New Phytologist最新文献

{"title":"Combating plant diseases through transition metal allocation","authors":"Aishee De, Cuong V. Hoang, Viviana Escudero, Alejandro M. Armas, Carlos Echavarri-Erasun, Manuel González-Guerrero, Lucía Jordá","doi":"10.1111/nph.20366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20366","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how plants fend-off invading microbes is essential for food security and the economy of large parts of the world. Consequently, a sustained and dedicated effort has been directed at unveiling how plants protect themselves from invading microbes. Major defense hormone signaling pathways have been characterized, the identity of many immune response-triggering molecules as well as many of their receptors have been determined, and the mechanisms of pathogen-host arms race are being studied. In recent years, evidence for a new layer of plant innate immunity involving transition metals has been brought forward. This would link plant metal nutrition with plant immune responses and open up possible new strategies for pathogen control involving metal fertilizers instead of pesticides. In this review, we outline our current understanding of metal-mediated plant immune response and indicate the future avenues of exploration of this topic.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142867396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genetic architecture of floral trait divergence between hummingbird- and self-pollinated monkeyflower (Mimulus) species","authors":"Hongfei Chen, Colette S. Berg, Matthew Samuli, V. Alex Sotola, Andrea L. Sweigart, Yao-Wu Yuan, Lila Fishman","doi":"10.1111/nph.20348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20348","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Pollination syndromes are a key component of flowering plant diversification, prompting questions about the architecture of single traits and genetic coordination among traits. Here, we investigate the genetics of extreme floral divergence between naturally hybridizing monkeyflowers, <i>Mimulus parishii</i> (self-pollinated) and <i>M. cardinalis</i> (hummingbird-pollinated).</li>\u0000<li>We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 18 pigment, pollinator reward/handling, and dimensional traits in parallel sets of F₂ hybrids plus recombinant inbred lines and generated nearly isogenic lines (NILs) for two dimensional traits, pistil length and corolla size.</li>\u0000<li>Our multi-population approach revealed a highly polygenic basis (<i>n</i> = 190 QTLs total) for pollination syndrome divergence, capturing minor QTLs even for pigment traits with leading major loci. There was significant QTL overlap within pigment and dimensional categories. Nectar volume QTLs clustered with those for floral dimensions, suggesting a partially shared module. The NILs refined two pistil length QTLs, only one of which has tightly correlated effects on other dimensional traits.</li>\u0000<li>An overall polygenic architecture of floral divergence is partially coordinated by genetic modules formed by linkage (pigments) and likely pleiotropy (dimensions plus nectar). This work illuminates pollinator syndrome diversification in a model radiation and generates a robust framework for molecular and ecological genomics.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change drives plant diversity attrition at the summit of Mount Kenya","authors":"Zhihao Fu, Qinghua Zhan, Jonathan Lenoir, Shengwei Wang, Hong Qian, Jiongming Yang, Wenxuan Sun, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni, Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau, Guangwan Hu, Xue Yan, Qingfeng Wang, Si-Chong Chen, Yadong Zhou","doi":"10.1111/nph.20344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20344","url":null,"abstract":"<h2> Introduction</h2>\u0000<p>Mountains play crucial roles in sustaining biodiversity by simultaneously serving as cradles, museums, or graves (Rangel <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Rahbek <i>et al</i>., <span>2019</span>), and are vital for the survival and sustainable development of human societies (Perrigo <i>et al</i>., <span>2020</span>). The long-term changes in temperature and precipitation regimes driven by global warming have the potential to cause significant shifts in the elevational distributions of mountain species, thereby increasing the exposure of mountain biota to extinction risks with important consequences on human societies (Lenoir <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Moritz <i>et al</i>., <span>2008</span>; Lenoir &amp; Svenning, <span>2015</span>; Pecl <i>et al</i>., <span>2017</span>).</p>\u0000<p>Over the past century, numerous studies have investigated species elevational range shifts for terrestrial plants, animals, and even fungi, reporting upslope range shifts in response to anthropogenic climate change (Lenoir &amp; Svenning, <span>2013</span>; Freeman <i>et al</i>., <span>2018</span>; Vitasse <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>; Zu <i>et al</i>., <span>2021</span>). Temperature has long been recognized as the primary factor limiting the distributions of plants and animals along elevational gradients in mountain systems (Chan <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). However, the widely held and oversimplified hypothesis that increasing temperature is the main driving force behind species range shifts overlooks the potential compounding impact of changes in precipitation regimes (Crimmins <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>; Zu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>) and other abiotic as well as biotic factors (Lenoir <i>et al</i>., <span>2010</span>). For instance, notable downslope shifts of mountain plants in California have been explained by species' niche tracking of regional changes in climatic water balance rather than temperature (Crimmins <i>et al</i>., <span>2011</span>). Simultaneously, the substantial decrease in precipitation in the high-elevation regions of Mount Jinfo in China has caused native plants to migrate downslope (Zu <i>et al</i>., <span>2022</span>). We speculate that the increase in temperature caused by climate warming generally promotes the migration of plants towards higher elevations, but a concomitant decrease in precipitation caused by climate warming at high elevations in mountainous regions could have the opposite effect, prompting plants to migrate downslope. Here, we used plant distribution data sourced from herbarium records of a tropical African mountain (i.e. Mount Kenya) to explore the effects of climate change, specifically the contrasting changes in temperature and precipitation regimes between upland (&gt; 3100 m above sea level, asl) and lowland (≤ 3100 m asl) vegetation belts, on the migration patterns of seed plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tree drought physiology: critical research questions and strategies for mitigating climate change effects on forests","authors":"Andrew Groover, N. Michele Holbrook, Andrea Polle, Anna Sala, Belinda Medlyn, Craig Brodersen, Jarmila Pittermann, Jessica Gersony, Katarzyna Sokołowska, Laura Bogar, Nate McDowell, Rachel Spicer, Rakefet David-Schwartz, Stephen Keller, Timothy J. Tschaplinski, Yakir Preisler","doi":"10.1111/nph.20326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20326","url":null,"abstract":"Droughts of increasing severity and frequency are a primary cause of forest mortality associated with climate change. Yet, fundamental knowledge gaps regarding the complex physiology of trees limit the development of more effective management strategies to mitigate drought effects on forests. Here, we highlight some of the basic research needed to better understand tree drought physiology and how new technologies and interdisciplinary approaches can be used to address them. Our discussion focuses on how trees change wood development to mitigate water stress, hormonal responses to drought, genetic variation underlying adaptive drought phenotypes, how trees ‘remember’ prior stress exposure, and how symbiotic soil microbes affect drought response. Next, we identify opportunities for using research findings to enhance or develop new strategies for managing drought effects on forests, ranging from matching genotypes to environments, to enhancing seedling resilience through nursery treatments, to landscape-scale monitoring and predictions. We conclude with a discussion of the need for co-producing research with land managers and extending research to forests in critical ecological regions beyond the temperate zone.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142841850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing Rubisco as a simple means to enhance photosynthesis and productivity now without lowering nitrogen use efficiency","authors":"Coralie E. Salesse‐Smith, Yu Wang, Stephen P. Long","doi":"10.1111/nph.20298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20298","url":null,"abstract":"SummaryGlobal demand for food may rise by 60% mid‐century. A central challenge is to meet this need using less land in a changing climate. Nearly all crop carbon is assimilated through Rubisco, which is catalytically slow, reactive with oxygen, and a major component of leaf nitrogen. Developing more efficient forms of Rubisco, or engineering CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrating mechanisms into C<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> crops to competitively repress oxygenation, are major endeavors, which could hugely increase photosynthetic productivity (≥ 60%). New technologies are bringing this closer, but improvements remain in the discovery phase and have not been reduced to practice. A simpler shorter‐term strategy that could fill this time gap, but with smaller productivity increases (<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>. 10%) is to increase leaf Rubisco content. This has been demonstrated in initial field trials, improving the productivity of C<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> and C<jats:sub>4</jats:sub> crops. Combining three‐dimensional leaf canopies with metabolic models infers that a 20% increase in Rubisco increases canopy photosynthesis by 14% in sugarcane (C<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>) and 9% in soybean (C<jats:sub>3</jats:sub>). This is consistent with observed productivity increases in rice, maize, sorghum and sugarcane. Upregulation of Rubisco is calculated not to require more nitrogen per unit yield and although achieved transgenically to date, might be achieved using gene editing to produce transgene‐free gain of function mutations or using breeding.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ChromEvol v.3: modeling rate heterogeneity in chromosome number evolution","authors":"Anat Shafir, Keren Halabi, Ella Baumer, Itay Mayrose","doi":"10.1111/nph.20339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20339","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Changes in chromosome numbers are a prominent driver of plant evolution, impacting ecological diversification, stress tolerance, and phenotypes. <span>ChromEvol</span> is a widely used software tool for deciphering patterns of chromosome-number change along a phylogeny of interest. It evaluates the fit of alternative models to the data, estimates transition rates of different types of events, and infers the expected number of events along each branch of the phylogeny.</li>\u0000<li>We introduce <span>ChromEvol</span> v.3, featuring multiple novel methodological advancements that capture variation in the transition rates along a phylogeny. This version better allows researchers to identify how dysploidy and polyploidy rates change based on the number of chromosomes in the genome, with respect to a discrete trait, or at certain subclades of the phylogeny.</li>\u0000<li>We demonstrate the applicability of the new models on the Solanaceae phylogeny. Our analyses identify four chromosome-number transition regimes that characterize distinct Solanaceae clades and demonstrate an association between self-compatibility and altered dynamics of chromosome-number evolution.</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<span>ChromEvol</span> v.3, available at https://github.com/anatshafir1/chromevol, offers researchers a more flexible, comprehensive, and accurate tool to investigate the evolution of chromosome numbers and the various processes affecting it.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142825007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The SnRK2.2-ZmHsf28-JAZ14/17 module regulates drought tolerance in maize","authors":"Lijun Liu, Chen Tang, Yuhan Zhang, Xiaoyu Sha, Shuaibing Tian, Ziyi Luo, Guocheng Wei, Li Zhu, Yuxin Li, Jingye Fu, Peigao Luo, Qiang Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20355","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are important plant hormones in response to drought stress. We have identified that ZmHsf28 elevated ABA and JA accumulation to confer drought tolerance in maize; however, the underlying mechanism still remains elusive.</li>\u0000<li>The knockout line <i>zmhsf28</i> is generated to confirm the positive role of ZmHsf28 in drought response. Multiple approaches are combined to reveal protein interaction among ZmHsf28, ZmSnRK2.2 and ZmJAZ14/17, which form a regulatory module to mediate maize drought tolerance through regulating ABA and JA key biosynthetic genes <i>ZmNCED3</i> and <i>ZmLOX8</i>.</li>\u0000<li>Upon drought stress, <i>zmhsf28</i> plants exhibit weaker tolerance than the WT plants with slower stomatal closure and more reactive oxygen species accumulation. ZmHsf28 interacted with ZmSnRK2.2 physically, resulting in phosphorylation at Ser220, which enhances binding to the heat shock elements of <i>ZmNECD3</i> and <i>ZmLOX8</i> promoters and subsequent gene expression. Meanwhile, ZmMYC2 upregulates <i>ZmHsf28</i> gene expression through acting on the G-box of its promoter. Besides, ZmJAZ14/17 competitively interact with ZmHsf28 to interfere with protein interaction between ZmHsf28 and ZmSnRK2.2, blocking ZmHsf28 phosphorylation and impairing downstream gene regulation.</li>\u0000<li>The ZmSnRK2.2-ZmHsf28-ZmJAZ14/17 module is identified to regulate drought tolerance through coordinating ABA and JA signaling, providing the insights for breeding to improve drought resistance in maize.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of sympatric host-specialized lineages of the fungal plant pathogen Zymoseptoria passerinii in natural ecosystems","authors":"Idalia C. Rojas-Barrera, Victor M. Flores-Núñez, Janine Haueisen, Alireza Alizadeh, Fatemeh Salimi, Eva H. Stukenbrock","doi":"10.1111/nph.20340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20340","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;The increasing emergence and severity of infectious fungal diseases threaten food security and natural ecosystems (Fisher &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Stukenbrock &amp; Gurr, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Continuous monitoring, prediction modeling of disease spread, and deeper comprehension of fungal pathogens in wild plant hosts have been largely neglected. This is crucial to profile the impact of fungal pathogens on the context of climate change and independent of agricultural environments (Fisher &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Current evidence supports that crop wild relatives (CWRs) might serve as reservoirs for domesticated plant pathogens (Monteil &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;), although still few studies are focused on wild pathogen population processes and dynamics (Rouxel &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;; Penczykowski &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;; Eck &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Treindl &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). CWRs hold higher levels of genetic diversity and have coevolved in sympatry with plant pathogens in natural ecosystems. Moreover, the centers of diversity and domestication of crop plants harbor a wealth of species (Harlan, &lt;span&gt;1971&lt;/span&gt;) that could serve as hosts for plant pathogens (Vavilov, &lt;span&gt;1992&lt;/span&gt;). Despite the latter, natural ecosystems are undervalued economically, which limits funding for studies (Fisher &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Furthermore, having access to wild species found in remote locations or immersed in complex geopolitical contexts adds another layer of difficulty, generating a geographical bias toward high-income regions at the expense of exploring the remaining biodiversity (Marks &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). One way to overcome this is to prioritize neglected areas by collaborating with scientific communities situated in less-represented regions of the globe (Marks &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;), and promoting research on nonmodel species and dynamics in natural ecosystems.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Cumulative evidence supports that ecological divergence of plant pathogens is driven by host specialization. As proposed by Crous &amp; Groenewald (&lt;span&gt;2005&lt;/span&gt;) and exemplified by multiple studies (Steenkamp &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Choi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Rouxel &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;; Faticov &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;), plant pathogens phylogenies frequently represent multiple closely related sister or cryptic species. In this regard, the &lt;i&gt;Zymoseptoria&lt;/i&gt; genus comprises eight ascomycete species, only two of them, &lt;i&gt;Zymoseptoria tritici&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Zymoseptoria passerinii&lt;/i&gt; (Sacc.) Quaedvlieg &amp; Crous, have been reported to infect domesticated hosts (Quaedvlieg &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Stukenbrock &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012b&lt;/span&gt;). The origin, population genetics, and plant–pathogen dynamics of the wheat fungal pathogen &lt;i&gt;Z. tritici&lt;/i&gt; have been extensively investigated","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature governs the relative contributions of cuticle and stomata to leaf minimum conductance","authors":"Josef C. Garen, Sean T. Michaletz","doi":"10.1111/nph.20346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20346","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of hot drought events in many parts of the world, with further increases forecast for the coming century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). During periods of water stress, plants typically reduce their stomatal aperture, restricting both water loss and carbon substrate availability for photosynthesis (Cowan &amp; Farquhar, &lt;span&gt;1977&lt;/span&gt;). However, even with stomata maximally closed, leaves still lose water at a rate described by the leaf minimum conductance to water vapour, &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt; (mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;; Table 1) (Duursma &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). While &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt; is typically more than an order of magnitude less than stomatal conductance (&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sw&lt;/sub&gt;; mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;) during more favourable conditions (Slot &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;), plants may lose substantial amounts of water even under maximal stomatal closure due to high evaporative demand (Vicente-Serrano &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Improved understanding of &lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt; is necessary, as transpiration during hot drought events can have substantial effects on plant mortality and landscape-scale water balance (Park Williams &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;; Rogers &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;; Hammond &amp; Adams, &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;div&gt;\u0000&lt;header&gt;&lt;span&gt;Table 1. &lt;/span&gt;List of symbols.&lt;/header&gt;\u0000&lt;div tabindex=\"0\"&gt;\u0000&lt;table&gt;\u0000&lt;thead&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;th&gt;Symbol&lt;/th&gt;\u0000&lt;th&gt;Definition&lt;/th&gt;\u0000&lt;th&gt;Units&lt;/th&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;/thead&gt;\u0000&lt;tbody&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;A&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Net assimilation rate&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;μmol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;One-sided (projected) leaf area&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Ambient air CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;μmol mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;c&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Leaf intercellular CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;μmol mol&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Transpiration rate&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;bw&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Leaf boundary layer conductance to water vapour&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cw&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Leaf cuticular conductance to water vapour&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;min&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Leaf minimum conductance to water vapour&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sw&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Stomatal conductance to water vapour&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;i&gt;g&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;sw,min&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;Minimum stomatal conductance&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;mol m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;\u0000&lt;/tr&gt;\u0000&lt;tr&gt;\u0000&lt;td&gt;&lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/a4dd9478-c7b4-4223-89b8-9d04cfe00212/nph20346-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"0\" ctxtmenu_","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperspectral reflectance integrates key traits for predicting leaf metabolism","authors":"Troy S. Magney","doi":"10.1111/nph.20345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20345","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;There has been widespread interest in developing trait-based models to predict photosynthetic capacity from leaves to ecosystems (Walker &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Xu &amp; Trugman, &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;), but comparably less for nonphotorespiratory mitochondrial CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; release (dark respiration, &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt;). This is significant, given that about half of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; released from plants is via &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt; – which occurs day and night – and supports ATP production, redox balance, nitrogen assimilation and carbon skeleton synthesis (Atkin &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2015&lt;/span&gt;). Terrestrial biosphere models use simplified empirical relationships between the maximum rate of carboxylation (&lt;i&gt;V&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;cmax&lt;/sub&gt;) and &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt; – often derived from more easily measurable leaf traits such as leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf lifespan, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), which have more extensive data availability (Reich &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;1998&lt;/span&gt;; Tcherkez &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;). Notably, these traits are measured across a unidimensional continuum, and there has yet to be solid evidence that the magnitude and direction of a leaf trait is highly predictive of a metabolic trait like &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt;. Leaf metabolic parameters change dramatically with their environment and encompass an integrated suite of traits – some which increase, some which decrease, and some that remain unchanged. This begs the question – &lt;i&gt;is there an alternative approach&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;which integrates a large suite of the biochemical&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;structural and environmental traits&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;to predict R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;dark&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;i&gt;on its own?&lt;/i&gt; A recent paper published in &lt;i&gt;New Phytologist&lt;/i&gt; (Wu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;; doi:10.1111/nph.20267) addresses this question by comparing the utility of traditional trait-based approaches against hyperspectral reflectance data across three forest types. &lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;‘By incorporating bidirectional variations across the visible to shortwave spectrum, hyperspectral reflectance effectively captures dynamic shifts in a broad array of leaf structural and biochemical traits…’&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;\u0000&lt;/blockquote&gt;\u0000&lt;/div&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Wu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. (&lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;) show that while trait-based models have provided valuable insights in some other studies, their predictive power of &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt; is underwhelming. The authors show that univariate trait&lt;i&gt;–R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt; relationships are weak (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ≤ 0.15), and even multivariate models explain only a fraction of the observed variability (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.30), leaving much of &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;dark&lt;/sub&gt; complexity unexplained. Beyond traditional leaf economic traits like LMA, N, and P, the authors investigate other elements such as magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and sulfur (S), as they play crucial roles in respiratory metabolism but are rarely incorporated into predicti","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}