New Phytologist最新文献

{"title":"Phylogenetic and biochemical drivers of plant species variation in organic compound hydrogen stable isotopes: novel mechanistic constraints","authors":"Jochem Baan, Meisha Holloway-Phillips, Daniel B. Nelson, Jurriaan M. de Vos, Ansgar Kahmen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Significant variation in plant organic compound hydrogen stable isotope (δ²H) values among species from a single location suggests species biochemistry diversity as a key driver. However, the biochemical mechanisms and the biological relevance behind this species-specific δ²H variation remain unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We analyzed δ²H values of cellulose and <i>n</i>-alkanes across 179 eudicot species in a botanical garden sampled in 2019, and cellulose, <i>n</i>-alkanes, fatty acids and phytol δ²H values from 56 eudicot species sampled in 2020. We utilized the observed species variation in δ²H values to determine phylogenetic structure and mechanistic constraints for biochemical ²H-fractionation.</li>\u0000<li>A strong phylogenetic signal in lipid compound δ²H values implies that the drivers of species variation in lipid δ²H values are evolutionarily conserved. By contrast, species variation in cellulose δ²H values was not strongly linked to phylogeny. Generally low-explanatory power of relationships between δ²H values of different compounds (<i>R</i>² &lt; 0.26) implies nonubiquitous drivers of species variation in plant organic compound δ²H values.</li>\u0000<li>Historically, variable biochemical ²H-fractionation was often attributed to δ²H values of H incorporated from NADPH. Instead, the results from this study suggest that species variation in biochemical ²H-fractionation largely occurs independently within biosynthetic pathways. For lipids, these mechanisms appear strongly linked to evolutionary history.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rigorous mathematical modeling and physiological experimentation reveal that Ralstonia wilt pathogens consume an in planta diet of amino acids with a dash of sugar","authors":"Corri D. Hamilton, Tiffany M. Lowe-Power","doi":"10.1111/nph.20417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><i>Ralstonia</i> are infamously aggressive bacterial wilt pathogens that invade plant roots and spread through the xylem vessel network. The pathogen population grows tremendously within the xylem vessels and then extensively in the stem cortex apoplast. The biomass accumulation clogs the xylem vessels, causing a fatal wilt disease. Despite knowing the infection outcome, linking pathogen physiology to population dynamics <i>in planta</i> has been challenging. In an article recently published in <i>New Phytologist</i>, Baroukh <i>et al</i>. (<span>2024</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.20216) address this knowledge gap by using Monod-type mathematical modeling to mechanistically simulate the nutritional environment that drives <i>Ralstonia</i>'s population dynamics within xylem vessels. <blockquote><p>‘The integration of mathematical modeling and experimental data allows researchers to investigate infection conditions that are difficult to achieve in reality.’</p>\u0000<div></div>\u0000</blockquote>\u0000</div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blocking constitutive autophagy rescues the loss of acquired heat resistance in Arabidopsis fes1a","authors":"Xuezhi Li, Tong Su, Xiaofeng Wang, Yan Liu, Jingjing Ge, Panfei Huo, Yiwu Zhao, Tongtong Wang, Hongbin Yu, Meijie Duan, Yuebin Jia, Xianpeng Yang, Pingping Wang, Qingqiu Gong, Jian Liu, Changle Ma","doi":"10.1111/nph.20393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>High temperature is one of several major abiotic stresses that can cause substantial loss of crop yields. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are key components of heat stress resistance. Mutation of FES1A, an auxiliary molecular chaperone of HSP70, leads to defective acquired thermotolerance. Autophagy is a positive regulator of basal thermotolerance and a negative regulator of heat stress memory, but its function in acquired thermotolerance is unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We found that blocking constitutive autophagy rescued the heat sensitivity of <i>fes1a</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Immunoblot and proteomic analyses showed that the rescue was not due to increased HSP levels. Instead, proteomic analysis and confocal microscopy studies revealed that knocking out the core autophagy-related (<i>ATG</i>) genes leads to accumulation of peroxisomes, thus upregulating the metabolic pathways within the peroxisomes.</li>\u0000<li>Accumulation of peroxisomes promotes both reactive oxygen species scavenging and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in <i>atg7 fes1a</i>. Overexpression of ABCD1/PXA1/CTS, a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter, in <i>atg7 fes1a</i> leads to abnormal peroxisomal function and subsequently thermosensitivity. Moreover, we found that exogenous application of indole-3-butyric acid, IAA or naphthalene-1-acetic acid rescued <i>fes1a</i> heat sensitivity.</li>\u0000<li>We propose that autophagy is detrimental to the survival of the <i>fes1a</i> mutant, which has acquired thermosensitivity.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two homologous Zn2Cys6 transcription factors play crucial roles in host specificity of Colletotrichum orbiculare by controlling the expression of cucurbit-specific virulence effectors","authors":"Ru Zhang, Yoshihiro Inoue, Suthitar Singkaravanit-Ogawa, Taiki Ogawa, Kazuyuki Mise, Akira Mine, Yoshitaka Takano","doi":"10.1111/nph.20426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20426","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Plant fungal pathogens impose a huge burden of pressure on agricultural productivity and threaten global food security by causing destructive diseases on plants (Avery &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), and elucidating their infection mechanisms at the molecular level is therefore essential for addressing this challenge. The ascomycete genus &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; contains &gt; 190 accepted species and causes anthracnose disease in a wide variety of plants, including numerous economically important crops (Cannon &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Dean &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; O'Connell &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Jayawardena &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). In general, &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; species exhibit a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in host plant infection: pathogens initially invade but keep host cells alive (the biotrophic phase), and later kill them by developing necrotrophic hyphae as well as secreting toxins and lytic enzymes (the necrotrophic phase) (Münch &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;; Kleemann &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; O'Connell &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Among &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; species, &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; infects multiple cucurbitaceous plants, such as cucumber, watermelon, and melon (Kubo &amp; Takano, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;; Matsuo &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;), and can also infect &lt;i&gt;Nicotiana benthamiana&lt;/i&gt;, which is distantly related to cucurbitaceous plants (Takano &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;; Inoue &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;During invasion and colonization of host plants, plant pathogenic fungi secrete a suite of effectors (Kale &amp; Tyler, &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Bozkurt &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Effectors are typically small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins that act by suppressing plant immunity or manipulating host environmental factors (Selin &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Genome sequence analyses of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; revealed that numerous effector candidate genes are present in this pathogen (Gan &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). So far, several virulence-related effectors have been identified in &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt;. For example, an effector named NIS1 (necrosis-inducing secreted protein 1) that can induce cell death on &lt;i&gt;N. benthamiana&lt;/i&gt; was identified by functional screening of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; cDNAs (Yoshino &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;), whereas CoDN3 was described as an effector that suppresses NIS1-induced cell death. Subsequently, it was reported that NIS1 targets the plant immune kinases BAK1 (BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1) and BIK1 (BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1) to suppress plant immune responses triggered by PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) (Irieda &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Also, the effector CoMC69 was shown to be required for virulence of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; on both cucumber and &lt;i&gt;N. benthamiana&lt;/i&gt; (Saitoh &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;In addition, secreted protein","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative transcriptional initiation of OsβCA1 produces three distinct subcellular localization isoforms involved in stomatal response regulation and photosynthesis in rice","authors":"Cui Mao, Jie Zheng, Enlong Shen, Baolong Sun, Hao Wu, Yi Xu, Weifeng Huang, Xinghua Ding, Yongjun Lin, Taiyu Chen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20429","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Plants adjust the size of their stomatal openings to balance CO₂ intake and water loss. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) facilitate the conversion between CO₂ and HCO₃⁻, and the <i>OsβCA1</i> mutant in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) shows similar traits in carbon fixation and stomatal response to CO₂ as the dual <i>βCA</i> mutants in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. However, the exact role of OsβCA1 in these processes was unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We used gene editing, molecular biology, and plant physiology to study how OsβCA1 contributes to carbon fixation, stomatal opening, and CO₂ responses.</li>\u0000<li><i>OsβCA1</i> produces three isoforms (OsβCA1A, OsβCA1B, and OsβCA1C) through alternative transcriptional initiation, which localize to the chloroplast, cell membrane, and cytosol, respectively. Protein measurements revealed that OsβCA1A/C and OsβCA1B contribute 97 and 3% to OsβCA1, respectively. By creating specific mutants for each isoform, our results found that the chloroplast and cell membrane isoforms independently participate in carbon fixation and regulation of stomatal aperture. Furthermore, the complete knockout of OsβCA1 caused a delayed response to low CO₂.</li>\u0000<li>Our findings provide new insights into the generation and function of different OsβCA1 isoforms, clarifying their roles in CO₂ diffusion, CO₂ fixation and stomatal regulation in rice.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"51 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZmNPF7.10 confers potassium and nitrogen distribution from node to leaf in maize","authors":"Yingying Hu, Man Zhang, Kangqi Wang, Peipei Tan, Si Jing, Wu Han, Shuwei Wang, Kaina Zhang, Xiaoming Zhao, Xiaohong Yang, Yi Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>In graminaceous plants, nodes play vital roles in nutrient allocation, especially for preferential nutrient distribution to developing leaves and reproductive organs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this distribution remain poorly understood.</li>\u0000<li>In this study, we identified a transporter named ZmNPF7.10 that is involved in potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) distribution in maize nodes. In <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes, ZmNPF7.10 showed NO₃⁻ and K⁺ transport activity in a pH-dependent manner. <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> is predominantly expressed in the nodes at the reproductive growth stage, and preferentially expressed in the xylem parenchyma cells of enlarged vascular bundles (EVBs) in nodes. Disruption of <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> resulted in the decline of K and N in leaves, but accumulation of K and N in nodes, suggesting ZmNPF7.10 conducts K and N distribution from nodes to leaves in maize.</li>\u0000<li>We identified a natural variant of 7.1-kb InDel in the promoter region that was significantly associated with <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> transcript level in nodes, leaf K and N concentration, as well as grain yield.</li>\u0000<li>These findings demonstrate that ZmNPF7.10 functions as a dual role transporter that mediates K and N distribution in nodes. This study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of nutrient distribution in maize.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and diversification of the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster in the genus Oryza","authors":"Santiago Priego-Cubero, Youming Liu, Tomonobu Toyomasu, Michael Gigl, Yuto Hasegawa, Hideaki Nojiri, Corinna Dawid, Kazunori Okada, Claude Becker","doi":"10.1111/nph.20416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20416","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;h3&gt; Biosynthetic gene clusters and their evolution&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;With more and more plant reference genome assemblies becoming available, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), i.e., the co-localization of often phylogenetically unrelated genes that participate in the same biosynthetic cascade of specialized metabolites, have emerged as a common feature of genomic organization in plants (Polturak &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022b&lt;/span&gt;). BGCs are postulated to confer evolutionary advantages because they facilitate coordinated gene expression, enable the reliable coinheritance of genes involved in the same metabolic pathway (thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic intermediates), or facilitate the formation of metabolons (Nützmann &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). However, the mechanisms by which such nonorthologous genes become localized in the same genomic region and act in the same biosynthetic pathway are still poorly understood. Currently, the most common model proposes that they have formed through a series of events that is driven by both positive- and negative-selection pressure, starting with gene duplication, followed by neofunctionalization, and ultimately relocation. In some cases, this process appears to have been mediated by transposable elements (Polturak &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022b&lt;/span&gt;; Smit &amp; Lichman, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;h3&gt; Biological functions of rice phytoalexins, labdane-related diterpenoids and momilactones&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Phytoalexins are low-molecular-mass specialized plant metabolites that are often produced under biotic and abiotic stress conditions (Ahuja &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). In rice (&lt;i&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/i&gt;), the major phytoalexins are a group of labdane-related diterpenoids (reviewed in Toyomasu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;), which derive from the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) into &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;syn&lt;/i&gt;, or normal stereoisomers of copalyl diphosphate (CDP) by the class II diterpene synthases Copalyl Diphosphate Synthases (CPSs). The biosynthesis of these metabolites has evolved from that of gibberellins (GAs), &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt; labdane-related diterpenoids themselves, through duplication and neofunctionalization of core biosynthetic enzymes (Zi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). Several &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;syn&lt;/i&gt; (but not normal) rice labdane-related diterpenoids have been identified, including momilactones A and B, phytocassanes A to F, and oryzalexins (A to F, and S) (Zi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Toyomasu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Notably, momilactone A and, more prominently, momilactone B have a strong allelopathic activity, that is they inhibit the germination and growth of nearby plants upon being released by the rice plants into the soil (Kato &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;1973&lt;/span&gt;; Kato-Noguchi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Serra Serra &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). Both compounds accumulate in rice husks but are also exuded from the roots (Kato-Noguc","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"California annual grass phenology and allometry influence ecosystem dynamics and fire regime in a vegetation demography model","authors":"Xiulin Gao, Charles D. Koven, Marcos Longo, Zachary Robbins, Polly Thornton, Alex Hall, Samuel Levis, Stefan Rahimi, Chonggang Xu, Lara M. Kueppers","doi":"10.1111/nph.20421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20421","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Grasslands cover &gt; 30% of the Earth surface; therefore, accurately representing grassland ecosystems in Earth System Models (ESMs) is important for understanding vegetation–climate–fire feedbacks (Blair &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). Grasslands also store about one-third of global terrestrial carbon stocks, mostly in the form of soil organic matter, which may be more stable under changing climate and shifting disturbance regimes than living biomass (Bai &amp; Cotrufo, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Wilcox &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Grasslands are one of the predominant vegetation types in arid and semiarid regions where tree cover is limited by climate and recurrent disturbances (Anderson, &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;). Persistence of grasses in ecosystems such as grasslands and savannas depends on just-enough precipitation and periodic disturbances to prevent woody plant encroachment and maintain a dynamic equilibrium (Scholes &amp; Archer, &lt;span&gt;1997&lt;/span&gt;; Marañón &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;). However, anticipated changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes and fire disturbances will likely alter species composition and thus ecosystem structure and carbon dynamics in grasslands (Staver &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Yu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;; D'Onofrio &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Yet, representing change in these grassy ecosystems in ESMs remains a modeling challenge due to the complexity introduced by climate–vegetation–fire feedbacks and limited investment in simulating herbaceous communities (Beckage &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;, Dantas &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;, Holdo &amp; Nippert, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;In the last decade, dynamic vegetation demography models (VDMs) that capture size-dependent growth, mortality, and competition for water, nutrients and light have been a focus of development by the ESM community to better predict the role of vegetation dynamics on global carbon cycles (Fisher &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;). They are also useful tools for understanding the local and regional drivers of community structure and ecosystem function. However, most vegetation demographic models (e.g. LPJ-GUESS, ED2, and FATES but see aDGVM) were originally developed for closed-canopy forests with most model applications hitherto focused on tree-dominated systems, resulting in less developed model processes and poorly calibrated model parameters for grass plant functional types (PFTs) and open ecosystems (Sitch &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Medvigy &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;; Moncrieff &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Koven &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). One of the fundamental differences between trees and grasses is the size-dependent carbon allocation to different plant structures (Niklas, &lt;span&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;), which is important for understanding plant–environment interactions and species competition (Shipley &amp; Meziane, &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Metcal","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A transcription factor SlWRKY71 activated the H2S generating enzyme SlDCD1 enhancing the response to Pseudomonas syringae pv DC3000 in tomato leaves","authors":"Yu-Qi Zhao, Chen Sun, Kang-Di Hu, Yue Yu, Zhi Liu, Ying-Chun Song, Ren-Jie Xiong, Yue Ma, Hua Zhang, Gai-Fang Yao","doi":"10.1111/nph.20431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20431","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>H₂S is a well-known gaseous signaling molecule that plays important roles in plant response to biotic stresses. <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv tomato (<i>Pst</i>) could cause enormous loss, while whether H₂S could modulate plant defense against <i>Pst</i> is still unclear.</li>\u0000<li>By CRISPR/Cas9, the <i>Sldcd1</i> gene editing mutant showed reduced endogenous H₂S content and attenuated resistance, whereas treatment with exogenous H₂S could enhance the resistance. A transcription factor, SlWRKY71, was screened and identified to promote the transcription of <i>SlDCD1</i> via yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase reporter system, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and transient overexpression.</li>\u0000<li>Here, it was found that exogenous H₂S relieved the symptoms of bacterial speck disease in tomato leaves, conferring tolerance to <i>Pst</i>. DC3000, and the expression of the H₂S-producing enzyme <i>SlDCD1</i> was significantly induced. The <i>Slwrky71</i> mutant also showed reduced defense in tomato leaves against <i>Pst</i>. DC3000, whereas <i>SlWRKY71-</i>OE tomato leaves showed increased tolerance. Transient overexpression of <i>SlDCD1</i> in the context of <i>Slwrky71</i> with exogenous H₂S treatment has stronger resistance, and the overexpression of <i>SlWRKY71</i> in the context of <i>Sldcd1</i> showed relatively weak disease resistance, and with the addition of H₂S enhanced the effect.</li>\u0000<li>Therefore, we concluded that <i>SlWRKY71</i> could activate <i>SlDCD1</i> expression and promote endogenous H₂S production, thereby improving tomato leaves resistance to <i>Pst</i>. DC3000.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetic state and gene expression remain stable after CRISPR/Cas-mediated chromosomal inversions","authors":"Solmaz Khosravi, Rebecca Hinrichs, Michelle Rönspies, Reza Haghi, Holger Puchta, Andreas Houben","doi":"10.1111/nph.20403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20403","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;There is a general correlation between the chromosomal position of a DNA sequence, the epigenetic state of the chromatin as well as gene activity (Grewal &amp; Moazed, &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Liu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Chromosome arms are euchromatin-enriched, whereas centromeric and pericentromeric regions are heterochromatic in many species (Roudier &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;). Euchromatin, which is the decondensed fraction of chromatin, contains mostly active genes (Strahl &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;1999&lt;/span&gt;). By contrast, heterochromatin, the condensed chromatin fraction, is poor in genes and gene activity (Fischer &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;; Liu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). The formation and maintenance of the chromatin status is regulated epigenetically by DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications. Heterochromatin is enriched in hypermethylated DNA and dimethylated histone H3K9 (H3K9me2) (Soppe &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;). By contrast, euchromatin is linked with trimethylated H3K4 (H3K4me3) and less C-methylation of DNA.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Position effect variegation (PEV), discovered in the fruit fly &lt;i&gt;Drosophila melanogaster&lt;/i&gt; (Gowen &amp; Gay, &lt;span&gt;1934&lt;/span&gt;) and humans (Finelli &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;), as well as the telomere position effect (TPE), discovered in budding yeast, are examples for possible effects of the chromosomal position on gene expression (Gottschling &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;1990&lt;/span&gt;). Genes undergo differential expression in PEV because chromosomal inversions create new heterochromatin–euchromatin borders, and euchromatic genes juxtaposed to heterochromatic regions undergo heterochromatin-induced gene silencing (Hessler, &lt;span&gt;1958&lt;/span&gt;; Elgin &amp; Reuter, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). The impact of the chromosomal position on gene expression is well-studied in the case of the expression of the 45S rDNA loci in &lt;i&gt;Arabidopsis thaliana&lt;/i&gt; (Mohannath &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Also, other studies suggest that changes in gene expression follow the introduction of chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions or translocations, due to reorganization of large regulatory domains (Naseeb &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). They are also reported to cause the modification of genetic regions adjacent to the breakpoints (Lavington &amp; Kern, &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;), the epigenetic environment of translocated and adjacent regions (Wesley &amp; Eanes, &lt;span&gt;1994&lt;/span&gt;; Fournier &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;), or to cause nuclear reorganization (Fournier &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Harewood &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;). However, it is unknown whether the reported gene expression and epigenetic changes occurred immediately after the introduction of the chromosomal rearrangements or whether they were established over time in subsequent generations.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;To unravel the effect of chromosomal inversions on the epigenetic state of chromatin and t","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}