IoT based hybrid optical-wireless microstructured optical fiber sensor network for cadmium ions detection

IF 4.9 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Sensors and Actuators A-physical Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI:10.1016/j.sna.2025.117002

Husam Abduldaem Mohammed Asst. Prof. , Mohd Hanif Yaacob Prof.

{"title":"IoT based hybrid optical-wireless microstructured optical fiber sensor network for cadmium ions detection","authors":"Husam Abduldaem Mohammed Asst. Prof. , Mohd Hanif Yaacob Prof.","doi":"10.1016/j.sna.2025.117002","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly in recent years across several industries, most notably environment monitoring, healthcare, and architecture. A network of various devices is connected by IoT. A smart environment monitoring system that maintains electronic contamination in water records and offers real-time monitoring is required. An IoT based remote monitoring optical fiber sensor network is proposed and developed. The user is notified via the internet anywhere. A reflective taper-in-etch standard single mode fiber (TiESSMF) sensing platform is used for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) remote detection in aqueous solutions and is integrated with IoT. A 2 cm long sensing platform was chemically etched with 40 µm diameter, then tapered over a 1 cm length within the etched region with a 13 µm waist diameter. Palladium/graphite nanofiber (Pd/Gnf) nanocomposite is deposited on the TiESSMF via drop-casting technique to increase its sensitivity to ambient changes. The sensor is evaluated using a solution containing Cd(II) ions with a concentration range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm) at room temperature. The concentrations of the Cd(II) solution are adjusted to alter the refractive index of the solution and, accordingly, the optical properties of the nanocomposite change. The optical power fluctuates due to the measurement. The sensor's values were 0.0619 dBm/ppm, 22 s for sensitivity, and response time, respectively, and 36 s for recovery time. ESP-32 controller was used to process the data of Cd(II) ions concentrations and IoT purposes. With this system, the user can monitor Cd(II) concentration and receive notifications remotely.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":21689,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","volume":"395 ","pages":"Article 117002"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sensors and Actuators A-physical","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424725008088","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has grown rapidly in recent years across several industries, most notably environment monitoring, healthcare, and architecture. A network of various devices is connected by IoT. A smart environment monitoring system that maintains electronic contamination in water records and offers real-time monitoring is required. An IoT based remote monitoring optical fiber sensor network is proposed and developed. The user is notified via the internet anywhere. A reflective taper-in-etch standard single mode fiber (TiESSMF) sensing platform is used for cadmium ion (Cd(II)) remote detection in aqueous solutions and is integrated with IoT. A 2 cm long sensing platform was chemically etched with 40 µm diameter, then tapered over a 1 cm length within the etched region with a 13 µm waist diameter. Palladium/graphite nanofiber (Pd/Gnf) nanocomposite is deposited on the TiESSMF via drop-casting technique to increase its sensitivity to ambient changes. The sensor is evaluated using a solution containing Cd(II) ions with a concentration range from 0.1 to 50 parts per million (ppm) at room temperature. The concentrations of the Cd(II) solution are adjusted to alter the refractive index of the solution and, accordingly, the optical properties of the nanocomposite change. The optical power fluctuates due to the measurement. The sensor's values were 0.0619 dBm/ppm, 22 s for sensitivity, and response time, respectively, and 36 s for recovery time. ESP-32 controller was used to process the data of Cd(II) ions concentrations and IoT purposes. With this system, the user can monitor Cd(II) concentration and receive notifications remotely.

查看原文本刊更多论文

基于物联网的混合光-无线微结构光纤传感器网络镉离子检测

近年来，物联网（IoT）在多个行业迅速发展，最引人注目的是环境监测、医疗保健和架构。由各种设备组成的网络通过物联网连接起来。需要一种智能环境监测系统，它可以保存水中的电子污染记录，并提供实时监测。提出并开发了一种基于物联网的远程监控光纤传感器网络。用户可以通过互联网随时随地收到通知。一种反射式蚀刻锥形标准单模光纤（TiESSMF）传感平台用于水溶液中的镉离子（Cd(II)）远程检测，并与物联网集成。一个2 cm长的传感平台被化学蚀刻，直径为40 µm，然后在蚀刻区域内逐渐变细，长度为1 cm，腰直径为13 µm。采用滴铸法制备钯/石墨纳米纤维（Pd/Gnf）纳米复合材料，提高其对环境变化的敏感性。在室温下，使用含有浓度范围为0.1至50ppm的Cd（II）离子的溶液对传感器进行评估。通过调整Cd（II）溶液的浓度来改变溶液的折射率，从而改变纳米复合材料的光学性质。光功率因测量而波动。传感器的值为0.0619 dBm/ppm，灵敏度和响应时间分别为22 s，恢复时间为36 s。采用ESP-32控制器处理Cd（II）离子浓度和IoT目的数据。使用该系统，用户可以远程监测Cd（II）浓度并接收通知。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Sensors and Actuators A-physical 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

6.50%

发文量

630

审稿时长

49 days

期刊介绍： Sensors and Actuators A: Physical brings together multidisciplinary interests in one journal entirely devoted to disseminating information on all aspects of research and development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical regularly publishes original papers, letters to the Editors and from time to time invited review articles within the following device areas: • Fundamentals and Physics, such as: classification of effects, physical effects, measurement theory, modelling of sensors, measurement standards, measurement errors, units and constants, time and frequency measurement. Modeling papers should bring new modeling techniques to the field and be supported by experimental results. • Materials and their Processing, such as: piezoelectric materials, polymers, metal oxides, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, thick and thin films, optical glass fibres, amorphous, polycrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. • Optoelectronic sensors, such as: photovoltaic diodes, photoconductors, photodiodes, phototransistors, positron-sensitive photodetectors, optoisolators, photodiode arrays, charge-coupled devices, light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and liquid-crystal displays. • Mechanical sensors, such as: metallic, thin-film and semiconductor strain gauges, diffused silicon pressure sensors, silicon accelerometers, solid-state displacement transducers, piezo junction devices, piezoelectric field-effect transducers (PiFETs), tunnel-diode strain sensors, surface acoustic wave devices, silicon micromechanical switches, solid-state flow meters and electronic flow controllers. Etc...