New Phytologist最新文献

{"title":"Towards a global understanding of tree mortality","authors":"","doi":"10.1111/nph.20407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20407","url":null,"abstract":"Rates of tree mortality are increasing globally, with implications for forests and climate. Yet, how and why these trends vary globally remain unknown. Developing a comprehensive assessment of global tree mortality will require systematically integrating data from ground-based long-term forest monitoring with large-scale remote sensing. We surveyed the metadata from 466 865 forest monitoring plots across 89 countries and five continents using questionnaires and discuss the potential to use these to estimate tree mortality trends globally. Our survey shows that the area monitored has increased steadily since 1960, but we also identify many regions with limited ground-based information on tree mortality. The integration of existing ground-based forest inventories with remote sensing and modelling can potentially fill those gaps, but this requires development of technical solutions and agreements that enable seamless flows of information from the field to global assessments of tree mortality. A truly global monitoring effort should promote fair and equitable collaborations, transferring funding to and empowering scientists from less wealthy regions. Increasing interest in forests as a natural climate solution, the advancement of new technologies and world-wide connectivity means that now a global monitoring system of tree mortality is not just urgently needed but also possible.","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143071724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An OsRPP13 protein contributes to rice resistance against herbivorous insects","authors":"Feilong Ma, Jiaoyang Chen, Zhipeng Lu, Zhuo Wang, Feixiang Ma, Siqi Zhao, Denan Wu, Xianhe Guo, Man Qi, Gongyi Song, Jiaran Zhao, Mengtian Wen, Yuan Wang, Meng Zhang, Yiting Guo, Xinyuan Xiao, Yilian Zhou, Xinyao Xu, Jiaqi Zhang, Qinzheng Wang, Zhihuan Tao, Bo Sun, Su Chen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20427","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) is one of the world's most vital crops. Rice production faces significant threats from insect pests such as the brown planthopper (<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>, BPH) and the striped stem borer (<i>Chilo suppressalis</i>, SSB) (Deng <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>; Kuai <i>et al</i>., <span>2024</span>). The piercing-sucking insect BPH directly damages rice plants by extracting phloem sap and transmitting various viral diseases. In field settings, severe BPH outbreaks can lead to complete crop desiccation, resulting in ‘hopperburn’. The chewing insect SSB feeds on newly formed tillers and stems, causing ‘dead hearts’ and ‘white heads’. R proteins such as BPH14, BPH9, and OsLRR2 play a critical role in insect resistance (Guo <i>et al</i>., <span>2023</span>). While several R genes conferring BPH resistance have been cloned, there are no rice germplasms resistant to SSB. This study identifies a novel R gene, <i>OsRPP13</i>, that positively regulates rice resistance to BPH by regulating flavonoids and hydrogen peroxide levels. Additionally, the resulting increase in jasmonic acid (JA) positively contributes to resistance against SSB. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying insect resistance conferred by R genes and present a potential avenue for breeding insect-resistant rice cultivars.</p>\u0000<p>In this study, we first analyzed the expression profile of <i>OsRPP13</i> through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Primers refer to Supporting Information Table S1. Various tissues including the leaf blade, stem, root, and leaf sheath were analyzed, revealing that <i>OsRPP13</i> was mainly expressed in the leaf sheath, which is the primary location for BPH feeding (Fig. 1a). A further analysis unveiled drastic changes in <i>OsRPP13</i> expression following BPH and SSB infestation (Fig. 1b), suggesting the gene's vital role in the interaction between rice and herbivorous insects. Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsRPP13–YFP fusion protein both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of rice protoplasts (Fig. S1). Then, we utilized agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation and CRISPR-Cas9 technology to create transgenic <i>OsRPP13</i> plants. Two <i>OsRPP13</i> overexpression lines (OsRPP13OE) (Fig. 1c) and two <i>OsRPP13</i> knockout lines (OsRPP13KO), which have a one-base insertion and a two-base deletion, respectively (Fig. 1d), were selected to investigate the impact on rice resistance to BPH and SSB. We employed various methods to characterize the phenotypic response of <i>OsRPP13</i> transgenic plants to BPH infestation. While OsRPP13OE lines exhibited a significantly enhanced resistance (Fig. 1e), <i>OsRPP13</i> knockout lines were more susceptible to BPH than the wild-type (WT) (Fig. 1f). Compared with the WT, rice seeding rates were significantly enhanced in OsRPP13OE plants, but decreased in OsRPP13KO plants (Fig. S2). To determine the effects of ","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"124 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic and biochemical drivers of plant species variation in organic compound hydrogen stable isotopes: novel mechanistic constraints","authors":"Jochem Baan, Meisha Holloway-Phillips, Daniel B. Nelson, Jurriaan M. de Vos, Ansgar Kahmen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Significant variation in plant organic compound hydrogen stable isotope (δ²H) values among species from a single location suggests species biochemistry diversity as a key driver. However, the biochemical mechanisms and the biological relevance behind this species-specific δ²H variation remain unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We analyzed δ²H values of cellulose and <i>n</i>-alkanes across 179 eudicot species in a botanical garden sampled in 2019, and cellulose, <i>n</i>-alkanes, fatty acids and phytol δ²H values from 56 eudicot species sampled in 2020. We utilized the observed species variation in δ²H values to determine phylogenetic structure and mechanistic constraints for biochemical ²H-fractionation.</li>\u0000<li>A strong phylogenetic signal in lipid compound δ²H values implies that the drivers of species variation in lipid δ²H values are evolutionarily conserved. By contrast, species variation in cellulose δ²H values was not strongly linked to phylogeny. Generally low-explanatory power of relationships between δ²H values of different compounds (<i>R</i>² &lt; 0.26) implies nonubiquitous drivers of species variation in plant organic compound δ²H values.</li>\u0000<li>Historically, variable biochemical ²H-fractionation was often attributed to δ²H values of H incorporated from NADPH. Instead, the results from this study suggest that species variation in biochemical ²H-fractionation largely occurs independently within biosynthetic pathways. For lipids, these mechanisms appear strongly linked to evolutionary history.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rigorous mathematical modeling and physiological experimentation reveal that Ralstonia wilt pathogens consume an in planta diet of amino acids with a dash of sugar","authors":"Corri D. Hamilton, Tiffany M. Lowe-Power","doi":"10.1111/nph.20417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><i>Ralstonia</i> are infamously aggressive bacterial wilt pathogens that invade plant roots and spread through the xylem vessel network. The pathogen population grows tremendously within the xylem vessels and then extensively in the stem cortex apoplast. The biomass accumulation clogs the xylem vessels, causing a fatal wilt disease. Despite knowing the infection outcome, linking pathogen physiology to population dynamics <i>in planta</i> has been challenging. In an article recently published in <i>New Phytologist</i>, Baroukh <i>et al</i>. (<span>2024</span>; doi: 10.1111/nph.20216) address this knowledge gap by using Monod-type mathematical modeling to mechanistically simulate the nutritional environment that drives <i>Ralstonia</i>'s population dynamics within xylem vessels. <blockquote><p>‘The integration of mathematical modeling and experimental data allows researchers to investigate infection conditions that are difficult to achieve in reality.’</p>\u0000<div></div>\u0000</blockquote>\u0000</div>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blocking constitutive autophagy rescues the loss of acquired heat resistance in Arabidopsis fes1a","authors":"Xuezhi Li, Tong Su, Xiaofeng Wang, Yan Liu, Jingjing Ge, Panfei Huo, Yiwu Zhao, Tongtong Wang, Hongbin Yu, Meijie Duan, Yuebin Jia, Xianpeng Yang, Pingping Wang, Qingqiu Gong, Jian Liu, Changle Ma","doi":"10.1111/nph.20393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>High temperature is one of several major abiotic stresses that can cause substantial loss of crop yields. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are key components of heat stress resistance. Mutation of FES1A, an auxiliary molecular chaperone of HSP70, leads to defective acquired thermotolerance. Autophagy is a positive regulator of basal thermotolerance and a negative regulator of heat stress memory, but its function in acquired thermotolerance is unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We found that blocking constitutive autophagy rescued the heat sensitivity of <i>fes1a</i> in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Immunoblot and proteomic analyses showed that the rescue was not due to increased HSP levels. Instead, proteomic analysis and confocal microscopy studies revealed that knocking out the core autophagy-related (<i>ATG</i>) genes leads to accumulation of peroxisomes, thus upregulating the metabolic pathways within the peroxisomes.</li>\u0000<li>Accumulation of peroxisomes promotes both reactive oxygen species scavenging and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in <i>atg7 fes1a</i>. Overexpression of ABCD1/PXA1/CTS, a peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter, in <i>atg7 fes1a</i> leads to abnormal peroxisomal function and subsequently thermosensitivity. Moreover, we found that exogenous application of indole-3-butyric acid, IAA or naphthalene-1-acetic acid rescued <i>fes1a</i> heat sensitivity.</li>\u0000<li>We propose that autophagy is detrimental to the survival of the <i>fes1a</i> mutant, which has acquired thermosensitivity.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two homologous Zn2Cys6 transcription factors play crucial roles in host specificity of Colletotrichum orbiculare by controlling the expression of cucurbit-specific virulence effectors","authors":"Ru Zhang, Yoshihiro Inoue, Suthitar Singkaravanit-Ogawa, Taiki Ogawa, Kazuyuki Mise, Akira Mine, Yoshitaka Takano","doi":"10.1111/nph.20426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20426","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Plant fungal pathogens impose a huge burden of pressure on agricultural productivity and threaten global food security by causing destructive diseases on plants (Avery &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;), and elucidating their infection mechanisms at the molecular level is therefore essential for addressing this challenge. The ascomycete genus &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; contains &gt; 190 accepted species and causes anthracnose disease in a wide variety of plants, including numerous economically important crops (Cannon &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Dean &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; O'Connell &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Jayawardena &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). In general, &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; species exhibit a hemibiotrophic lifestyle in host plant infection: pathogens initially invade but keep host cells alive (the biotrophic phase), and later kill them by developing necrotrophic hyphae as well as secreting toxins and lytic enzymes (the necrotrophic phase) (Münch &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;; Kleemann &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; O'Connell &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Among &lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum&lt;/i&gt; species, &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; infects multiple cucurbitaceous plants, such as cucumber, watermelon, and melon (Kubo &amp; Takano, &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;; Matsuo &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;), and can also infect &lt;i&gt;Nicotiana benthamiana&lt;/i&gt;, which is distantly related to cucurbitaceous plants (Takano &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;; Inoue &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;During invasion and colonization of host plants, plant pathogenic fungi secrete a suite of effectors (Kale &amp; Tyler, &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Bozkurt &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). Effectors are typically small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins that act by suppressing plant immunity or manipulating host environmental factors (Selin &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). Genome sequence analyses of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; revealed that numerous effector candidate genes are present in this pathogen (Gan &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2013&lt;/span&gt;). So far, several virulence-related effectors have been identified in &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt;. For example, an effector named NIS1 (necrosis-inducing secreted protein 1) that can induce cell death on &lt;i&gt;N. benthamiana&lt;/i&gt; was identified by functional screening of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; cDNAs (Yoshino &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;), whereas CoDN3 was described as an effector that suppresses NIS1-induced cell death. Subsequently, it was reported that NIS1 targets the plant immune kinases BAK1 (BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1) and BIK1 (BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1) to suppress plant immune responses triggered by PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) (Irieda &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Also, the effector CoMC69 was shown to be required for virulence of &lt;i&gt;C. orbiculare&lt;/i&gt; on both cucumber and &lt;i&gt;N. benthamiana&lt;/i&gt; (Saitoh &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;In addition, secreted protein","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative transcriptional initiation of OsβCA1 produces three distinct subcellular localization isoforms involved in stomatal response regulation and photosynthesis in rice","authors":"Cui Mao, Jie Zheng, Enlong Shen, Baolong Sun, Hao Wu, Yi Xu, Weifeng Huang, Xinghua Ding, Yongjun Lin, Taiyu Chen","doi":"10.1111/nph.20429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20429","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>Plants adjust the size of their stomatal openings to balance CO₂ intake and water loss. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) facilitate the conversion between CO₂ and HCO₃⁻, and the <i>OsβCA1</i> mutant in rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) shows similar traits in carbon fixation and stomatal response to CO₂ as the dual <i>βCA</i> mutants in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. However, the exact role of OsβCA1 in these processes was unclear.</li>\u0000<li>We used gene editing, molecular biology, and plant physiology to study how OsβCA1 contributes to carbon fixation, stomatal opening, and CO₂ responses.</li>\u0000<li><i>OsβCA1</i> produces three isoforms (OsβCA1A, OsβCA1B, and OsβCA1C) through alternative transcriptional initiation, which localize to the chloroplast, cell membrane, and cytosol, respectively. Protein measurements revealed that OsβCA1A/C and OsβCA1B contribute 97 and 3% to OsβCA1, respectively. By creating specific mutants for each isoform, our results found that the chloroplast and cell membrane isoforms independently participate in carbon fixation and regulation of stomatal aperture. Furthermore, the complete knockout of OsβCA1 caused a delayed response to low CO₂.</li>\u0000<li>Our findings provide new insights into the generation and function of different OsβCA1 isoforms, clarifying their roles in CO₂ diffusion, CO₂ fixation and stomatal regulation in rice.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"51 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZmNPF7.10 confers potassium and nitrogen distribution from node to leaf in maize","authors":"Yingying Hu, Man Zhang, Kangqi Wang, Peipei Tan, Si Jing, Wu Han, Shuwei Wang, Kaina Zhang, Xiaoming Zhao, Xiaohong Yang, Yi Wang","doi":"10.1111/nph.20422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20422","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000</p><ul>\u0000<li>In graminaceous plants, nodes play vital roles in nutrient allocation, especially for preferential nutrient distribution to developing leaves and reproductive organs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this distribution remain poorly understood.</li>\u0000<li>In this study, we identified a transporter named ZmNPF7.10 that is involved in potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) distribution in maize nodes. In <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes, ZmNPF7.10 showed NO₃⁻ and K⁺ transport activity in a pH-dependent manner. <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> is predominantly expressed in the nodes at the reproductive growth stage, and preferentially expressed in the xylem parenchyma cells of enlarged vascular bundles (EVBs) in nodes. Disruption of <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> resulted in the decline of K and N in leaves, but accumulation of K and N in nodes, suggesting ZmNPF7.10 conducts K and N distribution from nodes to leaves in maize.</li>\u0000<li>We identified a natural variant of 7.1-kb InDel in the promoter region that was significantly associated with <i>ZmNPF7.10</i> transcript level in nodes, leaf K and N concentration, as well as grain yield.</li>\u0000<li>These findings demonstrate that ZmNPF7.10 functions as a dual role transporter that mediates K and N distribution in nodes. This study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms of nutrient distribution in maize.</li>\u0000</ul><p></p>","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143057032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution and diversification of the momilactone biosynthetic gene cluster in the genus Oryza","authors":"Santiago Priego-Cubero, Youming Liu, Tomonobu Toyomasu, Michael Gigl, Yuto Hasegawa, Hideaki Nojiri, Corinna Dawid, Kazunori Okada, Claude Becker","doi":"10.1111/nph.20416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20416","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;h3&gt; Biosynthetic gene clusters and their evolution&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;With more and more plant reference genome assemblies becoming available, biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), i.e., the co-localization of often phylogenetically unrelated genes that participate in the same biosynthetic cascade of specialized metabolites, have emerged as a common feature of genomic organization in plants (Polturak &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022b&lt;/span&gt;). BGCs are postulated to confer evolutionary advantages because they facilitate coordinated gene expression, enable the reliable coinheritance of genes involved in the same metabolic pathway (thereby preventing the accumulation of toxic intermediates), or facilitate the formation of metabolons (Nützmann &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). However, the mechanisms by which such nonorthologous genes become localized in the same genomic region and act in the same biosynthetic pathway are still poorly understood. Currently, the most common model proposes that they have formed through a series of events that is driven by both positive- and negative-selection pressure, starting with gene duplication, followed by neofunctionalization, and ultimately relocation. In some cases, this process appears to have been mediated by transposable elements (Polturak &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2022b&lt;/span&gt;; Smit &amp; Lichman, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;h3&gt; Biological functions of rice phytoalexins, labdane-related diterpenoids and momilactones&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Phytoalexins are low-molecular-mass specialized plant metabolites that are often produced under biotic and abiotic stress conditions (Ahuja &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;). In rice (&lt;i&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/i&gt;), the major phytoalexins are a group of labdane-related diterpenoids (reviewed in Toyomasu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;), which derive from the cyclization of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) into &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;syn&lt;/i&gt;, or normal stereoisomers of copalyl diphosphate (CDP) by the class II diterpene synthases Copalyl Diphosphate Synthases (CPSs). The biosynthesis of these metabolites has evolved from that of gibberellins (GAs), &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt; labdane-related diterpenoids themselves, through duplication and neofunctionalization of core biosynthetic enzymes (Zi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). Several &lt;i&gt;ent&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;syn&lt;/i&gt; (but not normal) rice labdane-related diterpenoids have been identified, including momilactones A and B, phytocassanes A to F, and oryzalexins (A to F, and S) (Zi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Toyomasu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). Notably, momilactone A and, more prominently, momilactone B have a strong allelopathic activity, that is they inhibit the germination and growth of nearby plants upon being released by the rice plants into the soil (Kato &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;1973&lt;/span&gt;; Kato-Noguchi &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Serra Serra &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;). Both compounds accumulate in rice husks but are also exuded from the roots (Kato-Noguc","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"California annual grass phenology and allometry influence ecosystem dynamics and fire regime in a vegetation demography model","authors":"Xiulin Gao, Charles D. Koven, Marcos Longo, Zachary Robbins, Polly Thornton, Alex Hall, Samuel Levis, Stefan Rahimi, Chonggang Xu, Lara M. Kueppers","doi":"10.1111/nph.20421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20421","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h2&gt; Introduction&lt;/h2&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;Grasslands cover &gt; 30% of the Earth surface; therefore, accurately representing grassland ecosystems in Earth System Models (ESMs) is important for understanding vegetation–climate–fire feedbacks (Blair &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;). Grasslands also store about one-third of global terrestrial carbon stocks, mostly in the form of soil organic matter, which may be more stable under changing climate and shifting disturbance regimes than living biomass (Bai &amp; Cotrufo, &lt;span&gt;2022&lt;/span&gt;; Wilcox &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;). Grasslands are one of the predominant vegetation types in arid and semiarid regions where tree cover is limited by climate and recurrent disturbances (Anderson, &lt;span&gt;2006&lt;/span&gt;). Persistence of grasses in ecosystems such as grasslands and savannas depends on just-enough precipitation and periodic disturbances to prevent woody plant encroachment and maintain a dynamic equilibrium (Scholes &amp; Archer, &lt;span&gt;1997&lt;/span&gt;; Marañón &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;). However, anticipated changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes and fire disturbances will likely alter species composition and thus ecosystem structure and carbon dynamics in grasslands (Staver &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Yu &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2017&lt;/span&gt;; D'Onofrio &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2019&lt;/span&gt;). Yet, representing change in these grassy ecosystems in ESMs remains a modeling challenge due to the complexity introduced by climate–vegetation–fire feedbacks and limited investment in simulating herbaceous communities (Beckage &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;, Dantas &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;, Holdo &amp; Nippert, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000&lt;p&gt;In the last decade, dynamic vegetation demography models (VDMs) that capture size-dependent growth, mortality, and competition for water, nutrients and light have been a focus of development by the ESM community to better predict the role of vegetation dynamics on global carbon cycles (Fisher &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2018&lt;/span&gt;). They are also useful tools for understanding the local and regional drivers of community structure and ecosystem function. However, most vegetation demographic models (e.g. LPJ-GUESS, ED2, and FATES but see aDGVM) were originally developed for closed-canopy forests with most model applications hitherto focused on tree-dominated systems, resulting in less developed model processes and poorly calibrated model parameters for grass plant functional types (PFTs) and open ecosystems (Sitch &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2003&lt;/span&gt;; Medvigy &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;; Moncrieff &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Koven &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;., &lt;span&gt;2020&lt;/span&gt;). One of the fundamental differences between trees and grasses is the size-dependent carbon allocation to different plant structures (Niklas, &lt;span&gt;2004&lt;/span&gt;), which is important for understanding plant–environment interactions and species competition (Shipley &amp; Meziane, &lt;span&gt;2002&lt;/span&gt;; Metcal","PeriodicalId":214,"journal":{"name":"New Phytologist","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143056873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}