Progress in Retinal and Eye Research最新文献

{"title":"Ocular manifestations of COVID-19","authors":"Hannah W. Ng ,&nbsp;Daniel A.R. Scott ,&nbsp;Helen V. Danesh-Meyer ,&nbsp;Justine R. Smith ,&nbsp;Charles NJ. McGhee ,&nbsp;Rachael L. Niederer","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101285","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101285","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is an increasing body of knowledge regarding how COVID-19 may be associated with ocular disease of varying severity and duration. This article discusses the literature on the ocular manifestations associated with COVID-19, including appraisal of the current evidence, suggested mechanisms of action, associated comorbidities and risk factors, timing from initial infection to diagnosis and clinical red flags. The current literature primarily comprises case reports and case series which inevitably lack control groups and evidence to support causality. However, these early data have prompted the development of larger population-based and laboratory studies that are emerging. As new data become available, a better appraisal of the true effects of COVID-19 on the eye will be possible.</p><p>While the COVID-19 pandemic was officially declared no longer a “global health emergency” by the World Health Organization (WHO) in May 2023, case numbers continue to rise. Reinfection with different variants is predicted to lead to a growing cumulative burden of disease, particularly as more chronic, multi-organ sequelae become apparent with potentially significant ocular implications.</p><p>COVID-19 ocular manifestations are postulated to be due to three main mechanisms: firstly, there is a dysregulated immune response to the initial infection linked to inflammatory eye disease; secondly, patients with COVID-19 have a greater tendency towards a hypercoagulable state, leading to prothrombotic events; thirdly, patients with severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalisation and are immunosuppressed due to administered corticosteroids or comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of secondary infections, including endophthalmitis and rhino-orbital-mucormycosis. Reported ophthalmic associations with COVID-19, therefore, include a range of conditions such as conjunctivitis, scleritis, uveitis, endogenous endophthalmitis, corneal graft rejection, retinal artery and vein occlusion, non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, neurological and orbital sequelae.</p><p>With the need to consider telemedicine consultation in view of COVID-19's infectivity, understanding the range of ocular conditions that may present during or following infection is essential to ensure patients are appropriately triaged, with prompt in-person ocular examination for management of potentially sight-threatening and life-threatening diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 101285"},"PeriodicalIF":18.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000508/pdfft?md5=43d00d34847c7f3c1b9272e39f325820&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000508-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141459016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crosslinking with UV-A and riboflavin in progressive keratoconus: From laboratory to clinical practice – Developments over 25 years","authors":"Frederik Raiskup ,&nbsp;Robert Herber ,&nbsp;Janine Lenk,&nbsp;Lutz E. Pillunat,&nbsp;Eberhard Spoerl","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Changes in the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the human cornea play an important role in the pathogenesis of ectatic diseases. A number of conditions in primarily acquired (keratoconus or pellucid marginal degeneration) or secondarily induced (iatrogenic keratectasia after refractive laser surgeries) ectatic disorders lead to decreased biomechanical stability. Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) represents a technique to slow or even halt the progression of ectatic pathologies. In this procedure, riboflavin is applied in combination with ultraviolet A radiation. This interaction induces the production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to the formation of additional covalent bonds between collagen molecules and subsequent biomechanical corneal strengthening. This procedure is so far the only method that partially interferes etiopathogenetically in the treatment of ectatic diseases that slows or stops the process of corneal destabilization, otherwise leading to the need for corneal transplantation. Besides, CXL process increases markedly resistance of collagenous matrix against digesting enzymes supporting its use in the treatment of corneal ulcers. Since the discovery of this therapeutic procedure and the first laboratory experiments, which confirmed the validity of this method, and the first clinical studies that proved the effectiveness and safety of the technique, it has been spread and adopted worldwide, even with further modifications. Making use of the Bunsen-Roscoe photochemical law it was possible to shorten the duration of this procedure in accelerated CXL and thus improve the clinical workflow and patient compliance while maintaining the efficacy and safety of the procedure. The indication spectrum of CXL can be further expanded by combining it with other vision-enhancing procedures such as individualized topographically-guided excimer ablation. Complementing both techniques will allow a patient with a biomechanically stable cornea to regularize it and improve visual acuity without the need for tissue transplantation, leading to a long-term improvement in quality of life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000417/pdfft?md5=e840f11fa44c57f13c0e1fc080232e67&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000417-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141230479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudoxanthoma elasticum – Genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation","authors":"Kristina Pfau ,&nbsp;Imre Lengyel ,&nbsp;Jeannette Ossewaarde-van Norel ,&nbsp;Redmer van Leeuwen ,&nbsp;Sara Risseeuw ,&nbsp;Georges Leftheriotis ,&nbsp;Hendrik P.N. Scholl ,&nbsp;Nicolas Feltgen ,&nbsp;Frank G. Holz ,&nbsp;Maximilian Pfau","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is an autosomal-recessively inherited multisystem disease. Mutations in the <em>ABCC6</em>-gene are causative, coding for a transmembrane transporter mainly expressed in hepatocytes, which promotes the efflux of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This results in low levels of plasma inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a critical anti-mineralization factor. The clinical phenotype of PXE is characterized by the effects of elastic fiber calcification in the skin, the cardiovascular system, and the eyes.</p><p>In the eyes, calcification of Bruch's membrane results in clinically visible lesions, including peau d'orange, angioid streaks, and comet tail lesions. Frequently, patients must be treated for secondary macular neovascularization.</p><p>No effective therapy is available for treating the cause of PXE, but several promising approaches are emerging. Finding appropriate outcome measures remains a significant challenge for clinical trials in this slowly progressive disease.</p><p>This review article provides an in-depth summary of the current understanding of PXE and its multi-systemic manifestations. The article offers a detailed overview of the ocular manifestations, including their morphological and functional consequences, as well as potential complications. Lastly, previous and future clinical trials of causative treatments for PXE are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 101274"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000399/pdfft?md5=45741057a00f8bff19f62f8a5c12255d&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000399-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141180569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell therapy in the cornea: The emerging role of microenvironment","authors":"Giuseppe Suanno ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Giuseppe Genna ,&nbsp;Eleonora Maurizi ,&nbsp;Anas Abu Dieh ,&nbsp;May Griffith ,&nbsp;Giulio Ferrari","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cornea is an ideal testing field for cell therapies. Its highly ordered structure, where specific cell populations are sequestered in different layers, together with its accessibility, has allowed the development of the first stem cell-based therapy approved by the European Medicine Agency. Today, different techniques have been proposed for autologous and allogeneic limbal and non-limbal cell transplantation. Cell replacement has also been attempted in cases of endothelial cell decompensation as it occurs in Fuchs dystrophy: injection of cultivated allogeneic endothelial cells is now in advanced phases of clinical development. Recently, stromal substitutes have been developed with excellent integration capability and transparency. Finally, cell-derived products, such as exosomes obtained from different sources, have been investigated for the treatment of severe corneal diseases with encouraging results. Optimization of the success rate of cell therapies obviously requires high-quality cultured cells/products, but the role of the surrounding microenvironment is equally important to allow engraftment of transplanted cells, to preserve their functions and, ultimately, lead to restoration of tissue integrity and transparency of the cornea.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 101275"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141136046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromatic visual evoked potentials: A review of physiology, methods and clinical applications","authors":"Oliver R. Marmoy ,&nbsp;Manca Tekavčič Pompe ,&nbsp;Jan Kremers","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Objective assessment of the visual system can be performed electrophysiologically using the visual evoked potential (VEP). In many clinical circumstances, this is performed using high contrast achromatic patterns or diffuse flash stimuli. These methods are clinically valuable but they may only assess a subset of possible physiological circuitries within the visual system, particularly those involved in achromatic (luminance) processing. The use of chromatic VEPs (cVEPs) in addition to standard VEPs can inform us of the function or dysfunction of chromatic pathways.</p><p>The chromatic VEP has been well studied in human health and disease. Yet, to date our knowledge of their underlying mechanisms and applications remains limited. This likely reflects a heterogeneity in the methodology, analysis and conclusions of different works, which leads to ambiguity in their clinical use.</p><p>This review sought to identify the primary methodologies employed for recording cVEPs. Furthermore cVEP maturation and application in understanding the function of the chromatic system under healthy and diseased conditions are reviewed. We first briefly describe the physiology of normal colour vision, before describing the methodologies and historical developments which have led to our understanding of cVEPs. We thereafter describe the expected maturation of the cVEP, followed by reviewing their application in several disorders: congenital colour vision deficiencies, retinal disease, glaucoma, optic nerve and neurological disorders, diabetes, amblyopia and dyslexia. We finalise the review with recommendations for testing and future directions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101272"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000375/pdfft?md5=950c6a90255019f980ebd40519182ade&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000375-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141054468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina","authors":"Bhakta Prasad Gaire ,&nbsp;Yosef Koronyo ,&nbsp;Dieu-Trang Fuchs ,&nbsp;Haoshen Shi ,&nbsp;Altan Rentsendorj ,&nbsp;Ron Danziger ,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Vit ,&nbsp;Nazanin Mirzaei ,&nbsp;Jonah Doustar ,&nbsp;Julia Sheyn ,&nbsp;Harald Hampel ,&nbsp;Andrea Vergallo ,&nbsp;Miyah R. Davis ,&nbsp;Ousman Jallow ,&nbsp;Filippo Baldacci ,&nbsp;Steven R. Verdooner ,&nbsp;Ernesto Barron ,&nbsp;Mehdi Mirzaei ,&nbsp;Vivek K. Gupta ,&nbsp;Stuart L. Graham ,&nbsp;Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The retina is an emerging CNS target for potential noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have identified the pathological hallmarks of AD, including amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits and abnormal tau protein isoforms, in the retinas of AD patients and animal models. Moreover, structural and functional vascular abnormalities such as reduced blood flow, vascular Aβ deposition, and blood-retinal barrier damage, along with inflammation and neurodegeneration, have been described in retinas of patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Histological, biochemical, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the nature and severity of AD pathologies in the retina and brain correspond. Proteomics analysis revealed a similar pattern of dysregulated proteins and biological pathways in the retina and brain of AD patients, with enhanced inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, impaired oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, investigational imaging technologies can now detect AD-specific amyloid deposits, as well as vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in the retina of living AD patients, suggesting alterations at different disease stages and links to brain pathology. Current and exploratory ophthalmic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and hyperspectral imaging, may offer promise in the clinical assessment of AD. However, further research is needed to deepen our understanding of AD's impact on the retina and its progression. To advance this field, future studies require replication in larger and diverse cohorts with confirmed AD biomarkers and standardized retinal imaging techniques. This will validate potential retinal biomarkers for AD, aiding in early screening and monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101273"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141052146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resilience to diabetic retinopathy","authors":"Anara Serikbaeva ,&nbsp;Yanliang Li ,&nbsp;Simon Ma ,&nbsp;Darvin Yi ,&nbsp;Andrius Kazlauskas","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic elevation of blood glucose at first causes relatively minor changes to the neural and vascular components of the retina. As the duration of hyperglycemia persists, the nature and extent of damage increases and becomes readily detectable. While this second, overt manifestation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been studied extensively, what prevents maximal damage from the very start of hyperglycemia remains largely unexplored. Recent studies indicate that diabetes (DM) engages mitochondria-based defense during the retinopathy-resistant phase, and thereby enables the retina to remain healthy in the face of hyperglycemia. Such resilience is transient, and its deterioration results in progressive accumulation of retinal damage. The concepts that co-emerge with these discoveries set the stage for novel intellectual and therapeutic opportunities within the DR field. Identification of biomarkers and mediators of protection from DM-mediated damage will enable development of resilience-based therapies that will indefinitely delay the onset of DR.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101271"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000363/pdfft?md5=48ec3fcd40a3434c60c8e0b9ae84898d&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000363-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140916789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies: The impact of retinal imaging on modern understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","authors":"Enrico Borrelli ,&nbsp;Francesco Bandello ,&nbsp;Camiel J.F. Boon ,&nbsp;Valerio Carelli ,&nbsp;Guy Lenaers ,&nbsp;Michele Reibaldi ,&nbsp;Srinivas R. Sadda ,&nbsp;Alfredo A. Sadun ,&nbsp;David Sarraf ,&nbsp;Patrick Yu-Wai-Man ,&nbsp;Piero Barboni","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Advancements in ocular imaging have significantly broadened our comprehension of mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies by examining the structural and pathological aspects of the retina and optic nerve in these conditions. This article aims to review the prominent imaging characteristics associated with mitochondrial retinopathies and optic neuropathies, aiming to deepen our insight into their pathogenesis and clinical features. Preceding this exploration, the article provides a detailed overview of the crucial genetic and clinical features, which is essential for the proper interpretation of <em>in vivo</em> imaging. More importantly, we will provide a critical analysis on how these imaging modalities could serve as biomarkers for characterization and monitoring, as well as in guiding treatment decisions. However, these imaging methods have limitations, which will be discussed along with potential strategies to mitigate them. Lastly, the article will emphasize the potential advantages and future integration of imaging techniques in evaluating patients with mitochondrial eye disorders, considering the prospects of emerging gene therapies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101264"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting inflammasomes and pyroptosis in retinal diseases—molecular mechanisms and future perspectives","authors":"Yimeng Sun ,&nbsp;Fan Li ,&nbsp;Yunfei Liu ,&nbsp;Dijie Qiao ,&nbsp;Xinyu Yao ,&nbsp;Guei-Sheung Liu ,&nbsp;Dequan Li ,&nbsp;Chuanle Xiao ,&nbsp;Tao Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Chi","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Retinal diseases encompass various conditions associated with sight-threatening immune responses and are leading causes of blindness worldwide. These diseases include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and uveitis. Emerging evidence underscores the vital role of the innate immune response in retinal diseases, beyond the previously emphasized T-cell-driven processes of the adaptive immune system. In particular, pyroptosis, a newly discovered programmed cell death process involving inflammasome formation, has been implicated in the loss of membrane integrity and the release of inflammatory cytokines. Several disease-relevant animal models have provided evidence that the formation of inflammasomes and the induction of pyroptosis in innate immune cells contribute to inflammation in various retinal diseases. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge about the innate immune system and pyroptosis in retinal diseases. We also provide insights into translational targeting approaches, including novel drugs countering pyroptosis, to improve the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101263"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000284/pdfft?md5=30481d259a17070859035f5d2b0f8ac5&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000284-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140852626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an internationally accepted standard for reading charts","authors":"Wolfgang Radner","doi":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Patients who suffer from sight-threatening eye diseases share a desire to regain a comfortable reading ability. In light of the modern advances achieved in ophthalmic diagnosis and therapy, and because a significant lack of comparability between reading charts still exists, there is an increasing need for a worldwide standard in the form of a norm for diagnostic reading charts. Already, applied advancements such as digital print, which allow a calibration of the print sizes of reading charts in correctly progressing geometric proportions by using the actual height of a lower case “x” in millimeters (x-height), and psychophysically standardizing reading charts and their test items by applying modern statistical methods have significantly contributed to establishing a norm for reading charts. In 2020, a proposal of the British delegation was accepted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) group “Visual Optics and Optical Instruments,” and a working group was established. Bearing in mind the efforts of the ISO with regard to an international norm, this review article is intended to (a) give an overview of the historical background and related normative approaches for diagnostic reading tests used in ophthalmology and optometry, (b) explain psychophysical and technical concerns, and (c) discuss the possibilities and limits of concepts that seem relevant to developing a modern standard for reading charts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":21159,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 101262"},"PeriodicalIF":17.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946224000272/pdfft?md5=8ed70bd26536e3c135f3f9d27c671125&pid=1-s2.0-S1350946224000272-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140554664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}