crucial for magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements. Accurate calculation and suppression of magnetic noise are essential for achieving high-sensitivity. Yet, existing magnetic noise calculation methods often overlook the anisotropy and uneven distribution of magnetic flux density in laminated nanocrystalline materials. This paper introduces a novel magnetic noise calculation model that accounts for anisotropy. Furthermore, a magnetic circuit network model is developed, yielding analytical expressions for magnetic flux density across various hierarchical levels. Building on this framework, the magnetic noise calculation model is refined with the incorporation of correction coefficients. The implementation of transverse magnetic annealing effectively reduces material losses, coercivity, and residual magnetization, while significantly enhancing permeability. Finally, the accuracy of the magnetic noise calculation method was experimentally validated, demonstrating a minimal error of just 2.39 % between the experimental and calculated values of magnetic noise. This advancement is crucial for enhancing the sensitivity of MEG measurements by effectively reducing magnetic noise in high-performance MSDs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116624"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a robust closed loop pressure control system for droplet generation","authors":"Suleman A. Naz ,&nbsp;Van Thanh Huynh ,&nbsp;Egan H. Doeven ,&nbsp;Scott Adams ,&nbsp;Abbas Z. Kouzani ,&nbsp;Rosanne M. Guijt","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In droplet microfluidics, the precision of droplet length is essential for assay consistency. Pneumatic control is commonly utilized to regulate fluid flow and droplet generation, but the absence of feedback in open-loop systems makes these systems vulnerable to disturbances and restricts dynamic pressure regulation. To minimize variability and optimize resilience to perturbations, a closed-loop control strategy was implemented with the help of a proportional valve regulating the pressure in a sealed container. Using system identification, a mathematical model for the pneumatic system was developed to form the basis for a closed-loop Proportional-Integral (PI) controller. Compared to conventional methods, that derive mathematical models using physical laws, system identification is used to simplify complex models and design an effective robust controller while considering experimental uncertainties. The effectiveness of the closed-loop feedback system was evaluated for dynamic pressure changes and disturbance rejection. This resulted in a significant reduction of the coefficient of variation (CV) from 9.32 % (best-case scenario) during open loop control to &lt; 3 % during closed loop control. Additionally, the stability of container pressures over a 30-minute period demonstrated a 25-fold improvement compared to open loop, alongside 1.6-fold enhancement in stability in droplet length.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116596"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single electrode Triboelectric Nanogenerator integrated pacemaker lead for cardiac energy harvesting","authors":"Akshpreet Kaur ,&nbsp;Shivam Jadaun ,&nbsp;Manthan Sharma ,&nbsp;Ankur Gupta ,&nbsp;Gaurav Sapra","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs) are a part of paradigm shift that is on horizon in the field of cardiac energy harvesting for powering pacemakers. However, such designs require highly invasive thoracotomies resulting in low chances of technology advancing to human clinical trials. In this work, an innovative Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) – Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based Single Electrode (SE) TENG is developed and integrated to the pacemaker leads for effectively harnessing energy from the movements of the pacemaker lead due to cardiac motion. Finite element simulations are conducted on the pacemaker lead for comprehensive understanding of its deformation behaviour and fluid dynamic characteristics. An inventive approach is employed to non-invasively investigate the dynamics of pacemaker lead in different patients. Experimentally, a novel Pacemaker Lead Motion Simulator (PLMS) system is developed for performing rigorous in-vitro tests of SE-TENG integrated pacemaker lead. The maximum peak-to-peak open circuit voltage of SE-TENG corresponding to complex motion of pacemaker lead (12 mm - 60°) is 1.44 V aligning with the pacemaker lead motions in patient 1. The PLMS system is further modified to analyse the performance of SE-TENG in liquid environment generating output of 0.4 V at 25 mm Hg pressure. Furthermore, power management system is designed to directly power a commercial pacemaker. This innovation eliminates the reliance on batteries showcasing its potential to enhance comfort, minimise invasiveness and improve long-term health outcomes while setting new standards particularly for paediatric patients thereby making a global impact with sustainable cardiac care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143873822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A MEMS hydrophone and its integration with an accelerometer for leak detection in metal pipelines","authors":"Jianwei Zong ,&nbsp;Baoyu Zhi ,&nbsp;Long Zhang ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Liang Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper designs, fabricates, and characterizes a MEMS hydrophone based on AlScN piezoelectric material, which is integrated with a commercial MEMS accelerometer to form an acoustic/vibration sensor module for metal pipeline leak detection. The proposed MEMS hydrophone, utilizing a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT), features a 3 × 4 array, with each element having a radius of 500 μm. The hydrophone operates at a first-order resonant frequency of 66.3 kHz and exhibits an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 3.8 %. The fabricated PMUT device is encapsulated in a Φ1.6 cm × 0.55 cm housing with an acoustic matching adhesive and a pre-amplifier circuit. Its sensitivity reaches −169 ± 1 dB (re: 1 V/µPa). The MEMS hydrophone and an accelerometer are integrated into a single module and installed invasively within a stainless steel pipeline to assess their performance in monitoring pipeline leakage. The signals corresponding to different leak sizes and distances are collected, and their time-domain signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are analyzed. At small leaks, the MEMS hydrophone exhibits a lower signal-to-noise ratio, and at greater distances, the signal attenuation of the MEMS accelerometer results in an even lower SNR. By integrating the signals from both sensor types, the limitations inherent to each are effectively addressed, leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and enhanced pipeline leakage detection quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"391 ","pages":"Article 116613"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust electrospun Si@PVA-MoS₂:NiO nanofibers heterojunction for enhanced self-powered broadband photodetection","authors":"Fatma Yıldırım ,&nbsp;Hamed Fayaz Rouhi ,&nbsp;Hossein Mahmoudi Chenari ,&nbsp;Mehmet Biber ,&nbsp;Şakir Aydoğan","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.116616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Si@PVA-MoS₂:NiO heterojunction photodetector (HJPD) was successfully fabricated by electrospinning PVA-MoS₂:NiO composite nanofibers (NFs) onto a n-Si. Structural and morphological analysis of nanofibers were performed by XRD and FESEM, respectively. It was found that the device gave rectification ratio as high as 5.91 × 0⁴ in the dark. A comprehensive current-voltage (I-V) analysis of the device was carried out, focusing on the influence of the white light intensity. From the white light intensity-dependent measurements, it was revealed that the photoresponse was higher at higher intensities due to the interfacial photogating effect. Besides, I-V measurements under 365, 395, 590 and 850 nm light sources were also analyzed in detail. The device was found to exhibit very high performance under all the light sources mentioned. Specifically, responsivity (R) and specific detectivity (D*) of 372 mA/W and 6.69 × 10¹¹ Jones, respectively, were attained at 590 nm and 8 mW/cm² for the optimum value (at −2.0 V). Furthermore, the highest EQE value was calculated as 117 (%) at −2.0 V, under 365 nm UV light, while highest ON/OFF ratio was obtained as 2.14 × 10⁴ for 590 nm, at zero bias. Besides, the device exhibits the normalized photocurrent to the dark current ratio (NPDR) of.40 × 10⁸ W⁻¹ (for zero bias), and the noise equivalent power (NEP) of 8.19 × 10^–14 WHz^−1/2 (for −2.0 V) under 590 nm yellow light. Furthermore, the Si@PVA-MoS₂:NiO NFs HJPD heterojunction photodetector has shown remarkable stability, offering long-term reliability for practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"390 ","pages":"Article 116616"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}